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The Gardens' Bulletin
| Singapore :

VOL. 45 (Part 1)Jun1993 | ISSN 0374-7859

NATIONAL PARKS BOARD

Singapore Botanic Gardens Cluny Road Singapore 1025 Tel: 4741165 Telefax: 4754295

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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Chairman: Bernard T.G. Tan, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); D .Phil (Oxon.)

Members: Syed Yusoff Alsagoff
C.J. Goh, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); Ph.D (Newcastle upon Tyne)
Leo W.H. Tan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Singapore)
W.K. Tan, B.A. (Wms Coll., Mass.); M.Sc. (M.S.U., Mich.);
Ph.D. (U.M., FI.)
Lawrence L.C. Leong, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Malaya)
T.W. Foong, B.Sc.Hons., Ph.D. (Cant.)
Jennifer Ng-Lim Cheo Tee, B.Sc., M.A. (Dublin)

Editors : Chin See Chung, B.Sc.Hons (Singapore); M.Sc. (Malaya); M.S., M.
Phil., Ph.D.(Yale)
S.Y Geh, B.Sc.Hons., M.Sc. (Singapore); Dip.Hort.Sc. (Massey)

Reviewers : Hsuan Keng, Singapore
Chin See Chung, National Parks Board, Sidapee

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WI

I 3 ARNOLD

JUN 2 0 1994 © ARBORETUM
Singapore
VOL. 45(Part 1) Jun 1993 ISSN. 0374-7859
CONTENTS
TURNER, I.M.:
The Names Used for Singapore Plants Since 1900 ..............eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 1 — 287
CHIN, S.C.:

Book Reviews :

Keng, H.: The Concise Flora of Singapore,

Rowman ane Dicotyledones 107 nd wok eneae on cae enenneeeonee 289 — 290
Dransfield, S.: The Bamboos of Sabah .00.........ccc cece eeeeeeceeeeeeceeeeeeeeees 290 — 291

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Singh, H. (1976). Sclereids in Fagraea. Gard. Bull. Sing. 22, 193-212.

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Ridley, H.N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World, L. Reeve; Ashford,
Kent: 242-255.

For literature citations in taxonomic papers the following style is required:
Medinilla alternifolia Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I:2(1849) 19.
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The Names Used for Singapore Plants Since 1900
I.M. TURNER

Department of Botany,
National University of Singapore,
Lower Kent Ridge Road,
Singapore 0511

Abstract

The native and naturalized vascular plant species of the Republic of Singapore are enumerated with
important synonyms used in twentieth century botanical works. Particular emphasis is placed on Ridley’s Flora of
Singapore published in 1900. Appendices provide indexes to this flora and to the unpublished Flora of Syonan, a
list compiled by staff of the Singapore Botanic Gardens at the time of the Japanese occupation of Singapore. One
new combination in the Commelinaceae is introduced.

INTRODUCTION

Despite the reluctance with which non-taxonomists generally accept name changes,
plant nomenclature (particularly in the tropics) remains relatively fluid and any one
generation of botanists, agriculturalists, horticulturalists and foresters appears to possess a
markedly different vocabulary of names from its predecessor’s. Synonymy, though inevitably
arid to the non-specialist, is vital as a key to understanding the literature of the past. This paper
reviews the nomenclatural history of the vascular plant flora of Singapore for the twentieth
century. The reasons for presenting this are as follows:

be To provide a checklist of the native and naturalized vascular plants of the Republic
of Singapore using the correct names. A preliminary list was presented by Turner,
Chua and Tan (1990); here a few errors are corrected and some more recent
revisions included.

2. To allow students of the Singapore flora better access to the early literature, in
particular Ridley’s (1900) flora of Singapore and the unpublished Flora of Syonan.

3: To assist those using well-known works, such as Ridley’s Flora of the Malay
Peninsula and Henderson’s Malayan Wild Flowers, to be able to use the correct
name for the species described in those floras.

There follows a list of the flora of Singapore with the main synonyms given for each species.
The list is presented in phylogenetic order, starting with the pteridophytes, which are not
broken down by family, but presented alphabetically by genus, because the suprageneric
taxonomy of the ferns and fern-allies seems unsettled (Kramer & Green 1990, viz. Flora
Malesiana Series II). The spermatophytes are presented alphabetically by family, in accordance
with family circumscriptions of Flora Malesiana Series I, where these have been published.
The synonymy is far from complete. No sources earlier than 1900 have been included and
by no means a comprehensive list of twentieth century publications. The most important
works on the Singapore and Malayan flora, including Flora Malesiana, were consulted, as
were recent monographs and revisions. I have tended to take the more conservative line over
more contentious name changes, quoting the debatable designation in the list of synonyms.
Fern taxonomy appears particularly beset with controversial generic delimitation. Here, I
have generally followed the late Professor Holttum’s treatments as these are the most readily
available to the general reader.

A series of appendices is given to update the names used by two earlier lists of Singapore
plants. Ridley’s turn-of-the-Century flora of Singapore (Ridley 1900) was the first
comprehensive list of Singapore plants published, and is a valuable source of information on
localities and for times of introduction of naturalized species. The staff of the Singapore
Botanic Garden’s Herbarium compiled the Flora of Syonan, a list (species names without
authorities) of commonly cultivated, as well as wild, plants, during the Japanese Occupation,
but this was never published and is only extant in typescript (Keng 1990). The native and
naturalized species included in the Flora of Syonan are given in Appendix F referenced to the
main list. H. Keng has produced annotated lists covering the gymnosperms, dicotyledons and
some of the monocotyledonous families (Keng, 1973, 1974a, 1974b, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982,
1983, 1985, 1986, 1987) which have been consolidated into a flora of the gymnosperms and
the dicotyledons (Keng 1990). My list refers to Keng’s (1990) flora and to the one paper
covering monocots (Keng 1987).

Singapore Species List

Marginal notes represent the following: A = naturalized alien species, ? = doubtfully native
species.

PTERIDOPHYTA

1 Acrostichum aureum L.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194; RipLey,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 55; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 409;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 71; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 232.

Z Acrostichum speciosum WILLD.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 410;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 71; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 233.

A 3 Adiantum capillus-veneris L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 22;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 600; JouNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 91; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 417.

Probably only naturalized in the rockery of the Botanic Gardens.

4 Adiantum flabellulatum L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 22; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
603; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 93; Piccortt, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 419.

A. <4 Adiantum fructuosum SprENG.; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 127.

6 Adiantum hispidulum Sw.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 603; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 93.

Aion fd Adiantum latifolium Lamx.; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 420;
TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 127.

8 Adiantum stenochlamys Bak.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 22;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 602; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 93; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 418.

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Aglaomorpha speciosa (BL.) Roos, Blumea 31 (1985) 153; — Photinopteris
rigida Bepp.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 55; — Photinopteris
speciosa (BL.) PRESL; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 187; JoHNson, Ferns
of Singapore Island (1977) 50; Piccortr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 142.

Amphineuron opulentum (KauLr.) Hottr.; HoLtrum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981)
548; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 215; — Nephrodium extensum
(BL.) Moore; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 36; — Cyclosorus extensus
(BL.) CHING; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 264;

Amphineuron terminans (Hoox.) Hoitr.; Hottrum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981)
545; — Nephrodium pteroides sensu BEDD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 36; — Cyclosorus interruptus sensu Ho.tt.; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya
2 (1955) 262; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 55.

Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Horrm.; RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
195; Ripuey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 58; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 44; Jonnson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 24; Piccott, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 31.

Antrophyum parvulum BL.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 605; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 114; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 434; — A. reticulatum sensu RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900).

Asplenium batuense v.A.v.R.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 423;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 74; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 271.

Asplenium longissimum BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190;
Riocey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 27; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
427; JoHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 76; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 274.

Asplenium macrophyllum Sw.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 191;
Rupcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 28; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
431; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 76; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 278.

Asplenium nidus L.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 419; JoHNson, Ferns
of Singapore Island (1977) 74; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 267;
— Thamnopteris nidus (L.) PRESL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 26 (incl. var. musifolia (J. SM.) BEDD.).

Asplenium nitidum Sw.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 29; TAGAwa
& IwaTsukI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1985) 286; — A. glaucophyllum v.A.v.R.; HoLtrum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 440; Jonnson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 76;
PiccoTrT, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 287.

Asplenium phyllitidis Don subsp. malesicum Ho ttr., Gard. Bull. Sing. 27
(1974) 153; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 268; — A. phyllitidis:
Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 420; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 74; — Thamnopteris nidus var. phyllitidis (Don) BEpp.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 27.

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Asplenium tenerum Forst.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190;
RIpD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 28; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
432; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 76; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 280.

Azolla pinnata R. Br. subsp. asiatica R.M.K. SAUNDERS & K. Fow er, Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 109 (1992) 349; — A. pinnata R. Br. var. imbricata (ROXxB.) BONAP.; .

Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 445; — A. pinnata; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 196; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 161;
Ho.ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 622; — A. caroliniana WiLLD.; JOHNSON,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 97; Cor.etT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661.

Blechnum finlaysonianum WALL. ex Hook. & Grev.; RIpvey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 190; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 26; Ho_trum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 445; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 77; Piccortr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 399.

Blechnum indicum Burs. f.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 446; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 76; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 402; — B. serrulatum sensu BEpp.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 190; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 26.

Blechnum orientale L.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190; RipLey,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 26; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 446;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 78; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 400.

Bolbitis appendiculata (WILLD.) IwATsuKI; HENNIPMAN, Leiden Bot. Ser. 2
(1977) 185; HENNIPMAN, FI. Males. II 14 (1978) 322; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 354; — Polybotrya appendiculata (WILLD.) J. SM.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 54;
— Egenolfia appendiculata (WIiLLD.) J. Sm.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
459; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 80.

Bolbitis heteroclita (PREsL) CHING; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 462;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 81; HENNIPMAN, Leiden Bot. Ser. 2
(1977) 221; HENNIPMAN, FI. Males. II 1* (1978) 325; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 355; — Gymnopteris flagellifera (WALL. ex Hook. & GREV.)
Bepp.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 54; — B. simplicifolia (HOLTT.)
CHING; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 464.

Bolbitis sinuata (PRESL) HENNIPMAN; HENNIPMAN, Leiden Bot. Ser. 2 (1977) 232;
HENNIPMAN, FI. Males. II 1* (1978) 326; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 357; — Gymnopteris subrepanda J. Sm.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 194; RipLey, J. Str. Br. RR. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 54; —B. diversifolia(BL.)
ScHott; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 465; JouNson, Ferns of Singapore
Island (1977) 81; — B. malaccensis (C. Cur.) CHING; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya
2 (1955) 470.

Bolbitis X singaporensis Hottr.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 467;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 81; HENNIPMAN, Leiden Bot. Ser. 2
(1977) 296; HENNIPMAN, FI. Males. II 1* (1978) 329.

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Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) BRoNGN.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 190; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 25; HoLtrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 2 (1955) 578; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 86; PiccorrT,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 440.

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
190; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 22; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 590; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 94; Piccortt, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 412.

Christella arida (D. Don) Hottt.; Hottrum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981) 555;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 216; — Nephrodium aridum (D.
Don) J. SM.; Ripuey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 191; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 50 (1908) 37; — Cyclosorus aridus (D. Don) CHING; HoLtTuM, Rev. FI.
Malaya 2 (1955) 259; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 54.

Christella dentata (Forsk.) BROWNSEY & JERMy; HoLtrum, Fl. Males. II 1°
(1981) 557; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 219; — Cyclosorus
subpubescens sensu Ho.tr.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 273; —
Cyclosorus dentatus (FoRSSK.) CHING; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 56.

Christella parasitica (L.) Lev.; HoLtrum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981) 559; Piccorr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 221;— Nephrodium molle var. didymosorum
Bepp.; Rmp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; — Nephrodium tectum
Bepp.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
50 (1908) 38; — Polypodium parasiticum L.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 41; — Cyclosorus parasticus (L.) FARw.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 281; Jounson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 111.

Christella subpubescens (BL.) Hoitr.; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981) 558;
Piccortt, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 220; — Nephrodium molle var.
amboinense BEbDD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; — Cyclosorus
sumatranus (v.A.V.R.) CHING; HoLttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 275; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 56; — Cyclosorus latipinna (BENTH.) TARD.;
Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 276.

Ctenopteris blechnoides (Grev.) WAGNER & GRETHER; PARRIS, Kew Bull. 41
(1986) 494; — Polypodium decorum BRack.;RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 192; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 42: — C. moultonii (CoPEL.)
C. Cur. & Tarp.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 229.

Cyathea glabra (BL.) Copet.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya2 (1955) 127; SIncLair,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 30; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 40;
Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 102; — Alsophila dubia BEpp.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 9.

Cyathea latebrosa (WALL. ex Hook.) CopeL.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 120; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 38; Piccorr, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 95; — Alsophila latebrosa WaLL. apud. Hook.;
Rp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 8.

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Cyathea squamulata (BL.) CopeL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 122;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 40; — Alsophila comosa WALL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 8; — Alsophila ridleyi BAKER; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
188; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 8.

Cyclosorus interruptus (WILLD.) H. ITo; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953)
37; Ho_trum, FI. Males. II 1° (1981) 386; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 191; — Nephrodium unitum sensu BEvD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 191; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 36; — C. gongylodes
(SCHKUHR) LINK; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 261; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 55.

Davallia denticulata (Burm. f.) Metr. ex KUHN; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 359; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 64; Piccott, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 392; — D. elegans Sw.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 189; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 17.

Davallia solida (Forst.) Sw.; RmpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 189;
Rp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 17; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
360; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 64; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 395.

Davallia triphylla Hook.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 17; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 17; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 357;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 114; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 391.

Dicranopteris curranii CopeL.; HoLtrum, Fl. Males. II 1' (1959) 31; Piccorr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 59; — Gleichenia linearis var. malayana
v.A.vV.R.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 70.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) UNDERW.; HoLtrum, FI. Males. II 1' (1959) 33;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 32; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 53-58; — Gleichenia linearis (BurM. f.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 7;
Ho.ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 68.

Diplazium cordifolium BL.; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 84;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 293; — Anisogonium cordifolium
(BL.) Bepp.; Rm ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 191; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 50 (1908) 31; — Athyrium cordifolium (BL.) CopEL.; HOLTTUM, Rev. FI.
Malaya 2 (1955) 548

Diplazium crenatoserratum (BL.) Moore; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 85; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 308; — Athyrium
crenatoserratum (BL.) MiLpE; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 561.

Diplazium esculentum (RETz.) Sw.; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
84; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 309; — Athyrium esculentum
(ReEtTz.) CopeL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 562.

Diplazium malaccense PRESL; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 85;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 297; — Athyrium malaccense
(PresL) Hottr.; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 552.

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

Diplazium polypodioides BL.; TaGAwa & IwartsukI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1985) 465; —
D. asperum BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 31; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 86; Piccortr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 313;
— Athyrium asperum (BL.) MiLpe; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 571.

Diplazium prescottianum (WALL. ex Hook.) Moore; TAGAWA & IwaTSUKI, FI.
Thail. 3 (1985) 457; —D. bantamense sensu RIwL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 191; —D. bantamense var. prescottianum sensu RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 30; — Athyrium prescottianum (WALL.) HOLtTrT.;
Ho.ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 557.

Diplazium riparium Ho ttrt.; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 86;
Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 300; — Athyrium riparium
(Ho.tr.) Hottr.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 554.

Diplazium silvaticum (Bory) Sw.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 191;
RDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 30; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 307; — Athyrium pinnatum (BLANCO) CopeL.; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya
2 (1955) 560.

Diplazium sorzogonense (PRESL) PRESL; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
191; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 31; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore
Island (1977) 85; Piccortt, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 296; — Athyrium
sorzogonense (PRESL) MiLpe; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 552.

Diplazium tomentosum BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 191;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 30; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 85; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 295; — Athyrium
tomentosum (BL.) MiLpE; Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 551.

Dipteris conjugata Reinw.; Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 135; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 41; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 103; — D. horsfieldii (R. Br.) Bepp.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 193; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 44.

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. SM.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193;
Ruipey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 44; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
182; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 43; Piccortr, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 134

Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) Moore.; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 183:
JouHNsON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 44; Piccortr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 136; — D. linnei (Bory) Bepp.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 193; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 45.

Elaphoglossum amblyphyllum Bett; Hoitrum, FI. Males. II 1* (1978) 303; —
E. decurrens (non Desv.) v.A.v.R.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 458;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 80.

Gleichenia truncata (WILLD.) Spr.; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II 1! (1959) 20:
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 30; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 51; — G. flagellaris Bepp.; Rw .ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 7; — G. laevigata (WiLLD.) Hoox.; Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
£2 2

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

Goniophlebium percussum (CaAv.) WAGNER & GRETHER; RODL-LINDER, Blumea
34 (1990) 381; — Polypodium verrucosum (WALL. ex Hook. & BAUER) METT.;
— G. verrucosum (WALL. ex Hook. & BAUER) J. SM.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya
2 (1955) 206; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 50; Piccort, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 154.

Goniophlebium subauriculatum (BL.) Pres; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 43; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 156; ROpL-LINDER,
Blumea 34 (1990) 400; — Polypodium subauriculatum Bv.; HOLTTuMm, Rev. FI.
Malaya 2 (1955) 207.

Heterogonium sagenoides (Metr.) Hottr.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
520; Ho_trum, Kalikasan 4 (1975) 211; H. gurupahense sensu HOLTTum,
Reinwardtia 3 (1955) 272; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 82.

Histiopteris incisa (THuns.) J. Sm.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 391;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 68; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 246; — Litobrochia incisa (THUNB.) PRESL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 25.

Humata angustata (Hook. & Grev.) J. Sm.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 189; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 15; HoL_ttrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 2 (1955) 367; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 66; Piccorr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 388; — Pachypleuria angustata (Hook. &
GreEV.) PRESL; TAGAWA & IWwATSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1989) 617.

Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188;
RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 15; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
366; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 66; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 387; — Davallia heterophylla SM.; TAGAWA & IwaTsuKI, FI.
Thail. 3 (1989) 616.

Humata parvula (WALL. ex Hook. & Grev.) Metr.; Ho_ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya
2 (1955) 369; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 66; — Leucostegia
parvula (WALL. ex Hook. & Grev.) J. SM.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 189; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 16; — Pachypleuria parvula
(WALL. ex Hook. & Grev.) KATO, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo HI 13 (1985) 572.

Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv.; Ho_ttrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 369;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 67; — H. parallela (WALL.) BRACK.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 189; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 15; — Pachypleuria pectinata (SM.) PREsL; TAGAWA & IWATSUKI, FI.
Thail. 3 (1989) 616.

Humata repens (L. f.) Die_s; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 371; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 67; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 390; — H. pedata (Sm.) J. Sm; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
189; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 16; — H. pinnatifida (BAK.) BEDD.;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 16; — Pachypleuria repens (L.f.) Kato,
J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 573.

Huperzia carinata (PRoireET) TREVISAN; @LLGAARD, Op. Bot. 92 (1987) 165; —
Lycopodium carinatum DeEsv. ex PoIRET.

70

71

72

oo

74

75

76

fa)

78

79

a

Huperzia nummulariifolia (BL.) JERMy; OLLGAARD, Op. Bot. 92 (1987) 167; —
Lycopodium nummulariifolium Bu.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195;
RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 143.

Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) RotHM.; @LLGAARD, Op. Bot. 92 (1987) 166; —
Lycopodium phlegmaria L.; Rey, J. Str. Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195; RIDLey,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 143; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
103.

Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) TREVISAN; @LLGAARD, Op. Bot. 92 (1987) 167;
— Lycopodium squarrosum G. Forst.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
195; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 142.

Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Boscu) Rosenst.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 80; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 34; Iwatsuk1, J. Fac. Sci.
Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 512; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 66;
— Meringium acanthoides (Boscu) CopeL.; TAGAWA & IwATSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3
(1979) 78.

Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
188; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 11; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 79; Jonnson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 33; Iwatsuk1, J. Fac. Sci.
Univ. Tokyo HI 13 (1985) 511; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 65;
— H. neesii (Bu.) Hoox.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 11; — Meringium denticulatum (Sw.) CopPeEL.;
TAGAWA & IwaTSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 77.

Hymenophyllum holochilum (v.p.B.) C. Cur.; Ho_ttrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 77; JoHNsoNn, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 33; Iwatsuk1, J. Fac. Sci.
Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 511; — Meringium holochilum (Boscu) CopPe-.;
TAGAWA & IwaTSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 77.

Hymenophyllum polyanthos Sw.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 10;
Ho .ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 81; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 34; Iwatsuk1, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 516; Piccorrt, Ferns
of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 67.

Hymenophyllum serrulatum (Pres_) C. Cur.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 78; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 33; Iwatsukt, J. Fac. Sci.
Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 511; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 64;
— Meringium meyenianum PRESL; TAGAWA & IWwATSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 76.

Lecanopteris crustacea CopeL.; Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 12 (1931) 406; —
Phymatodes crustacea (CopEL.) Hottr.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 190;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 51; — Myrmecophila crustacea
(CopEL.) TAGAWA; TAGAWA & IwATSUKI, FI. Thail. 3 (1989) 535.

Lepisorus longifolius (BL.) Hottr.; HoLttrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) ;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) ; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 116; — Pleopeltis longifolia BL.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 193; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 46.

10

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87a

87b

88

89

Lindsaea borneensis Hook. ex BAKER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
189; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 20; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 331; KRAMER, FI. Males. II 1° (1971) 225; Jounson, Ferns of Singapore
Island (1977) 61.

Lindsaea cultrata (WILLD.) Sw.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 19;
KRAMER, FI. Males. II 1° (1971) 222; — L. decomposita WiLLp.; HoLttum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 333; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 61; Piccorr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 260.

Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
189; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 20; KRAmer, Fl. Males. II 1° (1971)
233; — Isoloma divergens (Hook. & Grev.) J. SM.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya
2 (1955) 337; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 62.

Lindsaea doryophora Kramer; Kramer, Fl. Males. II 1° (1971) 227; Piccorr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 254; — L. trapeziformis quoad auctt. plur.;
Rp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 189; — L. lancea quoad auctt. plur.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 20; — L. scandens Hook.; JOHNSON,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 60, p.p.; — L. scandens var. terrestris HOLTT.;
Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 327.

Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. ssp. coriacea (v.A.v.R.) KRAMER; KRAMER, Fl. Males. II
1° (1971) 212; — Schizoloma ensifolium (Sw.) J. SM.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 190; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 21; HoLtrum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 346; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 63; — L.
ensifolia; Piccott,. Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 265.

Lindsaea heterophylla Dryanp.; KRAMER, Fl. Males. IT 1° (1971) 210; Piccorrt,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 264; — Schizoloma heterophyllum (DRY AND.)
J.Sm.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
50 (1908) 21; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 345; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 64.

Lindsaea lucida BL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 328; KRAmer, FI.
Males. II 1° (1971) 233; Piccortr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 255.

Lindsaea orbiculata (LAMK.) Merr. ex KUHN var. orbiculata; KrAmer, FI.
Males. II 1° (1971) 206; —L. orbiculata; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908)
20; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 263; — Schizoloma orbiculatum
(LAMK.) KuHN; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 344; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 63.

Lindsaea orbiculata var. commixta (TAGAWA) KRAMER; KRAMER, FI. Males. II
1? (1971) 207.

Lindsaea ovata J. Sm.; KRAmer, Fl. Males. II 1° (1971) 231; —Jsoloma ovatum
(J. Sm.) Prest; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 338; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 63.

Lindsaea parallelogramma v.A.v.R.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 335;
KRAMER, FI. Males. II 1° (1971) 220; JouNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
61; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 261.

PM a en Pe Ree ae

11

90 _ Lindsaea parasitica (Roxs. ex GrirFF.) HIERON.; KRAMER, FI. Males. II 1° (1971)
244: — LL. scandens Hook.; RIw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 19; Ho_trum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 325; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 60;
Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 253.

91 Lindsaea repens (Bory) THw. var. pectinata (BL.) METT. ex KUHN; KRAMER, FI.
Males. II 1° (1971) 239; — L. repens; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
189; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 19; — L. macraeana (Hook. &
ARN.) CopeL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 324; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 59.

92 ~~ Lindsaea walkerae Hook.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 189; RIDLEy,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 20; Kramer, Fl. Males. II 1° (1971) 229;
Schizoloma walkerae (Hook.) KUHN; Ho.Lttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 344;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 63.

93 Lomariopsis lineata (PrEsL) Ho.tr.; HoLtrum, Fl. Males. II 1* (1978) 262;
Piccortr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 361; — Stenochlaena sorbifolia
[non (L.) J. Sm.] Bepp.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 53; — L.
cochinchinensis FEE; HOLTTuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 476; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 80.

94 Lycopodiella cernua (L.) PicH.-SERM.; @LLGAARD, Op. Bot. 92 (1987) 175; —
Lycopodium cernuum L.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195; RIDLey,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 144; Jonson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
103.

95 _Lygodium circinnatum (Bur. f.) Sw.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
195; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 57; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 55; Hottrum, Fl. Males. II 1' (1959) 59; JouNson, Ferns of Singapore
Island (1977) 24; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 38;.

96 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.; RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195;
Ruptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 58; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
57, p.p.; HoLtruM, FI. Males. IT 1' (1959) 53; Jounson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 26; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 41.

97 Lygodium japonicum (THUNB.) Sw.; HoLtrum, FI. Males. II 1' (1959) 51; WEE
& CuHuA, Fern Gaz. 13 (1988) 246.

98 Lygodium longifolium (WiLLD.) Sw.; HoLtrum, Fl. Males. II 1' (1959) 59;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 25; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 39; — L. digitatum PrEsL; HoLttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 55.

99 Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 195; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 58; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II
1' (1959) 47; Jounson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 28; Piccort, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 42; — L. scandens Sw.; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1378;
Hovtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 58.

100 Lygodium salicifolium Pres_; Hottrum. FI. Males. II 1' (1959) 51; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 110; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 40; — L. flexuosum sensu Hotr.; HoLttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 57,
p.~p.

12

101

102

103

104

105a

105b

106

107

108

Macrothelypteris torresiana (GAupD.) CHING; HoLtrum, FI. Males. II 1° (1981);
348; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 179; — Lastrea tenericaulis
(Hook.) Moore; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 36; — Thelypteris
uliginosa (KUNZE) CHING; HoLtruM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 241;— Thelypteris
torresiana (GAUD.) ALSTON; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 53.

Ridley (1908, loc. cit.) reports this fern as established in Tanglin, Johnson (loc.
cit.) says it is only cultivated in Singapore.

Mesophlebion chlamydophorum (RoseEnst. ex C. Cur.) HoLtt.; HoLtrum, FI.
Males. II 1° (1981); 384; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 189; —
Thelypteris chlamydophora (C.Cur.) CHING; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
246; JoHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 53.

Mesophlebion motleyanum (Hook.) Hottt.; HoLtrum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981);
381; Piccortr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 187; — Nephrodium brachyodus
sensu BaK.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908), p.p.; — Thelypteris
motleyana (Hook.) Hottr.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 247; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 53.

Metathelypteris dayi (BEpp.) Hottr.; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981) 352;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 181;— Lastrea dayi (BEpbp.) BEDD.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 35; — Thelypteris singalensis sensu
Hottrum; Horttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 243, p.p.; JOHNsoNn, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 111.

Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore. var. hancei (PRANTL) C. Cur.; HOLTTUM,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 315; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 59;
Piccortt, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 237; — M. speluncae; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 189; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 18.

Microlepia speluncae var. villosissima C. Cur.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 315; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 59; PiccorttT, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 238.

Microsorum punctatum (L.) Cope_.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 179;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 111; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 133; Bosman, A Monograph of the Fern Genus Microsorum
(Polypodiaceae) (1991) 97; — Pleopeltis punctata (L.) Bepp.; RIDey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 46.

Monogramma dareicarpa Hook.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 48;
Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 615; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 87.

Monogramma trichoidea J. Sm.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193;
Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 48; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
618; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 87; Piccotrt, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 432.

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

tli

118

Myrmecopteris sinuosa (WALL. ex Hook.) Pic. Ser., Webbia 31 (1977) 240; —
Pleopeltis sinuosa (WALL. ex Hook.) Bepp.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 193; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 46; — Phymatodes sinuosa
(WALL. ex Hook.) J.SM.; HoLttrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 190; JoHNson, Ferns
of Singapore Island (1977) 50; Myrmecophila sinuosa (WALL. ex Hook.)
NaKAI ex H. Ito; TAGAWA & IwaTsukI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1989) 535.

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) CHr.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 375;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 67; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 372; — Lindsaea lanuginosa (SM.) Hook.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 189; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 21.

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) ScHott; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 380;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 68; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 377; — N. acuta (SCHKUHR) PRESL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 192; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 39.

Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Cur.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 381;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 67; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 380.

Nephrolepis multiflora (Roxs.) JARRETT; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 381; —N. hirsutula (Forst.) PRESL; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
382; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 68.

Nephrolepis radicans (Burm. f.) KUHN; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
381; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 68; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 379; —N. volubilis J. Sm.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 192; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 39.

Ophioglossum nudicaule L. f.; Ri.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195;
Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 59; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 28; — O. pedunculosum Desv.; Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 39,

p.p.

Ophioglossum pendulum L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 59; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
40; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 22; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 29.

Ophioglossum reticulatum L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 59;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 110; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 28; — O. pedunculosum Desv.; Ho_ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 39, p.p.

Phymatosorus longissimus (BL.) Pic. SER., Webbia 28 (1973) 459; Piccorr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 144; — Pleopeltis longissima (BL.) J. SM.;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 47; — Phymatodes longissima (BL.) J.
S.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 38; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 191; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 51; — Microsorum
rubidum (non (KUNZE) CopeL.] TAGAWA & IwaTsuKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1989) 532.

13

14

119

120

171

Lap

a

124

125

126

127

Phymatosorus nigrescens (BL.) Pic. SER., Webbia 28 (1973) 459; Piccort,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 145; — Pleopeltis nigrescens (BL.) CARR;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 47; — Phymatodes nigrescens (BL.) J. SM.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 193; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 51; — Microsorum
nigrescens (BL.) CopeL.; TAGAWA & IwaATsuKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1989) 532.

Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Ser., Webbia 28 (1973) 460;
Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 143; — Pleopeltis phymatodes (L.)
Moore; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 50 (1908) 47; — Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. f.) CHING; HOLTTUM,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 191; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 51;
Microsorum scolopendria (Bur. f.) COPEL.; TAGAWA & IwATSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3
(1989) 533.

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Linx; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
593; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 93; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988)
661; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 424.

Platycerium coronarium (KOENIG) Desv.; HoLtTum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
138; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 44; HENNIPMAN & Roos, Verh.
Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Natuur., Tweede Reeks 80 (1982) 92; PicGcorr,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 105; — P. biforme (Sw.) BL., nom. illeg.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 56.

Platycerium ridleyi Curist; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 140; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 44; HENNIPMAN & Roos, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad.
Wetensch. Afd. Natuur., Tweede Reeks 80 (1982) 107; — P. biforme var. erecta
Ripi.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 56.

Pleocnemia irregularis (C. PresL) HoL_tr.; HoLtrum, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 347;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 333; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. I 2!
(1991) 12; — Dictyopteris difformis (BL.) Moore; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 192; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 40; — Arcypteris
irregularis (PRESL) CHING; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 538; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 114.

Pleocnemia olivacea (CopeL.) Ho_tr.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 535;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 82; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 331; Hottrum, Fl. Males. II 2' (1991) 19.

Pneumatopteris truncata (Poir.) Hoitr.; Hoittrum, Fl. Males. I. 1(5) 429;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 198; — Nephrodium truncatum
auct. non (GAUD.) PRESL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; RIDLey,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 38; — Cyclosorus truncatus (Porr.) FARW.;
Ho.trtum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 266; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 56.

Pronephrium menisciicarpon (BL.) HoLtr.; HoLttum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981)
526; — Meniscium cuspidatum (non BL.) RIw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
194; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 50; — Abacopteris menisciicarpa
(BL.) Hottr., Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 290.

ke Ss GPP ai eee ees

15

128 Pronephrium repandum (Fée) Hottr.; Hoitrum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981) 533;
Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 209; — Nephrodium urophyllum
(Mett.) Keys.; Rmp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 37 (p.p., incl. var. pinwillii BEDD.); — Abacopteris
urophylla (MEtt.) CHING; HotttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 296; — Cyclosorus
urophyllus (MeEtTT.) TARD.; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 111.

129 Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Hottr.; Hottrum, Fl. Males. IT 1° (1981) 534;
— Meniscium triphyllum Sw.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br.R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 50; —Abacopteris triphylla (Sw.) CHING;
Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 287.

130 Psilotum complanatum Sw.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 196;
RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 146; — P. flaccidum WALL.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 196; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
106.

131 Psilotum nudum (L.) P. BEAuv.; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
106; — P. triquetrum Sw.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 145; SINcLArR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 37.

132 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuxn; Hovitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 389;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 70; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 243; — Pteris aquilina L.; Rwwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
190; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 24.

133. Pteridium caudatum (L.) MAxon ssp. yarrabense (Domin) Parris; PIGGOTT,
Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 245; — P. esculentum (Forst.) NAKAI;
Ho.ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 390; — P. caudatum; JOHNSON, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 70.

134 Pteris ensiformis Burm. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190; RIDLEy,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 23; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 399;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 114; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 224.

135 Pterismertensioides WILLD.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 404; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 71; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 227; — P. patens (non Kuntze) Hook.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 24.

136 Pteris tripartita Sw.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 408; JoHNSON, Ferns
of Singapore Island (1977) 71; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 231;
— Litobrochia marginata (Bory) PRESL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908)
Do.

137 Pteris vittata L.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 396; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 70; Piccortt, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 223;
— P. longifolia sensu Bepp.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 190;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 23.

16

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) CHING; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 143;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 46; Hovenkamp, Leiden Bot. Ser. 9
(1986) 156; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 108; — Pleopeltis
angustata (Sw.) PRESL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193; Ripey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 46.

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) FARWELL; HOVENKAMP, Leiden Bot. Ser. 9 (1986) 191;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 109; — Niphobolus adnascens
(Sw.) KAuLF.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 50 (1908) 43; — P. adnascens Sw.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
144; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 47; — P. varia (KAULF.) FaRw.;
Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 146; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 47; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 110.

Pyrrosia longifolia (BURM.) Morton; Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 148;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 47; HoveNKAmp, Leiden Bot. Ser. 9
(1986) 209; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 113; — Niphobolus
acrostichoides [non PRESL] (Forst.) BEDD.; RmpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 193; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 43.

Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) Prick; RAVENSBURG & HENNIPMAN, Leiden Bot. Ser.
9 (1986) 302; — Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) PREsL; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 52; HoLtrum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 149; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 48;
Piccortt, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 115.

Salvinia molesta D.S. MITCHELL; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 96;
Cor-etTrt, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988)
443; — S. cucullata Roxs. ex Bory; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 621.

Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 57; Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
50; Hottrum, FI. Males. II 1' (1959) 41; JouNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 28.

Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195; RIDLey,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 57; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 51;
Ho trum, FI. Males. II 1' (1959) 41; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
29; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 36.

Schizaea wagneri SELLING; Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 52; HoLttum,
Fl. Males. II 1' (1959) 44; Jonnson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 30.

Selaginella ciliaris (RETz.) SPRING; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977)
99; Wonca, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 130.

Selaginella intermedia (BL.) SpriNG; WonG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 124;
— S. atroviridis (WALL.) SPRING; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 195;
Aston, Gard. Bull. Sing. 8 (1934) 53; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 103; — S. ascendens v.A.v.R.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919)
153; ALston, Gard. Bull. Sing. 8 (1934) 52; — S. plumea Sprina; Rip-ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 151.

148

149

150

151

Laz

153

154

155

156

Sd,

Selaginella mayeri HicRon.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 149;
Aston, Gard. Bull. Sing. 8 (1934) 42; Wona, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 126.

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook. & Grev.) Sprinc; ALsTon, Gard. Bull. Sing. 8
(1934) 51; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 102; Wone, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 35 (1983) 130; — S. trichobasis Bak.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 195; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 152.

Selaginella wallichii (Hook. & Grev.) SPRING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80
(1919) 153; ALston, Gard. Bull. Sing. 8 (1934) 48; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore
Island (1977) 102; Wona, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 133.

Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) BAKER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
195; Aston, Gard. Bull. Sing. 8 (1934) 45; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 99; Wona, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 133; — S. laevigatum; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 80 (1919) 155.

Selliguea heterocarpa BL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 157; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 49; — S. féei (non Bory) BEpD.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 49.

Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (BL.) Hoitr.; Hoitrum, Fl. Males. II 1°
(1981) 457; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 201; — ?Nephrodium
heterocarpum(BL.) Moore; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; RIDLey,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 38; — Cyclosorus heterocarpus (BL.) CHING;
Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 269; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 58.

Sphaerostephanos polycarpus (BL.) CopeL.; Hottrum, Fl. Males. II. 1(5) 448;
Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 199; — Nephrodium polycarpum
(BL.) Keys.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; — Mesochlaena
polycarpa (BL.) Bepp.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 32; —
Nephrodium perakense (BEDD.) BAK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908)
39; — Cyclosorus polycarpus (Bu.) HoLtr.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
283; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 56.

Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) HoLtr.; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II 1° (1981) 477; —
Nephrodium cucullatum (BL.) Bak.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 191;
Riocey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 36; — Nephrodium haenkeanum PREsL;
Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 39; — Cyclosorus unitus (L.) CHING;
Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 260; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 54.

Stenochlaena palustris (BurM.) BEpp.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
194; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 53; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 412; Jounson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 73; Piccott, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 410.

Syngramma alismifolia (PREsL) J. Sm.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
193; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 49; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 581; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 90; — S. wallichii
(Hook.) BEpp.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 193; Riptey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 49; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 422.

bh

158

159

160

161

“162

163

164

165

166

Taenitis blechnoides (WILLD.) Sw.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194;
Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 52; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
586; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 90; Piccorrt, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 437.

Taenitis interrupta Hook. & Grev.; HoLtrum, Rev. FI. Malaya 2 (1955) 587;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 91; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 438.

Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cavy.) C. Cur.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
339; KRAMER, FI. Males. II 1° (1971) 193; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 62; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 249; — Microlepia
pinnata (CAv.) J. SM.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 18.

Tectaria angulata (WILLD.) C.CHr.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 511;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 83; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 34
(1981) 145; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 343; Hottrum, FI.
Males. II 2' (1991) 85; —Aspidium angulatum (WILLD.) J. SM. ex METT.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 33.

Tectaria barberi (Hoox.) CopeL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 508;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 84; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 34
(1981) 138; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 340; Hottrum, FI.
Males. II 2' (1991) 52; — Dictyopteris barberi (HooK.) BEDD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 192; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 40; —
Aspidium kunstleri Bepp.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 33.

Tectaria grandidentata (Cesat1) Hottr.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
514; JoHNsoN, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 83; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing.
34 (1981) 139; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 348; Hottrum, FI.
Males. II 2' (1991) 92.

Tectaria griffithii (Bak.) C. Cur. var. singaporeana Ho_trum, Blumea 35
(1991) 551; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II 2' (1991) 55; —T. griffithii; HoLTrum, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 34 (1981) 137; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 339; —
Aspidium multicaudatum (CLARKE) BEpbp.; RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50
(1908) 34; — T. multicaudata (CLARKE) CHING; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 507; JoHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 83.

Tectaria semipinnata (Roxs.) Morton; Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
515; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 34 (1981) 138; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 347; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II 2' (1991) 78; — Selliguea maingayi
(Bak.) Bepp.; RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 49; — T. maingayi (BAK.)
C. Cur.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 513; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore
Island (1977) 83.

Tectaria singaporeana (Hook. & Grev.) CopeL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 512; JoHnson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 82; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 34(1981) 138; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 345; Ho_trum,
Fl. Males. II2' (1991) 100; —Aspidium singaporeanum Hook. & GreV.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 191; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 32.

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168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

Teratophyllum aculeatum (BL.) Mert. ex KUHN; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 473; Jounson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 78; HoLtrum, Fl. Males.
II 1(4) 269.

Teratophyllum ludens (Fre) Hoitr.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 474:
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 80; Ho_trum, Fl. Males. II I(4) 275.

Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum (R. Bonar.) Hoitr.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya
2 (1955) 474; JouNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 78; HoLtrum, FI. Males.
II 1(4) 270.

Trichomanes christii CopeL.; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 100; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 38; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 80; — Crepidomanes christii (CoPpEL.) CopEL.; TAGAWA & IWATSUKI, FI.
Thail. 3 (1979) 88; Iwatsuk1, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 540.

Trichomanes humile Forst. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 12:
Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 98; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 38; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 78; — Reedia humilis
(Forst.) PicHi-SeEr.; TAGAWA & IwaATSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 87; — Crepidomanes
humile (Forst.) Boscu; IwatsukI, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo II 13 (1985) 540.

Trichomanes javanicum BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188:
Rp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 13; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955)
102; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 35; Piccort, Ferns of Malaysia
in Colour (1988) 81; — Cephalomanes javanicum (BL.) BoscH; TAGAWA &
IwaTSUuKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 96; IwatsukI, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985)
548.

Trichomanes mindorense Curist; Copec; Phil. J. Sci. 51 (1933) 209; — T.
muscoides sensu RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188; Ripiey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 12; — T. bimarginatum auct. plur, [non (Boscn)
Boscu]; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 92, p.p.; JoHNson, Ferns of
Singapore Island (1977) 35; — Microgonium mindorense (CHRIST) COPEL.:
CROXALL, Kew Bull. 41 (1986) 522.

Trichomanes minutum BL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 96; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 110; — Gonocormus saxifragoides (PRESL)
Boscu; TAGAWA & IwaATSUKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 80; — Crepidomanes minutum
(BL.) Iwatsuxt; Iwatsuk1, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 524; — T.
saxifragoides PRESL; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 75.

Trichomanes motleyi (Boscu) Boscu: Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908)
12; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 92; JouNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 34; Iwatsuk1, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 54; — Microgonium
motleyi BoscH; TAGAWA & IwaTsukKI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 44; CRoxa.L, Kew Bull.
41 (1986) 526.

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177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

Trichomanes obscurum BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 15;
Ho ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 108; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 37; Piccortt, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 87; — T. rigidum sensu
Ript.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 188; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
50 (1908) 13; — Selenodesmium obscurum (Bi.) CoPEL.; TAGAWA & IWATSUKI,
Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 99; — Cephalomanes obscurum (BL.) IwaTsuK1; IwaTsukt, J.
Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1985) 547.

Trichomanes pallidum BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 12;
Ho.ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 97; JoHNson, Ferns of Singapore Island
(1977) 37; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour (1988) 77; — Pleuromanes
pallidum (BL.) PREsSL; TAGAWA & IwarTsukI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 86; —
Crepidomanes pallidum (Bt.) lwatsukt; IwatsukI, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III
13 (1985) 523.

Trichomanes singaporeanum (Boscu) v.A.v.R.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2
(1955) 103; JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 36; Piccorr, Ferns of
Malaysia in Colour (1988) 82.

Trichomanes sublimbatum K. MuELL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 92;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 35; Piccotr, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 72; — Microgonium sublimbatum (K. MuELL.) BoscH; TAGAWA
& IwaTsukI, Fl. Thail. 3 (1979) 94; CRoxaLL, Kew Bull. 41 (1986) 527.

Trichomanes superbum Backu.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 108;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 37; — T. hispidulum MEtv.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 14.

Vittaria elongata Sw.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194; RipLey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 51; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 614;
JOHNSON, Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 87; Piccott, Ferns of Malaysia in
Colour (1988) 431; — V. scolopendrina [non (Bory) THw.] RIwe.; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 194; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 50 (1908) 51.

Vittaria ensiformis Sw.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 2 (1955) 613; JoHNson,
Ferns of Singapore Island (1977) 87; Piccorr, Ferns of Malaysia in Colour
(1988) 430;

GYMNOSPERMAE

CYCADACEAE

Cycas rumphii Mig.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 151; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 284; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 1.

GNETACEAE

Gnetum gnemon L.; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 273; Burkit, Dict. (1935)
1091; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 276; MArKGRAF, FI. Males. 14° (1951)
340; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 54; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 774; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 6; — G. brunonianum Grirr.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 274.

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189

190

191

192
193

194

195

a AGE Si ae a ae

Gnetum gnemonoides BRoncn.; MARKGRAF, FI. Males. I 4° (1951) 344; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 6; — G. edule (non BL.) Hassk.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 151; — G. wrayi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 276.

Gnetum latifolium BL. var. funiculare MARKGRAF; MARKGRAF, FI. Males. I 4°
(1951) 343; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 7; — G. funiculare BL.; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 151; — G. kingianum GamBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 276.

Gnetum macrostachyum Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 151;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 274; Marxarar, Fl. Males. 1 4° (1951) 346; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 7.

Gnetum microcarpum BL.; Markarar, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 343; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 7; — G. neglectum (non BL.) RIDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 151; — G. campestre GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 275; —
G. sylvestre GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 275.

PODOCARPACEAE

Nageia wallichiana (PREsL) O.KUNTZE; DE LAUBENFELS, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988)
391; — Podocarpus blumei ENDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 281; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 717; — Decussocarpus wallichianus (PRESL) DE
LAUBENFELS; DE LAUBENFELS, J. Arn. Arb. 50 (1969) 349; — Podocarpus
wallichianus PRESL; KENG, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 53; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 3.

Podocarpus polystachyus R. Br. ex ENDL.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 282:
KenG, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 53; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 772;
DE LAUBENFELS, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 417; KEN, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 3;
P. neriifolius non D. Don; Ripb_ey; J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 151.

ANGIOSPERMAE

ACANTHACEAE

Acanthus ebracteatus VAHL; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121:
Rpcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 577; HENDERsoNn, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 367;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 187.

Acanthus ilicifolius L.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 577.

Acanthus volubilis WaA.L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 577; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 187.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) WALL. ex Nees; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 582; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 25; Cor.etrt, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 661; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 187.

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. ANDERs.; CorLett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 187; — A. coromandeliana Nees; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 586; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 373.

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197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

Asystasia nemorum NEEs; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 187; —A. intrusa BL.;
Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 585;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 373.

Calophanoides quadrifaria RIDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 593; Kena,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 188. |

Hemigraphis confinis T. ANDERS.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 569; SincLairR
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 34.

?

Hemigraphis primulifolia (NEEs) F.-ViLL.; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44
(1992) 128.

Hygrophila erecta (Burm. f.) Hocur.; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 189; — H.
quadrivalvis NEES; RIDLeY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 566.

Hygrophila meianthos CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 566; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 189.

Hygrophila phlomoides NEgs; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 567; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 370; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 189; — H.
salicifolia NEES; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121.

Hygrophila spinosa T. ANpers.; RIpDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 567; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 189.

Jacobinia coccinea (AuBL.) HIERN; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 189.

Justicia vasculosa WALL.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 598; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 189; — J. andrographoides CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 121.

Peristrophe acuminata Nees; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 122;
RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 609; HENpERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 369;
KENG , Conc. FL. Sina. (1990) 189.

Peristrophe roxburghiana (SCHULT.) BREMEK.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
189; — P. montana Nees; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 122; — P.
tinctoria NEES; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 609.

Pseuderanthemum kingii (CLARKE) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 591;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 190.

Ruellia repens L.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 564; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 371; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 190.

Staurogyne griffithiana (NEES) O. KUNTzeE; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 561;
BREMEKAMP, Reinwardtia 3 (1955) 181; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 190; —
Ebermaiera griffithiana (NEES) T. ANDERS.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 121.

Staurogyne kingiana CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 560; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 369; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 34;
BREMEKAMP, Reinwardtia 3 (1955) 193.

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218

219

220

221

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223

Staurogyne setigera (NEES) O. Kuntze; RIpDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 559;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 369; BREMEKAMP, Reinwardtia 3 (1955)
187; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 190; — Ebermaiera setigera NEES; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121.

Strobilanthes palawanensis ELm.; TERAO, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 34 (1983)
120; — Endopogon ridleyi CLARKE; RIDLEY, FL. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 570; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Singapore (1990) 188.

Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 121;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 557; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 190.

Thunbergia dasychlamys BREMEKAmpP, Verhand. Konin. Ned. Akad. Weten.,
Afd. Natuur. 4 (1955) 53.

Thunbergia fragrans Roxs., RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1990) 121;
RIp.ey, FL. MAL. Pen 2 (1923) 557; HENDERSON, MAL. WILD FL. bic. (1959) 366;
Cor ett, J. Bioceoa. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. F. Sina. (1990) 191.

Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxs. ex RottL.) Roxs.; Rmiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 557; Cor.etT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 191.

ACTINIDIACEAE

Saurauia pentapetala (JAck) HooGL.; HOoGLAND, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 5;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 46; —S. tristyla DC.;: Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 48 (“Saurauja’), RiwLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 207, p.p..

AGAVACEAE

Dracaena aurantiaca WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 99; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
336; Keno, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 117.

Dracaena brachystachys Hook. f.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 96; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 336 (“trachystachys”’); KENG, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 117.

Dracaena elliptica THuNB.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 100;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 337; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 117;
D. gracilis WALL.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 1696.

Dracaena granulata Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 95; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
332; KenG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 118.

Dracaena maingayi Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 98; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
335; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 191; Kenc, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 118.

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229b

230

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Dracaena porteri Bak.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 97; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 333;
KenG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 118.

Dracaena singapurensis RIpDL.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 97; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
334; KeNG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 118.

Dracaena umbratica RIDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 334; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 182; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 118; — D.
terniflora (non Roxs.) RIDL.; Rm.Ley, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169;
RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 97.

AIZOACEAE

Mollugo pentaphylla L.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 867; BurkiLL, Dict.
(1935) 1484; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 172; Backer, Fl. Males. I 4°
(1951) 268; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 58; — M. stricta L.; Rwcey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 88.

Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 88;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 866; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1998; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 171; Backer, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 272; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 58.

ALANGIACEAE

Alangium ebenaceum (CLARKE) HArMs var. ebenaceum; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 893; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 57; — Marlea ebenacea
CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89.

Alangium ebenaceum var. tutela (RIDL.) KOCHUMMEN; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya | (1972) 57; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 130; —A. tutela RIDL.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 894, — Marlea sp. “Kayu Tas”, Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 90.

Alangium griffithii (CLARKE) HARMS; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972)
58; — A. uniloculare (GriFF.) KING; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 894 —
Marlea griffithii CLARKE, RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 90.

Alangium nobile (CLARKE) Harms; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 892;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 58; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 130;
Marlea nobilis CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89.

Alangium ridleyi KiNG; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 893; KocHUMMEn, Tree
Fl. Malaya | (1972) 59; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 130.

Alangium salviifolium (L./f.) WANG.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 57;
— A. lamarckii Tuw.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 892.

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AMARANTHACEAE

Achyranthes aspera L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 8; BAcKer, Fl. Males. I
4’ (1949) 88; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 413; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
Coo) SY:

Allmania nodiflora R. Br. ex WicuT; RIbLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
125; Riwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 5; Backer, Fl. Males. I 4* (1949) 74;
HENpDerSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 409; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 57.

Alternanthera bettzichiana (REGEL) Voss; Mears, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 129 (1977) 16; — A. ficoidea (L.) R. BR. ex R. & S.; BACKER, FI.
Males. I 47 (1949) 93; Sinciair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1952) 35; Cortetr, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 57.

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) GrisEB.; BACKER, Fl. Males. I 4? (1949)
93; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1952) 35; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661.

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 126; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 10; Backer, Fl. Males. I 47 (1949) 92:
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 57; — A. triandra LAMK.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935)
116; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 412.

Amaranthus blitum L.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 411; FiLyias,
GAULLIEZ & GUEDES, Taxon 29 (1980) 149; — A. lividus L.; BACKER, Fl. Males.
I 4 (1949) 77; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 57.

Amaranthus spinosus L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 6; Backer, Fl. Males. I 4? (1949) 78; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 410; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 57.

Celosia argentea L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 5; Backer, FI. Males. I 4?
(1949) 73; Cor.eTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 57.

Cyathula prostrata (L.) BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 7; Backer, Fl. Males. I 4? (1949) 82; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 413; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 57.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Crinum asiaticum L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 167; RIpDLEy, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 68; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 301;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 164; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
120.

ANACARDIACEAE

Anacardium occidentale L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68;
RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 526; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 143; CorRNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 100; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 8° (1977) 421; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 109; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 123.

25

26

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

Bouea macrophylla Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 520; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 355; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 101; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 468; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 110; KocHuMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 14; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 123.

Bouea oppositifolia (Roxs.) MeIsn.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8* (1977) 466;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 110; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989)
14; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 123; — B. burmanica GriFF.; Rupey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; —B. microphylla Grirr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
519; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 355; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 101.

Buchanania arborescens (BL.) BL.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8* (1977) 415;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 111; KocHUMMen, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989)
16; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 123; — B. florida SCHAU.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67 (incl. var. lucida & var. petiolaris); — B. lucida BL.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 518; BurkiL, Dict. (1935) 378, CoRNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 102.

Buchanania sessifolia BL.; (“sessilifolia’) RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 67; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 519; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 378; DinG
Hou, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 418; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 111;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 16; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 123.

Campnosperma auriculatum (BL.) Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 68; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 534 (incl. var wallichii (KiNG) RIDL.);
BurkIL, Dict. (1935) 421; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 104; Dinc Hou,
FI. Males. 18? (1977) 529; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 112; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 18; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 123; — C. wallichii
KinG; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68; — C. griffithii (non March.)
Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68.

Campnosperma coriaceum (JAck) HALL. f. ex STEENIS; DING Hou, Fl. Males. I
8° (1977) 530; KoCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 20; — C. griffithii MaRcH.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 534.

One specimen, Cantley’s collector s.n., s.loc., 188?, Flora of Singapore, det.
Ding Hou

Campnosperma squamatum RipL.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 532;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 113; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
20; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 123; — C. minor CoRNER; CORNER, Ways. Trees
Ist ed. (1940) 104.

Gluta wallichii (Hook. f) Dinc Hou; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 8? (1977) 456;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 30; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 123; —
Melanorrhoea maingayi Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68;
— Melanorrhoea wallichii Hook. f.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 529;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1438; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 120; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 130; — Melanorrhoea woodsiana Scort. ex KING;
RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 530; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 120;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 130.

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

Mangifera caesia Jack; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 525; BurkILL, Dict.
(1935) 1401; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 108; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 8?
(1977) 438; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 117; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 33; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124; — M. kemanga BL.:;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 525.

Mangifera foetida Lour.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 524; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1402; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 109; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 8° (1977) 435; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 118; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 35; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 124.

Mangifera griffithii Hook.f; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 521; Dinc Hou, FI.
Males. I 8? (1977) 430; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 118; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 35; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124; — M.
sclerophylla Hook. f.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 521; — M. microphylla Grirr. ex Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 521; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1407; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 111.

Mangifera lagenifera Grirr.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 525; Burkit, Dict. (1935) 1406; CorNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 110; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8° (1977) 433; CorNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 120; KocHuMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 36; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124.

Mangifera macrocarpa BL.; Rip_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 524; MAxwe LL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 191; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8° (1977) 439;
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 37; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124.

Mangifera odorata Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 524; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1407; CorNErR, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 111; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 437; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 120; KocHuMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 37; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 124.

Melanochyla auriculata Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68:
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 540; BurkiL, Dict. (1935) 1434; CorNEr, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 119; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 495; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 128; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 41; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124.

Melanochyla bracteata KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 540; Dinc Hou, FI.
Males. I 8? (1977) 496; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 42.

Melanochyla caesia (BL.) Dinc Hou; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8° (1977) 498;
KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 42; — M. maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 540; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1434; — M. kunstleri Hook. f.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 539; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 8° (1977) 499; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124; — M. tomentosa var. glabrescens K. & V.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 539.

28

262

263

264

265

266

267

268a

268b

269

270

271

Parishia insignis Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 536; BurkiLL, Dict.
(1935) 1668; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 112; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 8?
(1977) 545; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 121; KocHummMen, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 45; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124; — P. pubescens Hook.
f.; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 535;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 113; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
[22

Parishia maingayi Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 535; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 112; Dinc Hou,
Fl. Males. 18° (1977) 543; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 122; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 45.

Parishia paucijuga ENGL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 536; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 113; Dinc Hou,
Fl. Males. 18? (1977) 544; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 122; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 46; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 124.

Swintonia schwenkii (T. & B.) T. & B.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 532; Dinc
Hou, Fl. Males. 18? (1977) 443; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 57; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 124.

ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) MERR.; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 4! (1948) 9;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 53; —A. pinangianus (WALL.) PLANCH.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 251; —A. extensus (WALL.) PLANCH.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935)
155.

ANNONACEAE

Alphonsea maingayi Hook. f. & THoms.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 98;
SINcLaiR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 384; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972)
67; KenG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 11.

Anaxagorea javanica BL. var. javanica; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
129; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 347; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya |
(1972) 68; Maas & WestrRA, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 105 (1985) 182; CorNgeR, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 138; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 11.

Anaxagorea javanica var. dipetala Corner; MAAS & WestRA, Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
105 (1985) 184.

Artabotrys costatus KiNG; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 43; Sincvair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 255; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 11.

Artabotrys crassifolius Hook. f. & THoms.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 40;
SincLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 249; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 11.

Artabotrys maingayi Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 39; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 42; Sinccair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1955) 259; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 11.

palm eT) Fr!

Vee. wk le) oe

ae! va ee a mes SF

272

273

274

243

276

PIS!

278

279

280

281

282

283

Artabotrys suaveolens (BL.) BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 42; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 256;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 11.

Artabotrys wrayi KiNG; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 40; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 248; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 12.

Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus (MAINGAY ex Hook. f. & THOMS.) SCHEFF.; SINCLAIR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 243; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 71;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 143; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13;
Drepananthus ramuliflorus MAINGAY ex Hook. f. & THoms.; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 38; — Drepananthus pruniferus [non MainGay ex Hook. f. &
Tuoms.] Ripv.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39.

Cyathocalyx ridleyi (KING) SINCLAIR; SINcLaiR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 237;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 71; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13;
Xylopia ridleyi Kinc; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 95.

Cyathocalyx sumatranus ScuHeFrF.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 236;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 71; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13;
Xylopia curtisti KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 90.

Cyathostemma excelsum (Hook. f. & THoms.) SINCLAIR; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1955) 226; — Uvaria excelsa WALL.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
34.

One Singapore sheet with no other information.

Cyathostemma hookeri Kinc; RipDtey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 38;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 28; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 223;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12.

Cyathostemma viridiflorum Grirr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 27; SINcLair,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 221; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; — C.
scortechinii KiNG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 38.

Desmos chinensis Lour.; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 46; SincLair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 266; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; — Unona discolor
VAHL; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39.

Doubtfully wild in Singapore.

Desmos dasymaschala (BL.) SAFFoRD; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 46;
Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 269; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12;
Unona dasymaschala BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39.

Desmos dumosus (Roxs.) SAFFORD; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 46; SINcLaiR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 268; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; — Unona
dumosa Roxs.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39.

Ellipeia cuneifolia Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
39; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 35; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 230;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12.

29

30

284

285

286

287

1288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

Fissistigma fulgens (Hook. f. & THoms.) Merr.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1955) 353; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; — Melodorum fulgens Hook. f. &
Tuoms.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 83.

Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hook. f. & THoms.) Merr.; SincLair, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14(1955) 357; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; —Melodorum lanuginosum
Hook. f. & THoms.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; Ripey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 86.

Fissistigma latifolium (DUNAL) Merr. var. ovoideum (KING) SINCLAIR; SINCLAIR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1955) 359; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 12; —Melodorum
latifolium (DUNAL) Hook. f. & THOoMs. var. ovoideum KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 85.

Fissistigma manubriatum (Hook. f. & THoMs.) Merr.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1955) 355; — Melodorum manubriatum Hook. f. & THOoMs.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 84.

Friesodielsia biglandulosa (BL.) STEENIS, Blumea 12 (1964) 358; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; — Oxymitra biglandulosa (Bv.) SCHEFF.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. | (1922) 81; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 459.

Friesodielsia borneensis (Mig.) STEENIS, Blumea 12 (1964) 358; — Oxymitra
borneensis Mig. var. sumatrana Mig.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 458.

Friesodielsia calycina (KING) STEENIS, Blumea 12 (1964) 358; — Oxymitra
calycina KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 81; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 451.

One doubtful specimen.

Friesodielsia excisa (Mig.) STEENIS, Blumea 12 (1964) 359; — Oxymitra
calycina Mig.; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 452.

Friesodielsia glauca (Hook. f. & THoMs.) STEENIS, Blumea 12 (1964) 359; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; — Oxymitra glauca Hook. f. & THoms.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 82; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 460.

Friesodielsia latifolia (Hook. f. & THoms.) STEENIS, Blumea 12 (1964) 360;
KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 12; — Oxymitra latifolia Hook. f. & THOms.;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 81; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 456.

Goniothalamus macrophyllus (BL.) Hook. f. & THoms.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
| (1922) 66; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 446; KocHumMen, Tree FI.
Malaya | (1972) 76; MAxweELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 36 (1983) 229; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 13.

Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. & Tuoms.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 40; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 66; Sinccair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1955) 432; Kocuummen, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 75; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 13.

RY

296 Goniothalamus ridleyi Kinc; Ripuey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40;
RIpDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 68; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 437;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 76; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13.

297 Goniothalamus tapis Miq.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 67; SincLarr, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 444; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 76; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 144; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13.

298 Melodorum aberrans (Maine. ex Hook. f. & THoms.) SINCLAIR; SINCLAIR, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 369.

One poorly localised specimen.

299 Meiogyne virgata (BL.) Mig.; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 277;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 77; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13; —
Cyathocalyx virgatus (BL.) KiNG; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 36.

300 Mezzettia parviflora BEcc.; VAN DER HEUDEN & KEssLeR, Blumea 35 (1990)
222; — M. leptopoda (Hook. f. & THoms.) OLiv.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 42; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 100; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1955) 327; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 78; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 13; — M. curtisii KING; RipD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 101; SiNcvair,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 328; KocHumMern, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 78.

301 Miliusa longipes Kinc; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 96; SincLair, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1955) 379; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 79; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 13.

302 Mitrella kentii (BL.) Mig.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 365; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13; — Melodorum pisocarpum Hook. f. & THoMs.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 88;
— Melodorum elegans Hook. f. & THoms.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 88.

303 Monocarpia marginalis (ScHEFF.) SINCLAIR; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1955) 273; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 80; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 13; — Cyathocalyx maingayi Hook. f. THomMs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 39; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 37.

Sinclair (/oc. cit.) says not recorded from Singapore.

304 Orophea hastata KiNG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 71; Stncvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 397; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 83.

305 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxs. ex G. Don) SINCLAIR; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1955) 374; KocHUMMgEnN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 84; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 13; — P. nutans Hook. f. & THoms.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 95.

hf

306

307

308

+309

SiO

311

312

313

314

315

316

Polyalthia angustissima RIDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 53; SincLair,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 286; KocHuMMENn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 86;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 13.

Polyalthia bullata Kinc; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 55; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 300; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 86.

One doubtful specimen.

Polyalthia cauliflora Hook. f. & THoms.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 53;
SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 292; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972)
86; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13; — Unona desmantha Hook. f. & THOMs.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39; — P. beccarii KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. | (1922) 50; — P. desmantha (Hook. f. & THOMsS.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 49; — P. pycnantha Kina; RID_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 51.

According to Sinclair (loc. cit. p. 295) all specimens from Singapore are var.
cauliflora except one intermediate to var. beccarii

Polyalthia clavigera Kinc; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 318;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 87; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14; —
P. glomerata KiNG; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 59.

Polyalthia glauca (HAssk.) MUELL.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 321;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 88; Rocstap, J. Arn. Arb. 70 (1989) 209;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 13.

Polyalthia hookeriana KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 58; SincLair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 312; KocHumMMeENn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 87; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13.

Polyalthia hypoleuca Hook. f. & THoms.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 53;
SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1955) 320; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972)
88; Rocstap, J. Arn. Arb. 70 (1989) 227; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13.

Polyalthia jenkensii (H. & T.) Hook. f. & Thoms.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing.
14 (1955) 305; KocHuMMeN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 88; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 13.

Polyalthia lateriflora (BL.) KING; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 59; SINcLAiR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 310; KocHUMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 88;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 13.

Polyalthia macropoda KiNG; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40;
RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 60; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 316;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 87; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14.

Polyalthia rumphii Merr.; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 306;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 89; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14; —
P. scortechinii Kinc; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40; Ripey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 56.

Dee

33

317 Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook. f. & THoms.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 58;
SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1955) 311; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
87; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14.

318 Polyalthia sumatrana (Mig.) Kurz; Ribcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 52; StncLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 319;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 91; Rocstap, J. Arn. Arb. 70 (1989) 220;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14.

319 Popowia fusca KiNG; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 76; SincLair, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1955) 471; KocHuMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 92; Kena, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 14.

320 Popowia pisocarpa (BL.) ENDL.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 468;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 91; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14;
P. ramosissima Hook. f. & THoMs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 40;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 75.

321 Popowia tomentosa Maine. ex Hook.f. & THoms.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 40; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 77; Stncvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1955) 474; KocHumMerN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 92; KEeNa, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 14.

322 Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hook. f. & THoms.) Merr.; SINcLair, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1955) 362; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14; vAN SETTEN & Maas,
Taxon 39 (1990) 686; — Melodorum prismaticum Hook. f. & THOMS.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 87;
Melodorum cylindricum Hook. f. & THoms.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 84.

323 = Trivalvaria macrophylla (BL.) Mia.; SINcLAiR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1955) 196;
KocHumMMeEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 94; — Popowia nervifolia MAING. ex
Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 77.

324 Uvaria cordata (DUNAL) ALsTon; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 207;
KeENnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14; — U. macrophylla Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 30.

325 Uvaria curtisii KING; RIpDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 32; SincLair, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1955) 206; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14.

326 Uvaria grandiflora Roxs.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 202; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14; — U. purpurea BL.; RiD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 31.

327 Uvaria hirsuta JAck; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 31; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 203; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 14.

328 Uvaria leptopoda (KING) R.E. Fries; Sincair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 212;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14; — U. ridleyi (non KiNG) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 32.

34

329

330

331

332a

332b

333

334

335

336

337

Uvaria lobbiana Hook. f. & THoms.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 30; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 208;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 14; — U. subrepanda WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 39; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 34.

Uvaria pauci-ovulata Hook. f. & THoms.; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 32;
SincLaiR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 217; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 14.

Xylopia caudata Hook. f. & THoms.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
41; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 93; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 339;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 95; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14.

Xylopia ferruginea (Hook. f. & THoms.) Hook. f. & THoms. var. ferruginea;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 93;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 136; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955)
343; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 95; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 146; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14.

Xylopia ferruginea var. oxyantha (Hook. f. & THoms.) SINCLAIR; SINCLAIR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 345; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 96;
X. oxyantha Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 90.

Xylopia fusca MAING. ex Hook. f. & THoms.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 92;
SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1955) 337; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972)
96.

Xylopia magna MAING. ex Hook. f. & THoms.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 93; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1955) 338; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya | (1972) 97; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 14.

Xylopia malayana Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
41; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 91; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 340;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 98; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 14;
X. dicarpa Hook. f. & THoms.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 41;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 84; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 91,

p.p.-

APOCYNACEAE

Alstonia angustifolia WALL. ex A. DC.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
110; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 348; Corner, Ways. Trees I sted. (1940) 141;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 8; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 151;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 143. |

Alstonia angustiloba Mig.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 347; WuiTmore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 9; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 151; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 143; —A. scholaris |non (L.) R.Br.] Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 110. .

338

339

340a

340b

341

342

343

344

345
346

347

348

Alstonia spatulata BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 110
(“spathulata”); RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 346; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 116;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 142; Sincvarr, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956)
29; WuitTMorE, Tree FI. Malaya 2 (1973) 12; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
152: KenG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 143.

Alyxia pilosa Mig.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 332; Marxkarar, Blumea 23
(1977) 382.

Alyxia reinwardtii BL. var. lucida (WALL.) MARKGRAF; MARKGRAF, Blumea 23
(1977) 389; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 143; —A. lucida WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 109; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 332; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 279.

Alyxia reinwardtii var. meiantha (Starr) MARKGRAF; MARKGRAF, Blumea 23
(1977) 389; — A. forbesii K. & G.; Riwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 334.

Anodendron candolleanum WIGHT; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 362; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 143.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 144; — Vinca rosea L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 110; — Lochnera rosea L. Rcus. ex STEUD.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 281.

Cerbera manghas L.; WuitMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 12; CorNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 153; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 144; — C. lactaria Hao.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 109; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 339.

Cerbera odollam Gaertn.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 109; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 339; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 144; WuiTMore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 12; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 153; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 144.

Chilocarpus vernicosus BL.; MArkGrar, Blumea 19 (1971) 161.

Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. f:; RIpDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 345; BurkILL,
Dict. (1935) 513; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 143; Wuitmore, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 13; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 154; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 144; — D. laxiflora Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 110; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 345.

Epigynum forbesii Kinc & GAMBLE; MAxweELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 192.

Kopsia singapurensis Rip_.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 336; WuiTmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 19; MarxGrar, Blumea 20 (1972) 409; KeNG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 144; — K. macrophylla (non Hook. f.) Ripi.; Rioey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 110.

Type of Kopsia macrophylla Hook. f. is a Lobb collection reportedly from
Singapore but probably actually from Penang.

36

349

350

351

252

353

354

355

356

a57

358

359

360

Leuconotis griffithii Hook. f; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 109;
Riwey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 329; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 144.

Leuconotis maingayi Dyer ex Hook. f.; RipbLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
109; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 329; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 144.

Melodinus micranthus Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 109;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 331; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 144.

Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lamk.) Foss. & SAcH.; MARKGRAF, Blumea 25
(1979) 243; — Ochrosia borbonica auct. non GMEL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 340; — Ochrosia oppositifolia (LAMK.) K. SCHUM.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935)
1597; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 147; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 20; LEEUWENBERG, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Papers 87-5 (1987) 51;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 157; KeENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 145.

Parameria glandulifera BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 358; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 145.

Parameria polyneura Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 359; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 145.

Parsonsia helicandra Hook. & ARN.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959)
280; Ken, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 145; — P. spiralis WALL. ex KING; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 110; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 350.

Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz; BEENTJE, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool
Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 54; — S. dichotomus DC.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 111; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 356; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 145.

Strophanthus singaporianus (WALL. ex G. Don) GILG; BEENTJE, Meded.
Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 139; —S. brevicaudatus WIGHT;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111; RrpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 354;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 145.

Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxs. ex WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 110; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 23; LEEUWENBERG, Agric.
Univ. Wageningen Papers 87-5 (1987) 5; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
161; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 145; — T. hirta Hook. f.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 110; — Ervatamia corymbosa (Roxs. ex WALL.) K. & G.;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 341; — Ervatamia jasminiflora Rw .; RIDcey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 342.

Tabernaemontana pauciflora BL.; LEEUWENBERG, Agric. Univ. Wageningen
Papers 87-5 (1987) 20; — T. malaccensis Hook. f.; RiDey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 110; HeNperson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 282; Wuirmore, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 23; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 161; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 145; — Ervatamia malaccensis (Hook. f.) K. & G.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 343.

Urceola brachysepala Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 357; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146.

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

Urceola lucida (DC.) Hook. f.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 358; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146.

Urceola maingayi Hook. /.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 357; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146.

Urceola malaccensis Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111;
Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 357; KeNa, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146.

Urceola torulosa Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 358; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146.

Urnularia flavescens (Hook. f.) StapF; MARKGRAF, Blumea 20 (1972) 409; —
Willughbeia flavescens DYER ex Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
109, p.p.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 325 (excl. var. rufescens); — W.
apiculata Mig.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146, p.p.

Urnularia rufescens (Hook. f.) STAPF ex S. Moore; MArKGrar, Blumea 20
(1972) 409; — Willughbeia flavescens Dyer ex Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 109, p.p.; — Willughbeia flavescens DYER ex Hook. f. var.
rufescens RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 325; — W. apiculata Miq.; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146, p.p.

Willughbeia angustifolia (Mig.) MARKGRAF; MARKGRAF, Blumea 20 (1972)
414; — W. sp.; Ruwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 109; — W. apiculata
Mig.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146, p.p.

Willughbeia coriacea WALL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 108;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 323; MarxGrar, Blumea 20 (1972) 412; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146; — W. firma BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 108: RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 323.

Willughbeia dulcis RipL.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 325; BurkiL, Dict.
(1935) 2301; MarkoraF, Blumea 20 (1972) 414.

Willughbeia grandiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 109; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 322; Marxcrar, Blumea 20 (1972)
411.

Willughbeia tenuiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 109; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 325; Marxcrar, Blumea 20 (1972)
413; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 146.

Wrightia laevis Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 353; Ncan, Ann. Miss.
Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 136; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 24.

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex cymosa BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 442; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 328; Kiew, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 3; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 163; KeNG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 114.

37

38

374

375

376

a7

378

379

380

381

382

Ilex macrophylla Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 442; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 329; Kiew, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 8; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 164; KENG, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 114; —J. venulosa Hook. f.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 442.

Ilex maingayi Hook. /.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 440; Corner, Ways. Trees
Ist ed. (1940) 329; Kiew, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 8; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 164; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 114.

ARACEAE

Aglaodorum griffithii (ScHorr) ScHotr; NicoLson, Smithsonian Contrb. Bot.
1 (1969) 61; — Aglaonema griffithii ScHotr; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 19; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 100; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 227.

Aglaonema nebulosum N.E. Brown; Nico_son, Smithsonian Contrb. Bot. 1
(1969) 31; — A. minus Hook. f.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177;
RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)1; — A. pictum [non (RoxB.)
KUNTH] RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 102, HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 228.

Aglaonema nitidum (JACK) KuNTH; NicoLtson, Smithsonian Contrb. Bot. 1
(1969) 34; —A. oblongifolium Scuott; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
177; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 20; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 100; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 228.

Aglaonema simplex BL.; NicoLson, Smithsonian Contrb. Bot. 1 (1969) 39; —
A. nitidum N.E. Brown; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177; — A.
schottianum Miq.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 20; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 101; — A
angustifolium N.E. Brown; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 20;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 101; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
228.

Alocasia denudata ENGL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 17; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 97;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 226.

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don; Ripbcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
177; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 18; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 99: HenpersSOoN, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 226; Hay & Wise, Blumea
35 (1991) 532; — A. indica (Lour.) Kocu; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 177.

Amorphophallus prainii Hook. f.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 13; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
94.

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

Amydrium medium (Z. & M.) Nicotson; Nicotson, Blumea 16 (1968) 124; —
Anadendrum medium (Z. & M.) Scuott; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
178; — Raphidophora huegelii Scuott; Rey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 45 ( “huegeliana” );—— Epipremnopsis media (Z. & M.) ENGL.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 120; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 236.

Anadendrum montanum (BL.) ScHott; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
178; Rey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 36; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 115; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 234.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
223; — C. antiquorum ScuotT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177;
Rip ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 13; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
94.

Cryptocoryne ciliata (RoxB.) FISCHER ex WYDLER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 177; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 4; RipDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 86; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 218.

Cryptocoryne griffithii ScHott; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 5; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
87.

Cyrtosperma merkusii (HAssk.) ScHott; Hay, Blumea 33 (1988) 430; — C.
lasioides GriFF.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179; Ripiey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 47; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 127; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 242.

Epipremnum giganteum (Roxs.) ScHott; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 179; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 119; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 235; — Rhaphidophora gigantea (RoxB.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 44.

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) ENGL.; Nicotson, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 6 (1988)
32; — Rhaphidophora caudata ScuotT; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 46; — E. mirabile Scuott; R.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 119.

Homalomena griffithii (ScHotr) Hook. f.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 178; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 26; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 106; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 230; — H. ovata
(Scuott) ENGL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 178; —H. kingii Hook.
f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 178.

Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook. f. var. pumila (Hook. f.) FurTapDo; Hotta,
Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra (1986) 88 (in Appendix);
H. pumila Hook. f.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 178; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 26; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 104.

Homalomena pendula (BL.) Baku. f.; Hotta, Diversity and Dynamics of Plant
Life in Sumatra (1986) 96 (in Appendix); — H. coerulescens JuNGH. ex Mia.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 178; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 24; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 104.

39

40

394

395

396

kl

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

Homalomena rostrata Grirr.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 24;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 103; Horta, Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life
in Sumatra (1986) 100 (in Appendix); — H. paludosa Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 178.

Homalomena sagittifolia JUNGH. ex ScHotT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 178; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 23; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 103.

Lasia spinosa (L.) THw.; Hay, Blumea 33 (1988) 459; — L. heterophylla
(Roxs.) SCHOTT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179; — L. aculeata
Lour.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 46; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 125; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 241.

Pistia stratiotes L.; RmLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 3; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 85; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 216.

Pothos latifolius Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 49;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 129; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
241; — P. curtisii Hook. f.; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179.

Rhaphidophora korthalsii ScHotr; RipLtey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 45; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 124; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 238.

Rhaphidophora lobbii Scuott; RIDey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179;
RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 41; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
122; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 238.

Rhaphidophora maingayi Hook. f.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 43; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 123.

Rhaphidophora minor Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179;
RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 41; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
121.

Rhaphidophora sylvestris (BL.) ENGL. var. montana (BL.) NICOLSON

Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxs.) Z. & M.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 31; Rm.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 111; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 231; —S. longipes Hook. f.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 178.

Schismatoglottis wallichii (Roxs.) Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 178; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 33; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 112; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 232.

Scindapsus hederaceus (Z. & M.) Miq.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
179; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 38; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 117; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 235.

Scindapsus pictus Hassk.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 178; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 37; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 117.

408

409

410

4i1

412

413

414

415

416

417

Typhonium flagelliforme (Lopp.) BL.; NicoLson & SIVADASAN, Blumea 27
(1981) 489; — T. cuspidatum (BL.) BL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 11; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 91.

Typhonium roxburghii Scuortt; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 177;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 10; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
90; NIcoLson & SIVADASAN, Blumea 27 (1981) 492.

Typhonium trilobatum (L.) ScHotr; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 90;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 220; NicoLson & SIVADASAN, Blumea
27 (1981) 488.

ARALIACEAE

Arthrophyllum diversifolium BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89;
STONE, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 17; Puiuirson, Fl. Males. 1 9' (1979) 60; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 166; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 131; — A.
ovatifolium JUNGH. & DE VRIESE; (A. ovalifolium Mig.) RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 885.

Schefflera cephalotes (CLARKE) Harms; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 875;
Fropin, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 31; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 131;
Heptapleurum cephalotes CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89;
— §. capitellata RIwL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 876.

Schefflera elliptica (BL.) Harms; Fropin, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 29; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 131; — S. micrantha [non (CLARKE) GAMBLE] (MiQ.)
RID.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 881; —S. venulosa [non (W. & A.) HARMS]
RipDt.; RD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 880 (incl. var. curtisii RIDL.); HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 179.

Schefflera hullettii (Kinc) Vicurer; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 877; Fropin,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 32; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 131; —Heptapleurum
hullettii KiNG; RIw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89; — S. elegans (RIDL.)
Rip_.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 878; — S. scortechinii (KING) VIGUIER;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 876.

Schefflera lanceolata RipL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 875; Fropin, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 28; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 131; — Heptapleurum
avene (non SEEMANN) KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89.

Schefflera oxyphylla (Mig.) VicurER; Fropin, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 35;
Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 132; — Heptapleurum subulatum Mia.; Rww_ey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89; —S. subulata (MiQ.) VIGUIER; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 878; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 178; Fropin, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 30; — S. subracemosa (KING) ViIGUIER; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 878; — S. klossii Rwi.; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 876.

Schefflera ridleyi (KING) VicutER; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 879; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 179; Fropin, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 29; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 132; — Heptapleurum ridleyi Kinc; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 89.

4]

42

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

Trevesia burckii BoerL.; STONE, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 33, Puiipson, FI.
Males. I 9! (1979) 97; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 132; — T. cheirantha
(CLARKE) O.K.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1,(1922) 882; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 170.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Aristolochia jackii StEup.; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 88; KENc, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 55; —A. ungulifolia Mast.; 126; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
18; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 422.

Thottea dependens (PLANcH.) KLotscH.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 127; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 16; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2156;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 424; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. 1 10! (1984) 71;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 55.

Thottea grandiflora Rotrs.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 127;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 16; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 2156; Dinc Hou, FI.
Males. I 10! (1984) 75; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 55.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Asclepias curassavica L.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112; RDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 379; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 288; CorLETT,
J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 147.

Cynanchum ovalifolium WiGcuT; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 381; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 293;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 147.

Dischidia albida Grirr.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 407; Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 100.

Dischidia albiflora Grirr.; Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 94; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 148; — D. collyris WALL.; RIw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 404.

Dischidia bengalensis Co.esr.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 405; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 300;
Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 97; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148.

Dischidia cochleata BL.; Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 90; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 148; — D. coccinea Grirr.; RIwLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 404; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 301.

Dischidia hirsuta (BL.) Decne.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112;
RIDLeY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 406; HENperson, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 302;
Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 94; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148.

Dischidia major (VAHL) Merr.; Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 92; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 148; — D. rafflesiana WALL.; Rio.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 112; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 405; Henperson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 300.

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

44]

442

Dischidia nummularia R. Br.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112;
RinTz, Blumea 26 (1980) 98; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148; —D. gaudichaudii
DEcNE.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 406; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 301.

Dischidia singaporensis RIDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 407; Rin1z,
Blumea 26 (1980) 92; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148.

Finlaysonia obovata WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 89; RDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 373; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148; — F. maritima
(non BACKER ex HEYNE) HEYNE; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 289.

Genianthus maingayi Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 378; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148.

Hoya campanulata BL.; Rintz, Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 495; — Physostelma
wallichii WiGuHT; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 411; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 295; KENa, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 149.

Hoya coriacea BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 397; Rintz, Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 495; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 148.

Hoya coronaria BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 400; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 298; Rintz,
Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 505; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148.

Hoya diversifolia BL.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 396; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 298; Rintz,
Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 517; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148.

Hoya finlaysonii WiGHT; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 397; Rintz, Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 511; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 148.

Hoya lacunosa BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; RiD.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 395; Rintz, Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 490; KeNnc, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 148.

Hoya latifolia G. Don; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; Rmp.ey, F1.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 395; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 297; Rintz,
Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 508; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 148.

Hoya obtusifolia WicHT; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; Rip.ey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 399; Rintz, Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978) 520; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 149.

Hoya parasitica (Roxs.) WALL. ex WiGHT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 113; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 396; Rintz, Malay. Nat. J. 30 (1978)
514; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 149; — H. ridleyi K. & G.; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 401; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 299.

43

443

445

446

447

448

449

450

45]

452

453

454

455

Hoya revoluta WicuT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 113; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 401.

Sarcolobus globosus WALL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112;
RIDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 382; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 290;
Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 72; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 149.

Secamone elliptica R. Br., Forster, Austrobaileya 3 (1989) 70; KLACKENBERG,
Kew Bull. 47 (1992) 606; —S. micrantha (DEcNE.) DECNE.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 375; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 294.

Stephanotis maingayi Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 112;
Riwcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 389; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 149.

Toxocarpus griffithii DECNE.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 111;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 376; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 292;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 149.

Tylophora indica (Bur. f.) MERR.; HUBER, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 4 (1983) 91;
— T. asthmatica (RoxsB.) W. & A.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 392; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 149.

Tylophora squarrosa RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 392; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 149; — T. wallichii Hook. f.; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 112; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 391.

Tylophora tenuissima (Roxs.) WIGHT & ARN. ex WIGHT; HuBgr, Rev. Handb.
Fl. Ceyl. 4 (1983) 96; — T. tenuis BL.; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
112; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 391; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959)
294; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 149.

AVICENNIACEAE

Avicennia alba BL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 641; KocHUMMkgn, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 299; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 192; Duke, Aust. Syst. Bot.
4 (1991) 307.

Avicennia marina (Forsk.) VIERH.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 300;
KeENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 192; Duke, Aust. Syst. Bot. 4 (1991) 311; —A.
intermedia GrirF.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 641; —A. spherocarpa STAPF
ex Ript.; Rmvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 642.

Avicennia officinalis L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 124; RIpLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 640; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 300; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 192; Duke, Aust. Syst. Bot. 4 (1991) 319.

Avicennia rumphiana HA -. f.; Duke, Aust. Syst. Bot. 4 (1991) 321; — A.
lanata RiDL.; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 641; KocHuMMEn, Tree Fl. Malaya
3 (1978) 300; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 192.

BALSAMINACEAE

Hydrocera triflora (L.) WicHt & Arn.; TAN ef al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
128.

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

BIGNONIACEAE

Deplanchea bancana (ScHEFF.) STEEN.; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 137;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 37; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
175; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 183; — Diplanthera bancana ScuerFr.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 552.

Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) K. ScHUM.; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977)
142; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 39; CorNgr, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 176; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 183; —D. rheedii SEEM.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 549.

Pajanelia longifolia (WILLD.) K. ScHUM.; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 8* (1977)
163; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 40; CorNgr, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 179; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 183; — P. multijuga DC.; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 549.

Radermachera pinnata (BLANCO) SEEM. ssp. acuminata (STEEN.) STEEN.; VAN
STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 154; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 42;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 181; — Stereospermum hypostictum (non
Mig.) Ripi.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120; — R. amoena [non
(WALL.) SEEM.] GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 551; —R. lobbii (T. &
B.) Mig.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 168; — R. gigantea [non (BL.)
Mig.] Burk.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 184.

Spathodea campanulata P. BEAuv.; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 185;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 182; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 184.

Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) CHATTERJEE; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 8?
(1977) 148; KocHuUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 44; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 184; Keng 184; —S. chelonoides [non (L.f.) DC.] DC.; Rwiey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 550; Corner, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 172; — S. colais (BucH.-HamM. ex DILLwyNn) MABBERLEY,
Taxon 27 (1979) 553.

BOMBACACEAE

Coelostegia griffithii BENTH.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 52;
Rpcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 266; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 436;
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 106; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
191; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 91.

Durio griffithii (Mast.) BAKH.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 110;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 194; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 91; —
Boschia griffithii Mast.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 52; Rmp.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 265.

Durio singaporensis RIDL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 113; CorNgr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 195; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 91; — D.
oblongus (non Mast.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 438.

46

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

Neesia altissima (BL.) BL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 118; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 91.

Neesia malayana BAKH.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 118; Kena,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 91.

Neesia synandra Mast.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51; Ria.ey, Fl.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 265; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 119; KEN, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 91.

BONNETIACEAE

Ploiarium alternifolium (VAHL) MELcHIoR; KENG, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978)
288; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 724; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 50;
— Archytaea vahlii Cuotsy; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 49; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 208; CorNngr, Ways. Trees, 2nd ed. (1952) 627.

BORAGINACEAE

Carmona retusa (VAHL) Masam.; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 59; Kena, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 175; — Ehretia buxifolia RoxB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
442.

Cordia cylindristachya R. & S.; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 176;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 311; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
198; Cor.eTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 60; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 175.

Cordia dichotoma Forster f.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 198; Ne,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 60; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 175; — C. myxa (non
L.) Rww.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 115; — C. obliqua WILLD.;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 439; — C. griffithii CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 439; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 198; —C. premnifolia RDL.;
RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 439.

Cordia subcordata LAMK.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 439; Corner, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 175; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 33; CorNgr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 199; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 62; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 175.

Heliotropium indicum L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 115; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 441; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 310; Na, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 58; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 175.

Pteleocarpa lamponga (MiqQ.) BAKH. ex HEynE; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
64; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 175; —P. malaccensis OLIv.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 464.

Tournefortia tetranda BL.; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 58; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 175; —T. wallichii DC.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
115; Rwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 441; HENperson, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959)
309. . )

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

BURMANNIACEAE

Burmannia championii THw.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 72;
RDLeY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 306; Jonker, Fl. Males. 14! (1948) 17; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 172; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 123; —B.
tuberosa BeEcc.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 152; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 72; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 306.

Burmannia coelestis D. Don; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 152;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 71; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
304; JoNKER, Fl. Males. 14! (1948) 17; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
171; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 123.

Gymnosiphon aphyllus BL.; Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 73;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 306; Jonker, Fl. Males. 14! (1948) 20; Kena, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 123; — G. borneense Becc.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 153.

Thismia aseroe BeEcc.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 308;
JONKER, Fl. Males. I 4' (1948) 23; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 123.

Thismia fumida RipL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 307;
JONKER, Fl. Males. I 4' (1948) 23; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 123.

BURSERACEAE

Canarium grandifolium (RipL.) Lam; LEENHOouTs, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 275;
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 129; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 99;
Trigonochlamys grandifolia RipL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 381.

Canarium littorale BL.; LEENHouTs, Fl. Males. I 5* (1955) 256; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 130; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 99; —C. purpurascens
BENN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
370; — C. rufum BENN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; RmpLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 372; — C. secundum BENN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 58; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 375.

Canarium patentinervium Miq.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5? (1955) 258;
KocHuUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 134; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100;
—C. nitidum BENN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; Rma.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 373.

Canarium pilosum BEnn.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 372; LeENHouts, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 281; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 134; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100; — C.
grandiflorum BENN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 370.

Dacryodes costata (BENN.) Lam; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5? (1955) 222:
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 140; — Santiria costata BENN.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 380.

47

48

486

487

488

489

490

49]

492

493

494

495

496

497

Dacryodes laxa (BENN.) LAM; LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. 157(1955) 224; KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 141; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100; — Santiria laxa
(BENN.) KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 380.

Dacryodes rostrata (BL.) Lam; LeeNHouts, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 225;
KOcCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 143; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100;
— Canarium kadondon BeEnn.; RID_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58;
RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 373.

Santiria apiculata BENN.; RIDLeEy, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 378; LeeNHouts, Fl. Males. I 5* (1955) 234; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 146; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100; — S.
minutiflora RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 377.

Santiria conferta BENN.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 379; LeENHouTs, FI.
Males. I 5? (1955) 233; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 146; — Santiria
wrayi KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 379.

Santiria griffithii (Hook. f.) ENGL.; LEENHouTs, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 236;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 147; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100;
— Trigonochlamys griffithii Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
58; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 381.

Santiria laevigata BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 378; LEENHOouTS, Fl. Males. 15? (1955) 232; KOoCHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 147; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100.

Santiria rubiginosa BL.; LEENHOuTS, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 236; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 151; — Canarium planchonii Kinc; Rwcey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58; — Icicaster planchonii Rw .; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 381.

Santiria tomentosa BL.; LEENHOUuTS, FI. Males. I 5? (1955) 231; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 151; — Santiria multiflora BENN.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 380.

Triomma malaccensis Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 369; Leenuouts, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 218;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 154; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 100.

BUTOMACEAE

Limnocharis flava (L.) Bucu.; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 5' (1954) 120; Kena,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 113; Cortertr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

CAMPANULACEAE

Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don; Skoa, Smith. Contrib. Bot. 77 (1991) 129;
—TIsotoma longiflora(L.) PRESL; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 201; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 254; — Laurentia longiflora (L.) PETERM.; MOELIONO
& Tuyn, Fl. Males. I 6' (1960) 140; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 164.

Lobelia chinensis Lour.; MOELIONO & Tuyn, FI. Males. I 6' (1960) 130.

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

Lobelia zeylanica L.; MoELIONO & Tuyn, FI. Males. I 6' (1960) 128; KENc,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 164; — Pratia begonifolia (non LINDL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 102; —L. affinis WALL. ex G. Don; RIDLEY, FI. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 200; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 255.

CANNACEAE

Canna indica L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166; TAN et al., Gard.
Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 128.

CAPPARACEAE

Capparis micracantha DC. ssp. korthalsiana (Miq.) JAcoss; JAcoss, FI.
Males. I 6' (1960) 86; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 23; — C. finlaysoniana
WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 43; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
124.

Cleome aculeata L.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 43; Ripiey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 120; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 6! (1960) 104; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 661; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 23.

Cleome gynandra L.; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 6' (1960) 101; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 23; — Gynandropsis pentaphylla (L.) DC.; RI.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
120; — Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1119;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 25.

Cleome rutidosperma DC.; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 6' (1960) 104; Cor .errt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990).

Cleome speciosa RaFin.; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 6' (1960) 101; KENc, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 23; — Gynandropsis speciosa DC.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1119.

Cleome viscosa L.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 43; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 119; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 6' (1960) 103; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 661; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 23; — C. icosandra L.; BuRKILL, Dict.
(1935) 581; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 24.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Viburnum sambucinum BL.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 90;
RIDey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 1; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 183; KERN
& VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 186; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
205; WonG & Saw, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 67; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
164.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Drymaria cordata (L.) WILLD. ex ScHULTES; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1953) 31; Cor.etrT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 56.

49

50

508

509

510

SL

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

CASUARINACEAE

Casuarina equisetifolia J. R. & G. Forst.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 150; Riwcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 372; Nea, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 46;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 210; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 63.

CECROPIACEAE
Cecropia peltata L.; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 67.

CELASTRACEAE

Bhesa paniculata Arn.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6” (1962) 282; KocCHUMMEN &
WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 160; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
213; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 115; — Kurrimia paniculata WALL.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 452; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 189.

Bhesa robusta (Roxs.) Dinc Hou; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 67 (1962) 283;
KOCHUMMEN & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 161; CorNgrR, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 214; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 115; — Kurrimia pulcherrima
WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; RipDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
452; — Kurrimia robusta Kurz; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 190.

Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) DING Hou; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6” (1962) 286;
KOCHUMMEN & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 161; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 115; — Elaeodendron subrotundum KinG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
453.

Euonymus javanicus BL.; RIpcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 445; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 67 (1962) 248; KocHUMMEN
& Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 162; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 115.

Glyptopetalum quadrangulare PRAIN ex KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
445; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 257; KocHUMMEN & WuiITMoRE, Tree FI.
Malaya 1 (1972) 162.

Kokoona littoralis Laws.; Rmw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; DING
Hou, FI. Males. I 6* (1962) 261; KocHUMMEN & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 164; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 115; — Lophopetalum littoralis Rw .;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 450.

Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Dinc Hou; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 262;
KOCHUMMEN & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 164; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 115; — Lophopetalum reflexum Laws.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
449.

Loeseneriella macrantha (Kortu.) A.C. SmitH; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 67
(1962) 398; — Hippocratea cumingii (non Laws.) RiDe.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; — Hippocratea macrantha Kortu.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 455.

Lophopetalum multinervium Ripi.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 270;
KOCHUMMEN & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 168.

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

SZ]

528

529

Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 6* (1962) 267;
KOCHUMMEN & WHITMORE, Tree FI. Malaya 1 (1972) 169; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 115; —L. fimbriatum Wicut; Rww_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62;
Rpcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 448.

Maytenus emarginata (WILLD.) Dinc Hou; Dinca Hou, FI. Males. I 67 (1962)
241; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 128.

Reissantia indica (WILLD.) HALLE; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 6? (1962) 401; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 115; — Hippocratea indica WILLD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 62; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 455.

Salacia chinensis L.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6* (1962) 419; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 116; — S. prinoides DC.; Riwxey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 63;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 459; —S. latifolia WALL. ex LAws.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 63; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 459.

Salacia exsculpata Kortu.; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 6? (1962) 417; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 116; — S. rubra Laws.; Riwcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 460.

Salacia grandiflora Kurz; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 63 (incl. var
longifolia) Rey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 458; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 6? (1962)
413; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 116.

Salacia korthalsiana Mig.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 447; Dinc Hou, FI.
Males. I 6? (1962) 406; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 116.

Salacia macrophylla BL.; Dinc How, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 412; Kena, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 116; —S. flavescens Kurz; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
63; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 459; —S. sp.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 63.

Salacia viminea WALL. ex Laws.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 456; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 6? (1962) 418; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 116.

CHLORANTHACEAE

Chloranthus erectus (BucH.-HAM.) VERDCOURT; VERDCOURT, FI. Males. I 10(1)
131; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 63; — C. officinalis BL.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 128; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 52; Burk, Dict. (1935)
535; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 443.

CHR YSOBALANACEAE

Atuna racemosa RarFIN.; PRANCE, FI. Males. I 10* (1989) 669; — Parinarium
asperulum Mig.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 670; — A. excelsa (Jack)
KosTERM.; PRANCE & Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 324; — Parinari
excelsa (JACK) KOSTERM.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27.

Chrysobalanus icaco L.; PRANce, Fl. Males. I 10* (1989) 643; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 27.

51

52

531

532

333

534

355

536

537

538

539

Licania splendens (KortH.) PRANCE; PRANCE & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 329; PRANcE, Fl. Males. I 10* (1989) 646; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 616; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27; — Parinarium nitidum Hook. f.;
Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77; — Coccomelia nitida (Hook. f.)
Ripc.; Rw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 671; — Angelesia splendens Kortu.;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 526.

Maranthes corymbosa BL.; PRANCE & Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
330; PRANCE, Fl. Males. I 10* (1989) 673; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27; —
Parinarium griffithianum BENtTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 670; — Parinarium corymbosum (BL.) Miaq.;
Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1695; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 527; Corngr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 618.

Parastemon urophyllus (WALL. ex A. DC.) A. DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 78; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 672; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935)
1693; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 526; PRANCE & WuiTMorE, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 331; PRANCE, Fl. Males. I 10* (1989) 649; Corner, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 617; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27.

Parinari costata (KorTH.) BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 666; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1667; PRANCE &
Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 333; PRANCE, Fl. Males. I 10* (1989) 663;
— P. sumatrana (JACK) BENTH.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27.

Parinari oblongifolia Hook. f.; Rmp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 668; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 527;
PRANCE & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 335; PRANCcE, Fl. Males. I 10*
(1989) 659; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 618; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 27.

COMBRETACEAE

Combretum sundaicum Mig.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 80;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 708; BurkKiLL, Dict. (1935) 644; ExELL, Fl. Males.
I 4* (1953) 542; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 75.

Lumnitzera littorea (JAck) Voict; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 191;
EXELL, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 586; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 174;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 214; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 75; —
L. coccinea W. & A.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 707; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1372.

Lumnitzera racemosa WILLD.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 707; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1373; CoRNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 191; ExeLi, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 588 (var. racemosa);
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 173; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
214; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 75.

Quisqualis indica L.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 711; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935)
1860; ExeLL, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 547; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 75.

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

Terminalia catappa L.; RDcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 705; BurkwL, Dict. (1935) 2137; CorNgr, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 193; ExELL, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 566; KocHuMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 1
(1972) 176; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 217; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 75.

Terminalia phellocarpa Kinc; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 705; BurkmLL, Dict. (1935) 2141; CorNgr, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 194; ExELL, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 579; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 178; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 218; KeNG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 75.

Terminalia subspathulata Kinc; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 705; Burk, Dict. (1935) 2141; CorNgr, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 195; ExELL, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 558; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 178; CorNngrR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 218; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 75.

COMMELINACEAE

Amischotolype gracilis (RIDL.) ILM. TuRNER comb. nov.; — Forrestia gracilis
RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 41 (1903) 37; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
2 (1907) 123; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 359; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 124; — F. mollis Hassk. sensu Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
170.

Amischotolype marginata Hassk.; Flora 46 (1863) 391;— Forrestia marginata
(HaAssk.) HAssk.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170, Riptey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 124; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 124.

Commelina attenuata Koen.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)
116; Rey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 352; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 124.

Commelina benghalensis L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170;
Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 116; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
353; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 198; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 124.

Commelina diffusa Burm. f.; KeNc, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 124; — C.
nudiflora L.; RI.eY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 115; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 352; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 198.

Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170;
RID.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 121; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
358; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 197; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 124; —C. barbata D. Don; Rey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)
120; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 358.

Floscopa scandens Lovur.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 122; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 359;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 200; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
124.

53

54

550

551

IIe

353

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

Murdannia nudiflora (L.) BRENAN; KENG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 125; —
Aneilema nudiflorum Watv.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170;
Ripcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 118; Rww.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
355; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 201.

Murdannia vaginata (L.) BRUECKN.; KENG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 125; —
Aneilema vaginatum (L.) R. Br.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 119; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
356.

Pollia sorzogonensis ENDL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170;
Ripcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 114; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
351; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 200; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 125; — Aclisia secundiflora (BL.) BAKH. f., Fl. Java 3 (1968) 658.

COMPOSITAE

Acanthospermum australe (LoEFL.) O. KUNTZE; CorLETT, J. Biogeog. (1988)
661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 166; — A. brasilium SCHRANK; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 181.

Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.; Smitu, Fl. Vit. Nov. 5 (1991) 287; — Spilanthes
acmella (L.) Murr.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 102; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 184; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 240; — Spilanthes
labadicensis A. H. Moore; KEnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 170.

Adenostemma viscosum J.R. & G. Forst.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 101; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 182; Smiru, Fl. Vit. Nov. 5 (1991) 272;
— Adenostemma lavenia auctt., non (L.) O. KUNTZE; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 242; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 166.

Ageratum conyzoides L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 182; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 241; CorLeTT,
J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 166.

Bidens pilosa L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 183; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 239; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
167.

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 192; HeNperRson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 247;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 167.

Blumea junghuhniana (MiQ.) BoerL.; RANDERIA, Blumea 10 (1960) 235.

Blumea lacera (Burs. f.) DC.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 193; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 167.

Blumea membranacea DC.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101;
Rp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 193; RANpDgERIA, Blumea 10 (1960) 269.

Blumea riparia (BL.) DC.; RANDERIA, Blumea 10 (1960) 213; — ?Vernonia
scandens; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 100; — B. chinensis DC.;
RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 192 (incl. var. riparia).

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Ascu.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953)
39; Cor.eETT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 167; — C.
orbicularis Lour.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 195.

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. Kinc & Rosinson; Cor ett, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 661; — Eupatorium odoratum L.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168..

Conyza bonariensis (L.) CRoNnquist; Situ, Fl. Vit. Nov. 5 (1991) 307; —
Erigeron linifolius WiLLD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; —
Erigeron sumatrensis Retz.; Riwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 196; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 251; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168; — C.
floribunda HBK.; Grierson; Rev. Handb. FI. Ceyl. 1 (1980) 157.

Crassocephalum crepidioides (BENTH. ) S. Moore; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988)
661.

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168; — E. alba (L.)
HAsskK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 185; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 240.

Elephantopus scaber L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; RDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 180; HENDERSon, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 235; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168.

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Scu.-Brr.; Corett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168.

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 102;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 191; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 250;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168.

Enydra fluctuans Lour.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 183; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 237; KeNG, Conc. Fi. Sing. (1990) 168.

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) RarFin. ex DC.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 249; CortetT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168.

Erechtites valerianifolia (SpRENG.) DC.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 191;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 249; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 168; — Gynura pseudochina [non (L.) DC.] RDL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 102.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959)
246; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 169; —G. sarmentosa DC.; RWLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 102; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 189.

Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. RoBINsoN; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 233; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 169; — M. scandens auct. non (L.)
WILLD.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 181.

Mikania micrantha H.B.K.; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 169.

35

56

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

585

Pluchea indica (L.) Less.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 194; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 245; Kena,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 169.

Porophyllum ruderale (JAcqg.) Cass.; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
129.

Sigesbeckia orientalis L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 184; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 170.

Sparganophorus sparganophora (L.) C. JEFFREY, Kew Bull. 43 (1988) 272; —
S. vaillantii CRANTZ, nom. illegit. superfl.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 179;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 243; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 170; — Struchium sparganophora (L.) O. KTZE.;
GRrIERSON, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 1 (1980) 120.

Sphaeranthus africanus L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 180; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 243;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 170.

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) GAERTN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 102;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 184; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 237;
Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 170.

Tridax procumbens L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 102; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 186; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 238; CorLETT,
J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 170.

Vernonia arborea Bucu.-Hao.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 100;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 196; CorNngrR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
220; KENG, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 70; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 170; —
V. javanica DC.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 187; — V. wallichii R«D..;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 186.

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 100;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 188; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 252;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 171.

Vernonia patula (DRYAND.) MERR.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 252;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 171; — V. chinensis Less.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 100; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 188.

Wedelia biflora (L.) DC.; Rm.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 101; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 185; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 234; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 171; — Melanthera biflora (L.) WiLbD, Kirkia 5 (1965) 4;
— Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC.; Situ, Fl. Vit. Nov. 5 (1991) 271.

Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hircu.; Coretr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 171; — Complaya trilobata (L.) STROTHER, Syst. Bot. Monog.
33 (1991) 14.

Xanthium inequilaterum DC.; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 171; — X.
strumarium auct. non L.; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 181.

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

Youngia japonica (L.) DC.; Cortetr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 171; — Crepis japonica (L.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
197; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 236.

CONNARACEAE

Agelaea borneensis (Hook. f.) MERR.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5* (1958) 504;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 48; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 28;
A. vestita Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 553.

Agelaea macrophylla (ZoLL.) LEENH.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5* (1958) 502;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 48; JoNGkINnD, Agric. Univ. Wageningen
Papers 89-6 (1989) 167; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 28; — A. hullettii KinG;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 553;
— A. trinervis (LLANOS) Merr.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5* (1958) 502;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 48; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 28;
A. wallichii Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen! 141922) 353.

Cnestis palala (Lour.) MErRR.; LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. 15* (1958) 499; KoCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 48; LemMens, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Papers 89-6
(1989) 215; — C. ramiflora Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 554; —C. platantha Grirr.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males.
15* (1958) 499; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 48; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 28;

Connarus ferrugineus JAck; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 68;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 545; Leennouts, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 530;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 49; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 28.

Connarus grandis Jack; LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 529: KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 49; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 29; — C. ellipticus
KinG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
547.

Connarus monocarpus L. ssp. malayensis LEENH.; LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. I 5*
(1958) 538; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 50; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 29; — C. oligophyllus WALL. ex PLANCH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 69; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 546.

Connarus planchonianus SCHELLENB.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5* (1958) 528;
KOcHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 49; — C. grandis (non Jack) Hook. f.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 547.

Connarus semidecandrus JAck; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 546; LeeNnouts, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 534;
KOcHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 49; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 29.

Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz; LEENHOuTs, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 521;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 50; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 29; —
E. griffithii Hook. f.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 548; — E. curtisii KiNG; Rw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 548; — E.
gibbosus KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 549.

57

58

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

Rourea fulgens PLANCH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 551; LeeNuHouts, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 519; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 51; KENa, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 29.

Rourea mimosoides (VAHL) PLANCH.; LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 517;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 51; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 29; —
R. concolor Bu.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 551; — R. parallela PLancu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
69; — R. similis BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen, 1 (1922) 551.

Rourea minor (GAERTN.) LEENH.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5* (1958) 514;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 51; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 29; —
R. acuminata Hook. f.; RiDey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 550; — R. pulchella PLaNcu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 69; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 550.

Rourea rugosa PLANcH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 69; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 550; LEENHouTSs, Fl. Males. 15*(1958) 514; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 51; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 29.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Aniseia martinicensis (JACcQ.) CHoIsy; VAN OosTsTROOM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953)
435; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 73; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 172.

Argyreia ridleyi PRAIN. ex OostR.; VAN OosTsTROOM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 503;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 172; — ?Lettsomia tomentosa; Rw ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116; — Lettsomia ridleyi PRAIN; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 451 (incl. var. velutina PRAIN).

Bonamia semidigyna (Roxs.) HALL. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 454; vAN
OostsTROooM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 398; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 73; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 172.

Cuscuta australis R. Br.; vAN OoststRoom, FI. Males. I 44 (1953) 392; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 172; — C. hygrophilae Pearson; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 444.

Erycibe citriniflora Grirr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 445; vAN OosTSTROOM,
Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 425; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 75.

Erycibe festiva PRrain; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 447; vAN OostsTROoM, FI.
Males. I 4* (1953) 417; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 76; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 172.

Erycibe griffithii CLARKE; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116, p.p.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 447, p.p.; VAN OostsTROoM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953)
411; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 75; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173.

Erycibe leucoxyloides KiNG ex Prain; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
116; Riwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 446; vAN Ooststroom, FI. Males. I 44 (1953)
415; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 74; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173.

612

613

614a

614b

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

Erycibe maingayi CLARKE; VAN Ooststroom, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 417; Ne,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 76; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173; — E. griffithii
(non CLARKE) PRAIN; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116, p.p.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 447, p.p.; syon, p.p..

Erycibe malaccensis CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116;
RIDLeY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 446; vAN OostsTRoom, Fl. Males. 1 4* (1953) 428;
Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 76; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173.

Erycibe tomentosa BL. var. tomentosa; vAN OosTsTROOM, FI. Males. 1 4* (1953)
426; Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 76; — E. princii WALL. ex CHotsy; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 446; BurKILL,
Dict. (1935) 944; HeNpersoNn, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 313 (“princei” ).

Erycibe tomentosa var. hirsuta (HALLIER f.) HooGL.; VAN OostsTRoom, FI.
Males. I 4* (1953) 428; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 75.

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 117;
RIDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 454; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 314;
VAN OosTsTROOM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 395; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173.

Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 117; vAN
OoststRooMm, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 473; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173; —
I. reptans Potr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 462.

Ipomoea cairica (L.) SwEET; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 320; van
OoststRooM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 478; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173; —I. palmata Forssk.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 116; —J. pulchella (non Rotu) Rwe.; RIDcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
460.

Ipomoea campanulata L.; Austin, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 1 (1980) 327; — /.
illustris (CLARKE) PRAIN; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 460; Sinc.air, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 34; vAN Ooststroom, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 467; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173.

Ipomoea littoralis BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 461; VAN OoststTROoM, FI.
Males. I 6° (1972) 941; —J. denticulata Cuotsy; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 116; —/. gracilis auctt. plur.,non R. BR.; VAN OOSTSTROOM, FI. Maies.
I 4* (1953) 470; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173.

Ipomoea matritiana JAcq.; SmiTu, FI. Vit. Nov. 5 (1991) 63; —I. digitata auct.,
non L.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 460; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 320; vAN OoststRoom, FI.
Males. I 4* (1953) 483; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173.

Ipomoea obscura (L.) KErR-GAwL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 461; van
OoststRooM, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 471; Tan et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
129.

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 460; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 319; vAN OostsTRooM, Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 475 (ssp.
brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr.); KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 173; — I. biloba
Forsk.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116.

59

60

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 460; van OostsTRoom,
Fl. Males. I 4* (1953) 467; Tan et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 129.

Ipomoea sepiaria Koen. ex Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 117;
VAN OostTsTROOM, FI. Males. 6(6) 941; — ?/. sagittaefolia Burn. f.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 461; —J. maxima auct. plur., non (L. f.) DON ex SWEET; VAN
OoststTRooM, FI. Males. I 44 (1953) 472:;.

Ipomoea triloba L.; vAN Ooststroom, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 468; Cor ett, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 174.

Ipomoea violacea L.; MANITz, Feddes. Rep. 88 (1977) 265; —I. tuba (SCHLECH.)
G. Don; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 33; vAN OostsTROoM, FI. Males.
I 4* (1953) 487; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 174; —I. macrantha R. & S.; VAN
STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 9° (1982) 558.

Merremia hederacea (Burs. f.) HALLIER f.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic.
(1959) 317; vAN OostsTROOM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 441; KENnc, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 174; — Ipomoea chryseides KER-GAWL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 116; —M. convolvulacea DENNST.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 458.

Merremia hirta (L.) MERR.; VAN OosTsTROOM, FI. Males. I 44 (1953) 442; Kena,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 174; — Ipomoea linifolia BL.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 116; — M. caespitosa HALLIER f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
458.

Merremia tridentata (L.) HALLIER f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 458;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 316; vAN OosTsTROoM, FI. Males. I 44
(1953) 445; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 174; — Ipomoea tridentata (L.) ROTH;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116; — Ipomoea angustifolia Jaca.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 116.

Merremia umbellata (L.) HALLER f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 459;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 317; vAN OostsTROoM, FI. Males. I 44
(1953) 449 (ssp. orientalis (HALLIER f.) OosTsTR.); KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
174.

Neuropeltis racemosa WALL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 453; vAN
OostsTRooM, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 400; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
129.

CORNACEAE

Aralidium pinnatifidum (JUNGH. & DE VRIESE) Miq.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 89; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 895; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya
3 (1978) 34; Puitirson, Fl. Males. I 9' (1979) 16; CorngR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 221; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 130.

Mastixia trichotoma BL. var. maingayi (CLARKE) DANSER; MATTHEW; FI.
Males. I 8? (1977) 93; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 54; KenG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 130; — M. maingayi CLARKE, RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 890;
— M. junghuhniana (non Mig.) Rwe.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
90.

634

635
636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

CRASSULACEAE

Kalanchoe pinnata (LaMK.) Pers.; BACKER, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 199; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 25; — Bryophyllum calycinum Sa.isB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 689; — Bryophyllum pinnatum (LAMK.) OKEN; BURKILL, Dict.
(1935) 376.

CRUCIFERAE
Cardamine hirsuta L.:; JoNseELL, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 554.

Rorippa heterophylla (BL.) WiLLiaMs; JoNSELL, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 559; —
Nasturtium indicum auct. non. (L.) DC.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 119;
BurkKiLL, Dict. (1935) 1534; HENDERsoN, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 24; — R.
indica (L.) HIERN; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 24.

CRYPTERONIACEAE

Crypteronia griffithii CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 822; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 198; vAN BEUSEKOM-OsINGa; FI. Males. I 8? (1977)
196; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 222; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 80;
— C. cumingii (PLANCH.) PLANCH. ex ENDL. var. griffithii (CLARKE) OSINGA;
KeENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 83.

CTENOLOPHONACEAE

Ctenolophon parvifolius OLiver; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 425; Burk, Dict. (1935) 695; CockBurn, Tree
Fl. Malaya | (1972) 306; vAN HoorEN & NoorTesoo, Fl. Males.I 10° (1988) 631;
— C. grandifolius OLIVER; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 423.

CUCURBITACEAE

Gymnopetalum cochinchinense Kurz; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 846;
KeEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 44; — G. quinquelobum Miq.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 847.

Trichosanthes celebica Cocn.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 88;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 845; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 44.

Trichosanthes wallichiana WicuT; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 88:
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 845; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 155;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 44.

Trichosanthes wawraei Cocn.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 88;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 845; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 44.

CYPERACEAE

Bulbostylis barbata (Rotrs.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
182; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 77; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 160; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 265; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7°
(1974) 539.

61

62

645

646

647

- 648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

Bulbostylis puberula (Porr.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
182; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 78; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 160; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 265; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7°
(1974) 540.

Carex cryptostachys BRronon.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184
(“cyrtostachys” ); RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 116; Rmp.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 181; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 291; Kern &
NoorTesoom, FI. Males. I 9! (1979) 148.

Cyperus aromaticus (RipL.) MatrTr. & KUK.; KERN, Fl. Males. 17° (1974) 656;
Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Cyperus brevifolius (Rotts. ) Hassk.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
269; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 656; — Kyllinga brevifolia Rotts.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
58; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 138.

Cyperus compactus Retz.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 271;
Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 638; — Mariscus microcephalus PREsL; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RrpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 149.

Cyperus compressus L.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 67;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 144; HENpERson, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
274; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 617.

Cyperus cuspidatus KuntTH; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 629; — C. uncinatus
(non Poir.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 64; RiDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 141.

Cyperus cyperinus (RetTz.) VALCK. SuR.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 271; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 641; — Mariscus cyperinus VAHL;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 73; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 149.

Cyperus cyperoides (L.) O. Kuntze; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
271; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 642; — Mariscus sieberianus VAHL; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 72; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 148.

Cyperus diffusus VAHL; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 65; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 142;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 276; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7’ (1974) 619.

Cyperus digitatus Roxs.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 601; — Mariscus
sieberianus NEES ex CLARKE var. evolutior (non CLARKE) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 73; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 149.

Cyperus distans L. f.; RibLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 69; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 145;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 277; KERN, Fl. Males. 1 7° (1974) 610.

656

657

658
659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

Cyperus dubius Rortts.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 271; Kern,
Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 643; — Mariscus dregianus KUNTH; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 72; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 148.

Cyperus elatus L.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 71; Ridley, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 148; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 601; — C. digitatus (non
Roxs.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 71; Ridley, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 147.

Cyperus exaltatus RETz.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 602.

Cyperus halpan L. (“haspan” ); Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 64; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
142; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 276; Kern, Fl. Males. 1 7* (1974)
624.

Cyperus imbricatus RETz.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 603; — C. radiatus
VAHL; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 70; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 147.

Cyperus iria L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 66; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 143; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 278; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 616.

Cyperus javanicus Houtt.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 635; — Mariscus
albescens Gaupicu.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 149; — C.
pennatus LAMK.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 271.

Cyperus kyllingia ENDL.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 269; Kern,
Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 659; — Kyllinga monocephala Rotts.; Rey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 58;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 138.

Cyperus malaccensis LaMk.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 70; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
147; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 278; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974)
613.

Cyperus melanospermus (NEEs) VALCK. SuR.; KERN, Fl. Males. 17° (1974) 655;
— Kyllinga melanosperma NEEs; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 58; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
138.

Cyperus pedunculatus (R. Br.) Kern; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 644; —
Remirea maritima AvBL.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 99; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 169;
HENpberRSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 286.

Cyperus pilosus VAHL; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 67; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 144;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 278; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 611.

ae

63

64

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

Cyperus polystachyos Rorts.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 273;
Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 649; — Pycreus polystachyos (RoTtB.) BEAUV.;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 60; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 139.

Cyperus pumilus L.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7’ (1974) 650; — Pycreus nitens NEES;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 61; Rwwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 140.

Cyperus radians NeEgEs & MEyEn; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 66; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
143; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 274; Kern, Fl. Males. 17? (1974)
623.

Cyperus rotundus L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RrpLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 68; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 145;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 278; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 604.

Cyperus sanguinolentus VAHL ssp. cyrtostachys (MiQ.) KERN; SINCLAIR, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 28; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 647; — Pycreus
sanguinolentus (VAHL) NEES; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 60;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 139.

Cyperus sphacelatus Rotts.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 609; Cor.etrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Cyperus stoloniferus Retz.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 69; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
145; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 274; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974)
606.

Cyperus tenuiculmis Borck.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 608; —C. zollingeri
(non STEUD.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 68; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 144;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 275.

Cyperus trialatus (BokcK.) KERN; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 621; — C.
bancanus Migq.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 65; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 143.

Cyperus triceps ENDL.; KERN, Fl. Males. 17° (1974) 659; — Kyllinga cylindrica
(non NEES) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 59; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 137.

Eleocharis acutangula (Roxs.) SCHULT.; KERN, Fl. Males. 17? (1974) 525; —E.
fistulosa SCHULT.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 76; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 151.

Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) HENSCHEL; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 529; — E.
plantaginea R. & S.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 75; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 150.

Eleocharis geniculata (L.) R. & S.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 536; — E.
capitata R. Br.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat. Fl.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 77; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 151.

gh. &
ete

681

682

683
684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

Eleocharis ochrostachys STeup.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 76; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
151; KERN, Fl. Males. 17? (1974) 528; —E. variegata (Por.) PRESL var. laxiflora
CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RmpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 76; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 151.

Eleocharis retroflexa (Porr.) Urs.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 534; — E.
chaetaria R. & S.; Ri.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 77; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 151; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 259.

Eleocharis spiralis (Rotts.) R. & S.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 527.

Fimbristylis acuminata VAHL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 89; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
153; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 261; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974)
588; — F. setacea (non BENTH.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
181; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 89; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 153.

Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
182; Rip.tey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 96; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 158; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 548.

Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 557; — F. spathacea
Rot; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 93; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 156; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 263.

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) VAHL; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 575; — F.
diphylla V anv; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181; RmpLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 91; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 155; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 264.

Fimbristylis dura (ZoLL. & Mor.) MErR.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7* (1974) 554; —
F.. asperrima Bokck.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 96; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 158.

Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) VAHL; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 92; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
156; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 263; Kern, Fl. Males. 17° (1974)
>i.

Fimbristylis fusca (NEES) CLARKE; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
97; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 160; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 567.

Fimbristylis globulosa (Retz.) KuNTH; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
182; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 95; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 158; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 263; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7°
(1974) 551.

Fimbristylis griffithii Boeck.; KERN, Fl. Males. 17° (1974) 584; — F. aestivalis
(non VAHL) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182: RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 92; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 155.

65

66

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705a

705b

Fimbristylis leptoclada BEnTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 96; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
159; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 560.

Fimbristylis littoralis GaupicH.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 551; — F.
miliacea VAHL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 95; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 158; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 263.

Fimbristylis nutans (RETz.) VAHL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 89; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
154; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7* (1974) 589.

Fimbristylis obtusata (CLARKE) RIDL.; RipLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 157;
Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 559; — F. tenera R. & S. var. obtusata CLARKE;
Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 94.

Fimbristylis ovata (Bur. f.) KERN; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 565.

Fimbristylis pauciflora R. Br.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181;
RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 90; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
154; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 261; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974)
564.

Fimbristylis polytrichoides (RETz.) R. Br.; RIbLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 90; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 154; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 586.

Fimbristylis schoenoides (RETz.) VAHL; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 90; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 154; HENpERson, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 263; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 573.

Fimbristylis tetragona R.Br.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 181;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 88; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
153; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 590.

Fimbristylis tristachya R.Br.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7’ (1974) 573.

Fuirena umbellata Rorts.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; Riptey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 80; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 162;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 257; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 518.

Gahnia tristis Nees; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 98; RipLtey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 168;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 285; Kern, Fl. Males. 17° (1974) 710.

Hypolytrum nemorum (VAHL) SpreNG. var. nemorum; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7°
(1974) 491; —H. latifolium L.C. Ricu; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 100; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 170, HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 253.

Hypolytrum nemorum var. proliferum (Bogrck.) KERN; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7’
(1974) 492; — H. proliferum Borcx.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
183; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 101; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 170, HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 254.

oe

706

707

708

709

710

711

Wi2

413
714

715

716
fal,

Lepironia articulata (REtTz.) Domin; HENDerRsoN, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
249: Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 462; — L. mucronata L.C. Ricu; RIDLeEy, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 107;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 175.

Lipocarpha chinensis (OsB.) KERN; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7°? (1974) 521; — L.
argentea R.Br. ex NEEs; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 81; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 163,
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 256.

Lipocarpha microcephala (R. Br.) KUNTH; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 182; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 82; RmDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 163; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 257; Kern, FI.
Males. I 7? (1974) 522.

Machaerina rubiginosa (SPRENG.) KoyaMa; Kern, FI. Males. I 7° (1974) 700;
— Cladium glomeratum R. Br.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 85; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
166.

Mapania cuspidata (Miq.) UiTtieN; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 473; — M.
humilis F.-ViLL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 105; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 174 (incl. var.
petiolaris), — M. triquetra Riw_.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1
(1907)06; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 174.

Mapania enodis (Mig.) CLARKE; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 480; — M. longa
(RIDL.) ex CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R: As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; Ripiey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 105; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 173.

Mapania kurzii CLARKE; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 104;
RID.eY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 172; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 478; — M.
multispicata CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; — M. valida
Rip.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 104; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 172.

Mapania longiflora CLARKE; KERN, FI. Males. I 7° (1974) 475.

Mapania lorea UirTien; Kern, FI. Males. 17° (1974) 480; — M. tenuiscapa (non
CLARKE) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 105; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 173.

Mapania palustris (Hassk. ex STeuD.) F.-VILL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 103; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 172; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 250; Kern, FI.
Males. I 7? (1974) 477.

Mapania squamata (Kurz) CLARKE; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 479.

Mapania wallichii CLarke; Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 105;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 173; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 479.

67

68

718

719

720

721

722

Las

724

725

726

727

728

729

Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britt.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 713; —R.
aurea V AHL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 83; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 164; HENDERson, Mal.
Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 282.

Rhynchospora malasica CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 83; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
164; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 281; KERN, Fl. Males. 17? (1974)
Ti:

Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) MAKINO; KERN, FI. Males. 17° (1974) 715; —R.
wallichiana KUNTH; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 82; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 164;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 281.

Rhynchospora rugosa (VAHL) GALE; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 720; — R.
glauca VAHL nom. illegit. var. chinensis CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 84; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 165; — R. glauca; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 283.

Schoenus calostachyus (R. Br.) Porr.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 85; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 166; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 675.

Scirpodendron ghaeri (GAERTN.) MERR.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 248; Kern, Fl. Males. 17* (1974) 456; —S. costatum Kurz; RIwcey, J. Str.
Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 106;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 175.

Scirpus grossus L. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 162; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 254; Kern, FI.
Males. I 7° (1974) 498.

Scirpus mucronatus L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 182; RiDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 79; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 161;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 255; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 510.

Scirpus squarrosus L.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 516.

Scleria biflora Roxs.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 114; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 180; Kern,
Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 743.

Scleria caricina (R. Br.) BENTH.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184;
RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 111; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
178; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 749.

Scleria ciliaris NEES; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 734; — S. bancana Miaq.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 112; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 178; HENpERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 289.

730

731

732

733

734

fhe.

736

737

738

139

740

Scleria corymbosa Roxs.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 109;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 176; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 740; —S. ridleyi
CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RmpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 109; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 177.

Scleria levis RETZ.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 732; — S. hebecarpa NEEs;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 113; Rm.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
179.

Scleria oblata S.T. BLAKE; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 733; — S. levis (non
Retz.) WILLD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 111; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 177; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 289 (“Jaevis’’).

Scleria poaeformis REtTz.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 736; — S. oryzoides
PRESL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 110; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 177.

Scleria purpurascens STEUD.; KERN, Fl. Males. 17* (1974) 739; —S. multifoliata
Bokck.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 112; RmLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 178.

Scleria rugosa R. Br.; KERN, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 749; — S. zeylanica (non
Porr.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 110; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 177; —S. lateriflora
Bokck.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184.

Scleria sumatrensis RETz.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)13; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 179;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 289; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7? (1974) 736.

Scleria terrestris (L.) FAss.; Kern, Fl. Males. I 7° (1974) 733; — S. radula
HAncE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 111; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 178.

Thoracostachyum bancanum (Miq.) Kurz; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 183; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)02; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 171; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 251; Kern, FI.
Males. I 7° (1974) 465.

DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE

Daphniphyllum laurinum (BeEntu.) BAILL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 137; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 234; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 181; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 114.

DICHAPETALACEAE

Dichapetalum sordidum (RIDL.) LEENH.; LEENHOUuTS, Fl. Males. 15° (1957) 309;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 26; — Chailletia deflexifolia Turcz.; RID.ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; — Chailletia sordida Riwi.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 418.

69

70

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

DILLENIACEAE

Dillenia excelsa (JAcK) GiLG; HooGLAND, Fl. Males. 14° (1951) 169; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 186; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 228; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 45; — Wormia tomentella Rwe.; RIw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 37; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 10; — Wormia excelsa Jack;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 206.

Dillenia grandifolia WALL. ex Hook.f. & THOMS.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
11; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 203; KocHuUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 188; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 229; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 45; — Wormia scortechinii KinG; Rww_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
37; — D. scortechinii (KiNG) RIDi.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 12.

Dillenia indica L.; Rmp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 38; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 10; Burkit, Dict. (1935) 809; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
208; HooGLanp, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 171; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 188; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 229; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 46.

Dillenia pulchella (JAck) Gi_tc; HooGLanp, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 171;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 191; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
231; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 46; — Wormia pulchella Jack; Rw.ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 37; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 9; BurKILL, Dict.
(1935) 2265; CorNgER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 206.

Dillenia reticulata Kinc; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 11; BurkmiLL, Dict.
(1935) 810; HooGLanp, FI. Males. I 4° (1951) 168; KocHumMeEN, Tree FI. Malaya
1 (1972) 191; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 231; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 46.

Dillenia suffruticosa (Grirr.) MART.; HOOGLAND, FI. Males. I 4° (1951) 162;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 192; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
232; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 46; — Wormia suffruticosa GriFF.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 37; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 8; BurkiLL, Dict.
(1935) 2265; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 207; — Wormia subsessilis
Mia.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 7.

Tetracera akara (BurM. f.) MERR.; HOOGLAND, FI. Males. I 47 (1951) 146; KENa,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 46; — T. sylvestris Ripv.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
5; — T. assa var., Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 37.

Tetracera arborescens JACK; HooGLANp, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 148; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 46; — T. euryandra (non VAHL) Hook. f. & THOMs.;
Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 37; —T. lucida WALL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen, 1:(7922) 3;

Tetracera fagifolia BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 37; RIpLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 6; HooGLanp, FI. Males. 14° (1951) 148; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 46; — T. sumatrana Miq.; Riww_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 6.

I

| |

750

1

752

753

754

755

756

VOY

758

1s
760

Tetracera indica (CHRIsTM. & PANz.) MERR.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 20; HooGLanp, FI. Males. I 4° (1951) 146; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
46; —T. assa DC.; Rw_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 37; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 5.

Tetracera macrophylla WALL. ex Hook. f. & THoms.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 37; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 4; HooGLanp, FI. Males. I 4°
(1951) 147; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 46.

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea bulbifera L.; RmDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 315; BurkiL, Fl. Males.
I 4° (1951) 311; Keno, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 121; — D. sativa (non L.)
THUNB.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 2 (1907) 84.

Dioscorea glabra Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 83; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 319;
BurkiLL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 331; Kenc, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 121.

Dioscorea hispida DENNSTEDT; BuRKILL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 318; KENG, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 121; — D. daemona Roxs.; RIwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 167; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 80; —D. triphylla
(non L.) L.; RiwLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 314.

Dioscorea laurifolia WALL. ex Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
167; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 83; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 319; BurKILL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 323; KeNnc, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 122.

Dioscorea polyclades Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 81; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
315; BurkILL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 334; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 122.

Dioscorea prainiana R. KNuTH; BurKILL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 324; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 122;; — D. deflexa (non Gris.) Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)
83; — D. zollingeriana (non KuntH) Miq.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 317,

Pp.

Dioscorea pyrifolia KuNTH; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 167;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 82; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
316; BuRKILL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 332; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 175; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 122; —D. cornifolia (non KuntH)
Ripc.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 81.

Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Dioscorea stenomeriflora PRAIN & Burk.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 319;
BurkKILL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 306; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 122;
Peripetasma polyanthum Riv..; Rwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 103.

Fd

72

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

wit

Dioscorea tenuifolia RipL_.; BurKiLL, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 326; — D.
oppositifolia (non L.) Rwe.; RIWcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 167; —D.
zollingeriana (non KunTH) Miq.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)
82; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 317, p.p.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Anisoptera costata Kortu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 49 p.p.;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 218, p.p.; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16
(1943) 204; AsuTon, FI. Males. 1 9? (1982) 330; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51.

Anisoptera laevis RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 219; Symincton, Malay.
Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 205; AsHToNn, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 335; —A. glabra (non
Kurz) Rwwe.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 49.

Anisoptera megistocarpa SLoor.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 49
p.p.; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 218, p.p.; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 164;
SYMINGTON, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 207; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982)
332; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 51.

Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craip; AsHTON, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 343; — C.
flavum (non PtgrRe) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 239; —C. malayanum SLootT.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 673;
SYMINGTON, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 349.

Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. ssp. penangianus (Foxw.) ASHTON; ASHTON,
Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 305; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51;1 —D. penangianus
Foxw.; SyMINGTON, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 185.

Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 49;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 215; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 842; SymincTon,
Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 172; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 312; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51.

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus BLANco; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
49; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 216; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 843; SymincTon,
Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 178; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 317; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51.

Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw.; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943)
92; AsHTON, FI. Males. I 9? (1982) 322; Tan et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
129.

Hopea griffithii Kurz; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; SymincTon,
Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 127; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 406; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51; —H. pierrei (non Hance) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 238, p.p.

Hopea mengarawan Mia.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 238; BurkwL, Dict. (1935) 1190; SymincTon, Malay.
Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 132; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 400; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 51.

_ ss £s
. eee ae oe

!
:
f

vie

773

774

eS

776

(a%;

778

779

780

781

782

Hopea sangal Kortu.; SyMINGcTON, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 141; AsuTon,
Fl. Males. 1 9? (1982) 420; —H. curtisii KiNG; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 212;
— H. globosa BRaAnopis; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 236; — H. lowii Dyer ex
BRANDIS; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 237.

Neobalanocarpus heimii (KiNG) Asuton; AsHTon, FI. Males. I 9? (1982) 388;
— Balanocarpus heimii KinG; Rw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 247; BurkKILL, Dict.
(1935) 204; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 210; Symincton, Malay. Forest
Rec. 16 (1943) 147; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 236.

Shorea bracteolata Dyer; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 229; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2007; Symincton, Malay.
Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 34; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 496; KeNnG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 51.

Shorea collina RmDL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 231; Symincton, Malay.
Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 12; Sinciair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 22; Asuton, FI.
Males. I 9? (1982) 447.

Known from one sterile collection.

Shorea curtisii DYER ex KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 223; BurkKILL, Dict.
(1935) 2009; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 213; Symincton, Malay. Forest
Rec. 16 (1943) 38; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 541; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 239; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51.

Shorea gibbosa BrRaAnpis; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 229; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 51;
AsHTON, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 482; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51.

Shorea gratissima Dyer; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 226; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2011; Symincton, Malay.
Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 36; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9” (1982) 487; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 51.

Shorea leprosula Mig.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 222; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 75; AsHTon,
Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 540; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 51.

Shorea macroptera Dyer; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 225; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2016; Symincton, Malay.
Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 78; Aston, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 532; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 51.

Shorea ovalis BL.; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 80; AsHTon, FI.
Males. I 9? (1982) 548; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51; — S. sericea Dyer;
RIDLeY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 223; Burk, Dict. (1935) 2022; — S. rigida
BRANDIS; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 223; — S. furfuracea (non Mig.)
BRANDIS; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 232, p.p.

Shorea parvifolia Dyer; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 224; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 137; AsuTton,
Fl. Males. 1 9? (1982) 546; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51; —S. scutulata Kine;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 222; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 2022.

73

74

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

ied

792
193

794

Shorea pauciflora KiNG; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 228; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 2020; Symincton, Malay.
Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 87; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 511; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 51.

Shorea platycarpa HEM; SymMincTon, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 88; ASHTON,
Fl. Males. [97 (1982) 541; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 51; —S. palustris Rw..;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 224; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 2019.

Vatica maingayi Dyer; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 2224; Symincton, Malay. Forest
Rec. 16 (1943) 223; Asuton, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 369; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 52; — Synaptea maingayi (DYER) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
240, p.p.; —Synaptea lowii (KING) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 241, p.p.

Vatica pauciflora BL.; ASHTON, Fl. Males. I 9? (1982) 351; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 52; — Pachynocarpus wallichii KiNG; Rwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 50, p.p.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 250, p.p.; — V. ridleyana (non
BRANDIS) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50, p.p.; —Pachynocarpus
ridleyanus (non ANDERS.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 250, p.p.; —
Pachynocarpus umbonatus (non Hook. f.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
249, p.p.; — V. wallichii Dyer; Burk. 2225; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16
(1943) 230.

Vatica ridleyana Branpis; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 50, p.p.;
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 224; Symincton, Malay. Forest Rec. 16 (1943) 227;
AsHTON, FI. Males. I 9? (1982) 352; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 52;
Pachynocarpus ridleyanus (BRAND.) ANDERSON; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
2I0, 2p.

EBENACEAE

Diospyros apiculata Hiern; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 285; No, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 61.

Diospyros argentea Grirr.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 107; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 289; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 63; CorNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 241; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 136.

Diospyros buxifolia (BL.) Hiern; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 64; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 136; — D. microphylla Bepp.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 106; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 283.

Diospyros clavigera CLARKE; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 107;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 288; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 65; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 136.

Diospyros confusa Baku.; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 67.
Diospyros coriacea Hiern; NG, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 67.

Diospyros diepenhorstii Mig.; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 68; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 136; — D. pyrifera Rip.; Riwey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 294;
— D. sp.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 107.

75

795 Diospyros ferrea (WILLD.) BAku.; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 71; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 242; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 136; — Maba
buxifolia Pers.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106; Riptey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 281.

796 Diospyros lanceifolia Roxs.; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 76; CorNgrR, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 242; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 136; —D. lucida WALL.
ex A. DC.; Riwtey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 107; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 286; —D. clavigera var. pachyphylla (CL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 288.

797 Diospyros latisepala RipL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 294; Nea, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 76.

798 Diospyros maingayi (Hiern) Baku.; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 77; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 136; —D. bilocularis OLtv.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 107; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 288.

799 Diospyros pilosanthera BLANco var. oblonga (WALL. ex G. Don) Noa; Ne, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 81; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 136; — D. oblonga WALL.
ex G. Don; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 107; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 291; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 243.

800 Diospyros siamang Baku.; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 86.

801 Diospyros styraciformis KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 288;
Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 87; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 136.

802 Diospyros sumatrana Miq.; Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 87; — D. flavicans
(WaLL.) HiERN; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 285; — D. graciliflora (non
Hiern) K. & G.; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 284; — D. dumosa K. & G.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 285; — D. tubicalyx Riwu.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 285; — D. hendersoni RIw.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 320.

803 Diospyros venosa WALL. ex A. DC.; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 93; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 136; — Maba venosa (WALL. ex G. Don) K. & G.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 279; — Maba merguensis HIERN; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 280.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

804 Elaeocarpus acmosepalus RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)314; Maxwe_t,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 36 (1983) 229; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 86; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 87.

805 Elaeocarpus ferrugineus (JAcK) STEUD.; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
247; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 87; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 87; — E.
Jackianus KiNG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 55; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 318.

806 Elaeocarpus floribundus BL.; Rm ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 313; Corngr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 248; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 88; KEeNG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 87.

76

807

808

809

810a

-810b

811

812

813

814

815

816

817

Elaeocarpus griffithii (WicHT) A. Gray; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 54; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 316; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 248; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 89; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 87;
— E. paniculatus WALL.; Rwwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 315; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 249.

Elaeocarpus macrocerus (TuRCZ.) MERR.; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
248; Noa, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 90; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 87; — E.
obtusus (non BL.) KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 317.

Elaeocarpus mastersii Kinc; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 55;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 319; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 248; Na,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 90; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 87.

Elaeocarpus nitidus JAck var. nitidus; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 91; — E.
parvifolius WALL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 54; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 310; — E. nitidus; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 314; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 249; KENnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 87.

Elaeocarpus nitidus var. salicifolius (KING) Nc; Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
91; —E. salicifolius Kinc; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 54; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 313; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 250; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

Elaeocarpus palembanicus (MiQ.) CoRNER; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 249; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 91; —E. hullettii Kinc; Rww.ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 55; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 316; Kena, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 87; —E. leptomischus Rw .; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 320.

Elaeocarpus pedunculatus WALL. ex Mast.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 55; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 316; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 249; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 92; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

Elaeocarpus petiolatus (JACK) WALL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
54; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 315; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 249;
Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 92; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

Elaeocarpus polystachyus WALL. ex C. MUELL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 55; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 319; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 250; Noa, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 92; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxs.; Rip_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 318 (incl. var
singaporensis RiDL.); NG, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 94; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 88; — E. kunstleri Kinc; Riwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 317.

Elaeocarpus stipularis BL.; RIipbLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 54; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 311; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 251; Na, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 95; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 88.

Muntingia calabura L.; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 251; Cor.etrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 88.

818

819

820

821

822

823

824

825

Sloanea javanica (Miq.) Szysz. ex K. ScHum.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35
(1901) 84; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 308; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 97;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 88; — Echinocarpus sp.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 54.

EPACRIDACEAE

Styphelia malayana (JAcK) Spr.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. 16° (1964) 426; WuiTmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 32; CorNgErR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 252; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 133; — Leucopogon malayanus JAck; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 103; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 223; BurkKILL, Dict.
(1935) 1340; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 218; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 265.

ERICACEAE

Rhododendron longiflorum LINbDL.; RipLtey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 219;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 262; SLEUMeER, FI. Males. I 6* (1966) 640;
No, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 104; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 133; — R.
lampongum (non Mig.) RIDe.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 103; —
R. javanicum (BL.) BENN. var. tubiflorum Hook.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 103.

Vaccinium acuminatissimum Miq.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
103; Rm ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 210; SLEuMer, Fl. Males. I 6* (1966) 761; No,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 105.

Vaccinium bracteatum THUNB.; SLEUMER, FI. Males. I 6* (1966) 801; Nc, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 105; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 254; V.
malaccense WIGHT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 103; Riptey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 211; Burkwt, Dict. (1935) 2217; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 219; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 259.

Vaccinium littoreum Miqg.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 6* (1966) 854; No, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 107; — V. bancanum (non Mig.) Riwe.; RiDvey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 103; — V. hasseltii Mig.; RiwLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 209;
Burk, Dict. (1935) 2217.

ERIOCAULACEAE

Eriocaulon longifolium Nees; KenG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 126; — E.
sexangulare L.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 54; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 133; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 212.

Eriocaulon truncatum Bucu.-Ham. ex Mart.; RIDLeyY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 180; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 54; Ripey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 135; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 212; Kena, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 126.

77

78

826

827
828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz; BurkKILL, Dict. (1935) 950; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 220; Payens, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 548; CockBurn,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 194; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 255; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 94; — E. burmanicum Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 55; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 324.

EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha boehmerioides Mig.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 35.

Acalypha indica L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 140; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 274; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51; KenG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 105.

Actephila excelsa (Datz.) M.A. var. javanica (Mig.) P. & H.; WuHiTmore, Tree
F]. Malaya 2 (1973) 52; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 106; —A. excelsa; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 196; — A. javanica Miq.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 135; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 196.

Agrostistachys gaudichaudii M.A.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 268;
WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 57;—A. filipendula Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 140.

Agrostistachys longifolia (WIGHT) BENTH. ex Hook. f.; RipDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 140 (var. malayana Hook. f.); Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 53; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 264; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 106; — A. borneensis Becc.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 268; — A.
sessilifolia (KURZ) P. & H.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 267; Corner, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 229; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 264.

Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) M.A.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 141;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 53; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106; —
A. javensis (ENDL. ex Hassk.) M.A.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 278.

Alchornea villosa (BENTH.) M.A.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 141;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 277; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 54;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 265; KenG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Antidesma coriaceum TUuL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 233; Wuirmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)57; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106; —A. fallax M.A.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 138; — Embelia lucida WALL. ex A. DC.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104.

Antidesma cuspidatum M.A.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 138;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 232; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 58;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Antidesma neurocarpum Mig.; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 57;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 269; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106; —
A. alatum Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 138; Ripiey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 227; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 232.

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

844

845

846

847

848

849

Antidesma velutinosum BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 231; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 55;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 270; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Aporusa benthamiana Hook. /.; RIbLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 236; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 271; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Aporusa bracteosa P. & H.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 237; Wuirmore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Aporusa confusa GacE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 238; Wuitmorg, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Aporusa falcifera Hook. /.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137; RDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 236; WuiTMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Aporusa frutescens BL.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 241; Wuirmore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 272; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 106; — A. fruticosa (BL.) M.A.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 137.

Aporusa lunata (MiQ.) Kurz; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137;
RipDey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 237; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59;
KEnNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 106.

Aporusa microstachya (TuL.) M.A.; WuitmMorg, Tree FI. Malaya 2 (1973) 61;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 273; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 107; —
A. maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 241; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 237.

Aporusa nervosa Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 238; WuiTmMorgE, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Aporusa nigricans Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 239; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61;
KeENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Aporusa prainiana KING ex Gace; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 240; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Aporusa symplocoides (Hook. f.) GAGE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 240;
Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Ken, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107; —
Baccaurea symplocoides Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139.

Austrobuxus nitidus Miq.; WHiTMorRE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 63; CoRNER,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 273; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107; —
Choriophyllum malayanum BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137;
— Longetia malayana (BENTH.) P. & H.; Rwwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 224;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 260.

79

80

850

851

852

853

854

= Bo

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

Baccaurea bracteata M.A.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 138;
Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 246; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 275; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea griffithii Hook. f.; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 248; Wuirmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 66; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea hookeri Gace; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 247; WuirmoreE, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107; — Baccaurea sp. B;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 138.

Baccaurea kunstleri KING ex GaGe; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 248; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65;
KEnNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea lanceolata (Mig.) M.A.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 248;
WHitTmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
276; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea latifolia Kinc ex Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 249;
Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67.

Baccaurea macrophylla (M.A.) M.A.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
138; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 247; WuitmMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 66;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 246; WuiTMorgE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea minor Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 245; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 66; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea motleyana (M.A.) M.A.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
138; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 250; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 66;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 277; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea parviflora (M.A.) M.A.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
138; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 243; Wuirmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 64;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 277; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107; —
B. scortechinii Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 244; Corner, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 242; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 278.

Baccaurea pyriformis GAGgE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 249; Wuirmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 277; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

Baccaurea racemosa (REINW.) M.A.; WuHiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 64;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107; —B. wallichii Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 245.

Baccaurea reticulata Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 246; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 278; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107.

864

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) M.A.; WuiTmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65;
KeEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107; — B. kingii GAGE; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 245.

Blumeodendron tokbrai (BL.) Kurz; WuHiTMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 71;
Airy SHAW, Euphorbs of Borneo (1975) 60; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 107;
— Mallotus vernicosus Hook. f.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 141;
— B. vernicosum (Hook. f.) GAGE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 282.

Breynia coronata Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 218; WuiTmorg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 73; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 318; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Breynia discigera M.A.; RID_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 217; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 73; CoRNER,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 318; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Breynia reclinata (Roxs.) Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 219; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 73;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 318; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fiscu.; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 73; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108; — B. rhamnoides (ReEtTz.) M.A.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 218;
— B. keithii Rwi.; Rww.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 219.

Bridelia cinnamomea Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 185; WHiTmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 74.

Bridelia griffithii Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 185; Wuitmorg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 75.

Bridelia pustulata Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 135;
RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 90; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 185;
Wuirmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 74; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Bridelia stipularis (L.) BL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 183; Rip.ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 90; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 74; CoRNER,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 279; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Bridelia tomentosa BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 135; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 184; Wurrmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 74; CorNErR,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 280; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Cheilosa malayana (Hook. f.) CoRNER ex AiRY SHAW; WHITMORE, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 77; — Baccaurea malayana KinG ex Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 247.

Claoxylon indicum (ReEINw. ex BL.) ENDL. ex HAssk.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 140; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 271; Wuirmore, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 78; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 282; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 108.

81

82

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

Claoxylon longifolium ENDL. ex Hassk.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
140 (var. brachystachys Hook. f.); RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 272 (incl. var.
brachystachys Hook. f.); WHitTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 79; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 282; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 135;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 192; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 81;
Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 108.

Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
135; RDcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 192; Wurrmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 81;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 108.

Cleistanthus malaccensis Hook. f.; RipLtey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 189;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Cleistanthus myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 135; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 194; Wuitmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 82; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Cleistanthus sumatranus (Miq.) M.A.; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 192;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108;
C. laevis Hook. f.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 135;
heterophyllus Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 190.

oy

Croton argyratus BL.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 260; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 85; CorNgrR, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 283; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Croton bonplandianus BaAILL.; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 84; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 109; — C. sparsiflorus Moronc; Cor ett, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 661.

Croton caudatus GEIsEL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 140; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 259 (var. malaccanus); WuitmoreE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 85; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108.

Croton heterocarpus M.A.; WuitmMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 85; CoRNER,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 284; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108; — C.
heteropetalum Rivt.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 262.

Croton hirtus L’ HErit.; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 84; Cor.ett, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 661; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 109.

Croton laevifolius BL.; WuiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 85; CorNgEr, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 284; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 108; — C. griffithii
Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 140; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 261; — C. confusus GAGE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 261.

Drypetes pendula RipL.; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 222; Wuitmorg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 89; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 285; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 109; — Cyclostemon longifolius (non BL.) Hook. f.; RIDLey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 137.

890

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

Endospermum diadenum (Miqg.) Airy SHAW; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 288; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 109; —E. malaccense BENTH. ex M.A.;
Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 305;
Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 93; — E. ovalifolium P. & H.; RID.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 305.

Euphorbia atoto Forst. f.; Ribcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; RipDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 181; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 462; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 109.

Euphorbia heterophylla L.; Riiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 181; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 462; Cor.etrt, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 109; Hurt, Man. Fl. Pl. Hawai’i 1 (1990) 619.

Euphorbia hirta L.; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 181; HENDERson, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 462; Cor.etrT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 109; —E. pilulifera auct. plur., non L.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 134; — Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Miisp.; Hurt, Man. Fl. Pl. Hawai’i 1
(1990) 609

Euphorbia thymifolia L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 182; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 461; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 109; — Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) MiLtsp.; Hurr, Man.
Fl. Pl. Hawai’i 1 (1990) 615.

Excoecaria agallocha L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 314; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 96; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 109. }

Fahrenheitia pendula (HaAssk.) Airy SHAW; WuiTMorg, Tree FI. Malaya 2
(1973) 97; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110; — Ostodes macrophylla (M.A.)
BENTH. ex P. & H.; Rmp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 140; RmpLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 269.

Galearia fulva (TUL.) Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 257; WuitmMorgE, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 98; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 110; — G. affinis (R. BR)
Miag.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
255; — G. phlebocarpa (R. Br) Mig.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
139; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 255; —G. subulata (M.A.) Hook. f.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 258; — G.
wallichii (R. Br.) Kurz; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 139; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 256; — G. finlaysonii (R. BR) Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 257; — G. fusca RiDL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 257; — G.
lindleyana (TuL.) Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 255; — G. minor
GaGE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 256; —G. pedicellata(R. BR) Miq.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 257; — G. ridleyi GAGgE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
256.

898 Glochidion arborescens BL.; WHiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 100.

83

84

899

900
901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908

909

910

Glochidion brunneum Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 207; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 100;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 323; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110; —
G. goniocarpum Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 211; — G. maingayi Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 210; — G. pedunculatum Rw .; Rey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 207.

Glochidion fuscum (M.A.) BoeRL.; WuiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 100.

Glochidion glomerulatum (MiQ.) BogRL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 209;
WuitMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 100; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
323; KenG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110; — G. nanogynum (M.A.) Hook. f.;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 214.

Glochidion hypoleucum (Miq.) BoeRL.; WuHiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
101; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110; — G. laevigatum (M.A.) Hook. f.;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 215; — G. lutescens; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 324.

Glochidion kunstlerianum GAGE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 210; Wuirmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 102.

Glochidion littorale BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 207; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 101; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 323; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110.

Glochidion microbotrys Hook. f.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136;
Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 209; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 99;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110; — G. trilobum RiDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 210, p.p..

Giochidion perakense Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 213; WHiTMorE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 101; CorNngr, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 325; —G.
glaberrimum Ripv.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 208; — G. zeylanicum
(GAERTN.) A. Juss.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110.

Glochidion rubrum BL.; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 101; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 325; — G. leiostylum Kurz; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 212; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 323; — G. laevigatum var. cuspidatum RIDL.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 215.

Glochidion sericeum (BL.) ZoLL. & Mor.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 215;
Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 101; Airy SHAw, Euphorbs of Borneo
(1975) 132; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 326; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 110.

Glochidion singaporense Gace; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 209; WHITMorE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 101; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 326; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110.

Glochidion superbum BatL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 208; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 99;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 326; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110.

911

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

Glochidion wallichianum M.A.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 213; WuHiTmMore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 99; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 326; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 110; — G. desmocarpum Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 136; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 214; —G. trilobum RDL.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 210, p.p..

Hevea brasiliensis (WILLD. ex A. Juss.) M.A.; CoRNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 292; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 110.

Koilodepas longifolium Hook. f.; WHiTmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 104;
KenG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111; — Coelodepas glanduligerum P. & H.;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 275.

Macaranga caladiifolia Becc.; WHiTMorE, Euphorbs of Borneo (1975) 150; —
M. puncticulata GAGE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 302; WuitmMorg, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 111; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 303; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 111.

Macaranga conifera (ZoLL.) M.A.; WuHiTMore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 112;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 300; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111;
M. populifolia (Mig.) M.A.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 304.

Macaranga gigantea (Rcus. f. & ZoL_.) M.A.; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 107; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 301; KeNnc, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 111; — M. megalophylla (M.A.) M.A.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 141; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 298.

Macaranga griffithiana M.A.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 299; WuitmMore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 107; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 301; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111.

Macaranga heynei I.M. JoHNston; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 112;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111; — M. rubiginosa Rw .; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 303; — M. javanica [non (BL.) M.A.] Hook. f.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 302.

Macaranga hosei Kinc ex Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 298:
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 111; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
301; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111.

Macaranga hullettii Kinc ex Hook. f.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 301:
Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 107; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111;
M. cornuta sensu CORNER; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 300.

Macaranga hypoleuca (Reus. f. & ZoL_.) M.A.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 141; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 300; Wurtmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 106; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 302; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 111.

Macaranga lowii KiNG ex Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142:
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 304; Wuirmore, Tree FI. Malaya 2 (1973) 112:
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111.

85

86

923

924

925

926

927

928

O20

930
1

932

933

934

935

936

Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) M.A.; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 106;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 303; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 111; —
M. maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 298.

Macaranga recurvata Gace; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 301; Wuirmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 111; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 303; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 111.

Macaranga trichocarpa (RcuB.f. & ZoLL.) M.A.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 142; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 303; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 112; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 304; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 111.

Macaranga triloba (BL.) M.A.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 298; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 107;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 304; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112.

Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) M.A.; RipD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
141; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 288; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
114; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 306; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112.

Mallotus paniculatus (LAMk.) M.A.; WHiTMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 307; KENnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112;
M. cochinchinensis Lour.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 141; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 289.

Mallotus penangensis M.A.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 141;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 293; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 116;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112.

Manihot esculenta Crantz; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112.

Manihot glaziovii M.A.; Corett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KeNG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 112.

Megistostigma malaccense Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
142; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 83; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112;
— Sphaerostylis malaccensis (Hook. f.) P. & H.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
308.

Micrococca mercurialis (L.) BENTH.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 273;
Wuirtmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 118; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112.

Microdesmis caseariifolia PLANCH.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
139; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 258; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
119; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112.

Neoscortechinia kingii (Hook. f.) P. & H.; WHirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
120; MAxwe LL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 192; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
112; — Scortechinia kingii Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 251.

Phyllanthus amarus Scuum. & THONN.; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
122; Corett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 112; — P.
niruri auct., nonL.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 135; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 199; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 463.

937

938

939

940

94]

942

943

944

945

946

947

948

Phyllanthus debilis KLEIN ex WILLD.

Phyllanthus emblica L.; WuiTMor:g, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 123; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 112; — P. pectinatus Hook. f.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 135; — Emblica pectinata (Hook. f.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
217; — Emblica officinalis GAERTN.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 920; CORNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 282; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 319.

Phyllanthus urinaria L.; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 200; HENDERson, Mal.
Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 464; Wuirmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 122; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 113.

Pimeleodendron griffithianum (M.A.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
313; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 125; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 113.

Pterococcus corniculatus (Sm.) P. & H.; WuiTmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
84; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 113; —P. glaberrimus Hassk.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 309.

Ptychopyxis caput-medusae (Hook. f.) RIDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
295; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 127; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 113.

Ptychopyxis costata Mig. var. oblanceolata Airy SHAW; WuiTMorE, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 127; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 113; — P. costata; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 295.

Ricinus communis L.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 309; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 309; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 113.

Sapium discolor (CHAmp. ex BENTH.) M.A.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 143; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 316; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 129; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 311; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 113.

Sapium indicum WILLD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 317; WuitmMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 129; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 312; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 113.

Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.; WHiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 131;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 113; — S. albicans BL.; Rw_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 137; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 220; — S. sumatranus Mia.;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 220.

Sebastiania chamalaea (L.) M.A.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 317; HENDERsoNn, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 464;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 131; KeNc, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 113.

Securinega virosa (Roxs. ex WILLD.) BAILL.; WHITMORE, Tree FI. Malaya 2
(1973) 131; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 313; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 113; — Flueggia microcarpa BL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 216; —
Flueggia virosa (ROxB. ex WILLD.) BAILL.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
yom Fe J

87

88

950

951

pais

953

— 954

DD5

956

957

958

959

Suregada multiflora (Juss.) BAILL.; WHiITMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 133;
Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 113; — Gelonium bifarium Roxs.; Rw ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 311; — Gelonium
multiflorum Juss.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 142; Ripiey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 311; — Gelonium glomerulatum (BL.) Hassk.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 311.

Synostemon bacciformis (L.) G.L. WeBsTER; WHiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 133; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 114; —Agyneia bacciformis (L.) Juss.;
Ripbey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 135; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 198.

Trigonostemon longifolius BAILL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 140;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 264; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 136;
KEnNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 114.

FAGACAEAE

Castanopsis inermis (LINDL. ex WALL.) BENTH. & Hook. f.; CORNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 292; SoePApMo, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 315; CockBurNn, Tree
Fl. Malaya | (1972) 204; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 330; KENG, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 64; —C. sumatrana (Miq.) A. DC.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 150; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 390.

Castanopsis javanica (BL.) A. DC.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 150;
SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 306; CockBurn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 205;
CorNeER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 330; — Pasania discocarpa (HANCE)
GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 386; — Quercus discocarpa HANCE;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1855; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 302.

Castanopsis lucida (NEES) SOEPADMO; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 318;
CockBuRN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 205; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 64; —
C. hullettii KiNG ex Hook. f.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 150; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 389; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 487; — Alseodaphne lucida
NEES; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 100.

Castanopsis malaccensis GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 388; Corner,
Ways. Trees I sted. (1940) 293; SozpADMoO, FI. Males. 17? (1972) 303; CockBuRN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 206; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 330; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 64.

Castanopsis megacarpa GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 390; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 293; Sonpapmo, Fl. Males. 17? (1972) 305; CockBurRN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 206; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 330; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 64.

Castanopsis nephelioides Kinc ex Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 150; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 391; Sogpapmo, FI. Males. I 7? (1972)
298; CocKBURN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 207; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 64.

Castanopsis schefferiana HANce; Soepapmo, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 310;
CockBurN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 207; KeNa, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 65; —
C. andersonii GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 389.

960

961

962

963

964

965

966

967

Castanopsis wallichii KING ex Hook. f.; RIb.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
150; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 391; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 293;
SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 300; CockBurn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 208;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 331; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 65.

Lithocarpus bennettii (Mig.) REHD.; SoEPADMo, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 356;
CockBurRN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 215; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
339; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 65; — Quercus bennettii Miq.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 150; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1854; CorNER, Ways. Trees
Ist ed. (1940) 301; — Pasania bennettii (M1Q.) GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 381.

Lithocarpus cantleyanus (KING ex Hook. f.) REHD.; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7?
(1972) 352; CockBurn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 216; Keno, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 65; — Quercus cantleyana KING ex Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 150; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1854; — Pasania cantleyana (KING ex
Hook. f.) GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 381.

Lithocarpus conocarpus (OuDEM.) REHD.; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7? (1972)
349; CocKBURN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 217; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 340; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 65; — Quercus conocarpa OUDEM.;
Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1854;
CorneR, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 302; — Pasania conocarpa (OUDEM.)
SCHOTTKY; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 380.

Lithocarpus cyclophorus (ENpL.) A. CAMus; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7” (1972)
345; CockBurRN, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 218; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 340; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 65; — Quercus cyclophora ENDL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 150; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1855;
CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 302; Pasania cyclophora (ENDL.)
GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 384.

Lithocarpus elegans (BL.) Hatus. ex SOEPADMO; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7?
(1972) 366; CockBuRN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 219; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 340; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 65; — Quercus spicata SM.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149 (var. gracilipes (MiQ.) MiQ.); CORNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 304; — Pasania spicata Orrst.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 376 (incl. var. gracilipes).

Lithocarpus encleisacarpus (Kortu.) A. CAMus; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7°
(1972) 338; CockBuRN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 219; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 340; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 65; Quercus encleisacarpa
KortTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 150; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1856;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 302; — Pasania encleisacarpa (KorTH.)
GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 386.

Lithocarpus ewyckii (KortTH.) REHD.; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7* (1972) 351;
CockBurNn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 220; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 65; —
Quercus ewyckii KortuH.; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1856; — Pasania ewyckii
(KorTH.) GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 380 (incl. var latifolia); —
Pasania lamponga var. ewyckioides GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 378.

89

90

968

969

970

971

oi

973

974

975

Lithocarpus hystrix (KorTH.) REHD.; SOEPADMO, Fl. Males. I 7* (1972) 384; —
Quercus hystrix Kortu.; RIDey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 303; — Pasania hystrix (KORTH.) GAMBLE; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924).

Cockburn (loc. cit. 226) opines that this species is not present in Malaya.

Lithocarpus gracilis (KorTH.) SoEPADMO; FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 362; 362;
CockBurNn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 220; — Pasania cyrtorhyncha (Mia.)
GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 381.

Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxs.) REHD.; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 341;
CockBurRN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 223; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
341; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 65; — Quercus lucida Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 150; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1857; CorNgR, Ways. Trees
Ist ed. (1940) 304; — Pasania lucida (RoxB.) GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 383; — Quercus omalokos Kortu.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1857; —
Pasania omalokos (KortTH.) SCHOTTKY; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 383.

Lithocarpus sundaicus (BL.) REHD.; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7? (1972) 375;
CockBurNn, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 226; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
342; — Quercus sundaica BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149;
BurkKILL, Dict. (1935) 1858; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 305; SINcLair,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 25; — Quercus lamponga Migq.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1857; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 303; — Pasania sundaica (BL.) OERST.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
379; — Pasania lamponga (MiQ.) GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 378
(excl. var. ewyckioides); — Pasania grandifrons (KiNG ex Hook. f.) GAMBLE;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 377; — Quercus grandifrons KiNG ex Hook. f.;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 303.

Lithocarpus wallichianus (LINDL. ex HANCE) REHD.; SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I 7”
(1972) 368; CockBurN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 227; MaxweL_, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 35 (1983) 192; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 342; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 65; — Quercus wallichiana LINDL. ex HANCE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1859; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 305; — Pasania wallichiana (LINDL. ex HANCE) GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 378.

Quercus argentata Kortu.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 373; Soepapmo, FI.
Males. I 7? (1972) 389; CockBurNn, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 228; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 65

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia capitellata BL.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 5' (1954) 102; Wuirmorg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 141; Kenoc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 41; — ?C. esculenta
Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; —C. latifolia Riwi.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 831.

Casearia clarkei KING; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; Ripcey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 833; SLeuMeER, Fl. Males. I 5! (1954) 99; Wuirmore, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 141; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 41.

976

977

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

985

986

Casearia lobbiana Turcz.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 830; SLEuMeER, Fl. Males. I 5! (1954) 89; WuirmoreE, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 140.

Casearia tuberculata BL.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 5! (1954) 99; WuitmorgE, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 141; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 41; — C. coriacea (non
VENT.) Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 832; BurRKILL, Dict. (1935) 472.

Flacourtia rukam Z. & M.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 44; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 157; BurkKILL, Dict. (1935) 1024; CorNgr, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 207; SLEUMER, FI. Males. I 5! (1954) 73; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 144; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 346; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 41.

Homalium grandiflorum BenTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87;
Rip ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 837; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1184; SLEUMkr, FI.
Males. I 5' (1954) 62; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 146; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 41.

Osmelia maingayi KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 834; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1610; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 5!
(1954) 78; WuiTmMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 153.

Osmelia philippina (Turcz.) BENTH.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 5' (1954) 79;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 153; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 41.

Ryparosa hullettii KiNG; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 44; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 165; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1923; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 5!
(1954) 48; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 159; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 41.

Ryparosa scortechinii Kinc; SLEuMER, Fl. Males. I 5' (1954) 42; Wuirmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 159; — R. wallichii Rw. (Singapore specimen Ridley
14163 only); RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 165; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
41.

Scolopia macrophylla (W. & A.) CLos; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 5' (1954) 8;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 161; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
348; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 41; —S. rhinanthera CLos; Rwiey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 44; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 155; BurKILL, Dict.
(1935) 1983; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 309.

FLAGELLARIACEAE

Flagellaria indica L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 130; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 368;
BurkKILL, Dict. (1935) 1024; Backer, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 246; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 206; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 125.

GENTIANACEAE

Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 141; —
Limnantheum indicum GriseB.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 115;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 436; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 307.

91

92

987

988

989

990

O91

ooZ

bik

994

995

996

997

GESNERIACEAE

Aeschynanthus parvifolia R. Br.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 500; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 342; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 182; —A. lobbiana
CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119.

Aeschynanthus purpurascens Hassk.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 497;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 340; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 182;
A. motleyi CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119.

Aeschynanthus radicans Jack; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120;
Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 500; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 182.

Aeschynanthus wallichii R. Br.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 500; Maxwe__, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 195;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 182.

Cyrtandra pendula BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 544; HENDERson, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 362; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 182; — C. bicolor Jack;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120.

Didymocarpus platypus CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 517; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 348;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 182

Didymocarpus puncticulatus RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 522; Krew,
Malay. Nat. J. 41 (1987) 220; — D. sp.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
120; — D. perdita Riwu.; Rw ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 522; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 182.

GONYSTYLACEAE

Gonystylus confusus Airy SHAw; Airy SHAw, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 357;
Wuirtmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 391.

Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 85;
Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 322; Airy SHaw, FI. Males. I 44 (1953) 359;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 391; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 86.

GOODENIACEAE

Scaevola sericea V AHL; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 5* (1957) 339; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 165; — S. koenigii VAHL; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
102; Rwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 199; —S. frutescens KRAUSE; CORNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 310; HeNpErson, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 253; — S.
taccada (GAERTN.) ROxB.; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 348.

GRAMINEAE

Acroceras munroanum (BALANSA) HEnr.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971)
165; — ?Panicum latifolium Hook. f.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
185; — Panicum oryzoides (non Sw.) Riwi.; RiDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 138, p.p.; —A. ridleyi (Hack. ex Rip.) STAPF ex Ripe.; Ripcey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 229; — A. crassiapiculatum (MeErRR.) ALSTON; BuRKILL, Dict.
(1935) 39.

998

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008

1009

Acroceras tonkinense (BALANSA) C.E. Huss. ex Bor; GILLILAND, Rev. FI.
Malaya 3 (1971) 165; — Panicum oryzoides (non Sw.) RIDL.; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 138, p.p.; —A. sparsum STAPF ex RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 229; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 39.

Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) STapr; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 223; BurkILL,
Dict. (1935) 104; GmLLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 198; — Axonopus
cimicinus (L.) P. BEAuvV.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 144.

Axonopus affinis CHASE; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 189; Cor err, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Axonopus compressus (Swartz) BEAuv.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 216;
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 276; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 337;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 187; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663;
Paspalum platycaulon Porr.; RDcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 125.

Bambusa heterostachya (Munro) Ho ttt.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya3 (1971)
18; — Gigantochloa heterostachya Munro; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 188; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 262; — Gigantochloa latispiculata
GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 189; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 263.

Bambusa ridleyi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 184; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 257;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 21.

Bambusa vulgaris SCHRAD.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 256; BurkILL, Dict.
(1935) 300; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 19.

Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. BLAKE; LAzAripes, Trop. Grass. SE Asia
(1980) 24; — Andropogon intermedius R. Br.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 166; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 346; —
Amphilophis glabra (RoxB.) STAPF; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 209; BurKILL,
Dict. (1935) 141; — B. intermedia (R. Br.) CAMus; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya
3 (1971) 281.

Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 219; BurkiLL,
Dict. (1935) 356; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 342; GiLLiILAND, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 176; — Panicum distachyon L.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 133.

Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) STAPF; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 219; BurkiLL,
Dict. (1935) 356; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 178; Cor ett, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 663; — Panicum muticum Forsk.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 133.

Brachiaria paspaloides (PresL) C.E. HuspBARD; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 342; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 179.

Cenchrus echinatus L.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 36; Cor.ertrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663.

3

94

1010

1011
1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020

Centotheca latifolia (OsB.) TRIN.; MONOD DE FROIDEVILLE, Blumea 19 (1971) 59;
—C. lappacea Desv.; RIwLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 181; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 253;
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 508; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 309;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 53.

Centotheca longilamina Oxnw1; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 53.

Chloris barbata Swartz; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 173; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 250;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 315; GILLILanp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 86; CorLeTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) TRIN.; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 207;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 535; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 344;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 236; — Andropogon aciculatus RETz.;
Rp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 166.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 151; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 191;
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 629; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 354;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 304.

Cymbopogon flexuosus (NEEs ex STEUD.) W. Warts.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing.
14 (1953) 36; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 297.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 173; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
249; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 729; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 314;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 90.

Cyrtococcum accrescens (TRIN.) STAPF; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 234;
BurkKILL, Dict. (1935) 744; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 149; — Panicum
patens (non L.) Rwwu.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 142.

Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Steup) Stapr; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 233;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 744; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 148; -— Panicum
pilipes NEES & ARN. ex Beuse; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 141; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 331.

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) WILLD.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 251;
BurkiL_, Dict. (1935) 747; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 316;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 81; LAzaripgs, Trop. Grass. SE Asia (1980)
168; — Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desr.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
187; RipLtey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 174.

Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) STAPF; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971)
284; Cor.eTT, J. Biogeog. 19 (1992) 428; — Ischaemum beccarii (non HACK.)
RIDL.; RipLeEy, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 160; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 204.

1021

1022
1023

1024

1025

1026

1027
1028
1029

Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A. Camus; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 210:
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 802; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 284.

Digitaria bicornis (LAMK.) R. & S.; VELDKAmp, Blumea 21 (1973) 30.

Digitaria ciliaris (RETZ.) KoeL.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 196;
VELDKAMP, Blumea 21 (1973) 32; — Paspalum sanguinale (non LAMK.) RIDL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 125; —D. marginata Link; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 213; BuRKILL,
Dict. (1935) 808; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 340.

Digitaria didactyla WILLD.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 807; GILLILAND, Rev. FI.
Malaya 3 (1971) 195; VELDKAmp, Blumea 21 (1973) 44.

Digitaria fuscescens (PRESL) HENRARD; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971)
193; VELDKAMP, Blumea 21 (1973) 61.

Digitaria longiflora (REtTz.) PeRs.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 214; BurkiL,
Dict. (1935) 808; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 342; GILLILAND, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 192; VELDKAmp, Blumea 21 (1973) 66; — Paspalum
longiflorum RETz.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 126, p.p.; — D. caespitosa RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 215.

Digitaria mollicoma (KUNTH) HENR.; VELDKAMP, Blumea 21 (1973) 69.
Digitaria nuda SCHUMACH.; VELDKAMP, Blumea 21 (1973) 41.

Digitaria radicosa (PREsL) MiQ.; VELDKAMP, Blumea 21 (1973) 35;— Paspalum
sanguinale LaMK. var. debile (non Hook. f.) Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 125; — D. marginata Link var. debilis (non Hook. f. ex RIDL.)
Ripi.; Rey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 214; — D. timorensis (KUNTH) BALANSA;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 198.

1030a Digitaria setigera R. & S. var. setigera; VELDKAMP, Blumea 21 (1973) 39; —

Paspalum sanguinale LAMK. var. pruriens Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 125; — D. marginata Link var. debilis Hook. f. ex RIDL.;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 214; —D. microbachne (PRESL) HENR.; GILLILAND,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 198.

1030b Digitaria setigera var. calliblepharata (HENR.) VELDK.; VELDKAMP, Blumea 21

1031

(1973) 40; — Paspalum sanguinale Lamk. var. ciliare (non Hook. f.) RIDL.;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 125; — D. marginata LINK var.
ciliaris (non RIDL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 214; —D. microbachne
(PRESL) HEnr. ssp. calliblepharata HENR.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971)
198.

Digitaria violascens Link; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 191; VELDKAmp,
Blumea 21 (1973) 40; — Paspalum longiflorum Retz.; RIDLeyY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 126, p.p.; —
D. chinensis (non HorNEM.) RiDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 215; — D.
pertenuis Buse; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 214; GILLILANn, Rev. Fl. Malaya
3 (1971) 192; — D. longiflora (non Retz.) Rwwe.; RiD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
214, p.p.

95

96

1032a Dimeria ornithopoda TRIN. var. ornithopoda; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33

(1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 151; Ripvey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 192; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 810; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 346; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 214.

1032b Dimeria ornithopoda var. glabra (RIDL.) JANSEN; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya

1033

1034

1035

1636

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

3 (1971) 216; — D. glabra Rw .; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 192.

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 222; BurkiLL,
Dict. (1935) 888; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 336; GILLILAND, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 167; — Panicum colonum L.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 132.

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. BEAuv.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 222;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 889; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 168; — Panicum
crus-galli L.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 132.

Echinochloa stagnina (ReEtTz.) P. BEAUv.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971)
166.

One collection from 1883.

Eleusine coracana (L.) GAERTN.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
174; Burk, Dict. (1935) 916; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 80; — E.
indica (L.) GAERTN. var. coracana GAERTN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 187; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 250.

Eleusine indica (L.) GAgERTN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 174; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
250; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 917; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 313;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 78.

Eragrostis atrovirens (Desr.) NEES ex STEUD.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 68; LAzaAripes, Trop. Grass. SE Asia (1980) 173; —E. elegantula STEuD.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 179; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 248; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 312.

Eragrostis cambessediana STeup.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 36.

Eragrostis elongata (WILLD.) JAca.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
187; Ripiey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 179; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 248; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 313.

Eragrostis gangetica (Roxs.) STEUD.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 68.

Eragrostis malayana StaprF; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 178;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 247; GiLLILanp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 65.

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. BEAuv.; RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
179; RipLey, Fl. Mal, Pen. 5 (1925) 247; GiLLiLanp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 69.

1044

1045

1050

1051

1052

1053

Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. BEAuv. ex Roem. & SCHULT.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 187; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 177; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 245; GILLILanp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 71; — E.
amabilis (L.) Hook. & ARN.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 933; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 312.

Eragrostis unioloides (RetTz.) NEES ex STEUD.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 934;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 313; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 66; — E. amabilis (non Wicut & Arn.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 187; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 175: RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 246.

Eragrostis viscosa (RETZ.) TRIN.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
177; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 246; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 71.

Eriachne pallescens R. Br.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 172; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
240; BurRKILL, Dict. (1935) 936; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 316:
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 94; vAN Eck-BorssBoom, Blumea 26 (1980)
133.

Eriachne triseta NEEs ex STEUD.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
172; Rwwey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 240; Maxwe__, Gard. Bull. Sing. 36 (1983)
231; VAN Eck-BorssBoom, Blumea 26 (1980) 136; — Massia triseta (NEES ex
STEUD.) BALANSA; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 94.

Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E. Huss.; GILtiLanp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971)
202; — E. polystachya (non H.B.K.) RiDe.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 127; — E. annulata (FLUEGGE) KUNTH; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
223; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 325; — E. ramosa O. KTzE.;
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 938.

Eustachys tener (PresL) C.E. Huss.; GILLiLanb, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 88
(“tenera” ); Lazariwes, Trop. Grass. SE Asia (1980) 161.

Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. BEAuv. exR. & S.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
213; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1143; GmLLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 292:
Lazaripes, Trop. Grass. SE Asia (1980) 47; — Andropogon contortus L.:
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 167.

Hymenachne acutigluma (STeuD.) GILLILAND; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 155; — Panicum myuros (non H.B.K.) Rwe.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 135; — H. myuros (non BEAuy.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 230; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1214.

Imperata conferta (PrREsL) OHw1; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 222; —
I. exaltata (non BRONGN.) RiDL.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186:
Ripcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 152; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
193; — /. contracta Hircu.; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1228.

97

98

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. BEAuv. var. major (NEES) C.E. HUBBARD ex Huss.
& VAUGHAN; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 220; — I. arundinacea Cyr.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 152; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 193; —I. cylindrica (L.) P. BEAuv.;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1228; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 343.

Isachne globosa (THuNB.) O. KTZE.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 1252; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 327; GILLILanp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 120; —
I. australis R. Br.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 129; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 239.

Isachne kunthiana (WIGHT & ARN. ex STEUD.) Mig.; RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 128;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 122; —J. semitalis Rwwv.; RD.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1925) 231

Isachne pulchella RotH ex Roem. & SCHULT.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 120; — I. miliacea RotH ex R. & S.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 184; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 129; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 239; Borguz, Dict. (1935) 1253.

Ischaemum barbatum ReEvTz.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 260; — J.
imbricatum (Munro) STAPF EX RIDLEY, FL. MAL. PEN. 5 (1925) 200.

Ischaemum ciliare RETz.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RIDLEy,
Mat. fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 160; VELDKAmp, Blumea 36 (1991) 180;
I. aristatum (non L.) Riw_.; RIDLEY, FL. MAL. Pen. 5 (1925) 203; BuRKILL, Dict.
(1935) 1253; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 351; —J. indicum auct.,
non (Houtt.) MErr.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 263.

Ischaemum magnum RENDLE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 158; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
200; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 261; —J. laeve Riwt.; Ripvey, Mat. Fl.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 158; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 201.

Ischaemum muticum L.; RIDcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 159; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 201;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1253; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 350;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 255.

Ischaemum rugosum SALIsB.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186;
Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 157; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
200; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1253; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 350;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 259.

Ischaemum timorense KuNnTH; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186;
RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 160; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
203; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 351; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya
3 (1971) 264; —J. macrurum STAPF ex RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 203.

1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

Leersia hexandra Sw.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 148; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 253;
Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1327; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 320;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 97.

Leptaspis urceolata (Roxs.) R. Br.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
185; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 150; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 255; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1333; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 307; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 47.

Leptochloa chinensis (L.) NEEs; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
175; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 249; Burk, Dict. (1935) 1333; GILLILAND,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 73.

Lepturus repens (Forst. f.) R. Br.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 182; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 254; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 83.

Lophatherum gracile BRoNGN.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
181; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 253; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 308; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 55; — L. lehmanni NEEs;
Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185.

Melinis repens (WILLD.) ZizKa; ZizKA, Fl: Zambesiaca 10(3) (1989) 116; —
Tricholaena rosea NEES; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 325; —
Rhynchelytrum repens (WiLLD.) C.E. Huss.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 150; Corlett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Mnesithea glandulosa (TRIN. ) KONING & SOSEF; VELDKAMP, DE KONING & SOSEF,
Blumea 31 (1986) 290; — Rottboellia glandulosa TRIn.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 161; —
Coelorachis glandulosa (TrRIn.) STAPF ex RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
204; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 618; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 347;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 270.

Mnesithea granularis (L.) Koninc & SosEF; VELDKAMP, DE KONING & SOSEF,
Blumea 31 (1986) 295; — Manisuris granularis L. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 163; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 205; BurkiLi, Dict. (1935)
1422; — Hackelochloa granularis (L.) O. Krze.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1953) 37; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 277.

Oryza rufipogon Grirr.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 100; DuisTERMAaT,
Blumea 32 (1987) 170; — O. fatua Kornic ex TRIN. var. longe-aristata RIDL.;
RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 252.

Ottochloa nodosa (KunTH) Danby; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 143;
— Panicum nodosum Kuntu; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185;
Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 137; — Hemigymnia multinodis
STAPF; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 228; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1138; —
Hemigymnia fusca Riwv.; Rivey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 228; BurKiLL, Dict.
(1935) 1138.

99

100

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

Panicum auritum Presv ex NEES; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 135; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
226; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1655; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 332;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 137; ZuBOAGA, ELLIs & Morrone, Ann.
Miss. Bot. Gards. 79 (1992) 791.

Panicum brevifolium L.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 329;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 139; — P. ovalifolium Porr.; RID.ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 141;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 227; —P. hirtifolium Rwwe.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 141; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 228.

Panicum cambogiense BALANSA; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 141; —
P. luzonense PRESL; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 136; — P. caesium NEEs; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 225; — P. tuberculatum PRESL; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1658.

Panicum maximum Jacq.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 140;
RIpDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 226; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1656; GILLILAND, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 132; Cor.etrt, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Panicum repens L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 139; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 225;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1657; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 330;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 135.

Panicum sarmentosum Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 140; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
227; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1657; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 332;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 139.

Paspalum conjugatum Berc.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 124; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
218; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1673; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 339;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 180; DE KoninG & Soser, Blumea 30 (1985)
290; Cor.eTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Paspalum dilatatum Porr.; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 1674; GILLILAND, Rev. FI.
Malaya 3 (1971) 183; DE KonING & Soser, Blumea 30 (1985) 293.

Paspalum longifolium Roxs.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 217; GILLILANb,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 182; DE Koninc & Soser, Blumea 30 (1985) 297; — P.
platycoleum Riwt.; RIpcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 217.

Paspalum orbiculare Forst. f.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 217; BurKILL,
Dict. (1935) 1674; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 184; DE Koninc & Soser,
Blumea 30 (1985) 299.

Paspalum scrobiculatum L.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 184;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 123; BurkiL, Dict. (1935) 1674;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 340; GiLLILANb, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 185; DE KoninG & Soser, Blumea 30 (1985) 302; —P. commersonii (non
LAMK.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 218.

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

Paspalum vaginatum Swartz; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1675; GILLILAND, Rev. FI.
Malaya 3 (1971) 182; DE Koninc & Soser, Blumea 30 (1985) 309; — P.
distichum (non L.) Riw_.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 124;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 218.

Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) ScHuLT.; TAN et a/., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992)
130.

Pennisetum purpureum SCHUMACH.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
325; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 162; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Perotis indica (L.) O. Ktze.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1696; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 319; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 113; —P. latifolia
Arr.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 149; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 243.

Phragmites vallatoria (PLUK. ex L.) VELDKAMp, Blumea 37 (1992) 233; — P.
Karka (REtTz.) TRIN. ex STEUD.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 175:
— P. communis (non Trin.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 240; BurkiLL,
Dict. (1935) 1715; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 309.

Pogonatherum paniceum (LAMkK.) HAcK.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1953)
37; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 251; — P. saccharoideum P. BEavv.;
Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 154; Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
195; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 348; —P. crinitum apud BurKILL;
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1780.

Polytrias indica (Houtt.) VELDK., BLUMEA 36 (1991) 180; — P. praemorsa
(NEES) HAcK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 164; — Eulalia praemorsa (NEES) STAPF ex RIDL.:
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 197; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 975; — P. amaura
(Beuse) O. Ktze.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 348; GiLLILaNnp,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 244.

Saccharum arundinaceum Revz.; Ridl. Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 153; Ripey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 193; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1924; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 344; GILLiLaNnp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 226.

Saccharum spontaneum L.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 224; Cor.etr,
J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Sacciolepis indica (L.) CHAsE; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 334;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 152; — Panicum indicum L.; Rw ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 134:
— §. angusta (non Starr) Ripu.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 232; BurkKILL,
Dict. (1935) 1940, — S. turgida Riwv.; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 231;
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1941.

Sacciolepis myosuroides (R. Br.) A. Camus; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 232:
Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1941; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 335;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 152; — Panicum myosuroides R. Br.;
R.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
3 (1907) 134.

101

102

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

Schizachyrium sanguineum (ReTz.) ALSTON; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 289; — Andropogon pseudograyia STEUD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 186; — Andropogon hirtiflorus (non KUNTH) RIDL.; Rid]. Met. Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 166; — S. semiberbe NEEs; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 210; BurkiLL,
Dict. (1935) 1975.

Schizostachyum gracile (Munro) Hottt.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971)
39; — S. tenue GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 194;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 268; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1977; —S. chilianthum
Kurz; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 194; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 269; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1977.

Schizostachyum latifolium GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 196; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 270; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1977;
DRANSFIELD, Kew Bull. 38 (1983) 331; — Ochlandra ridleyi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 187; RipLey, Mat.Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)
197; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 272; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1567; — S.
longispiculatum auct., non (KURZ ex MuNRO) Kurz; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 270; BurRKILL, Dict. (1953) 1977; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 40.

Schizostachyum zolleringi STEUD.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 195; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 269; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1978;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 41.

Setaria barbata (LAMK.) KUNTH; TAN ef al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 130.

Setaria palmifolia (KOEN.) STAPF; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 1999; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 324; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 157; —
Panicum plicata (non LAMK.) RipL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3
(1907) 136; — S. plicata (non CooKE) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 236.

Setaria pumila (Porr.) ROEM. & SCHULT.; CLAYTON, Fl. Zambesiaca 10(3) (1989)
100: — S. glauca (non BEAUV.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
185; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 144; —S. rubiginosa (STEvD.)
Miq.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 234: —S. geniculata (non BEAUV.) BURKILL;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1999, Henperson, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 323; —S.
pallide-fusca (ScHuM.) STAPF & HuBs.; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malayas 3 (1971)
159.

Sorghum propinquum (KuntH) Hitcu.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956)
28; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 229; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663;
— §. affine sensu Rw .; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 195.

Sphaerocaryum malaccense (TRIN.) PILGER; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 317; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 126; — S. elegans NEEs ex
STEUD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 170; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 241.

1105a Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. var. flaccidus (R. & S.) VELDKAMP; BAAUENS &

VELDKAMP, Blumea 35 (1991) 433; —S. indicus R. Br.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 171; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 244: HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 318 —S.
diandrus (RetTz.) P. BEAuV.; RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 170:
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 244: BurkiL, Dict. (1935) 2069; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 318; GmLLiILanD, Rev. Fl. Malaya3 (1971) 106 (“diander’’ ).

1105b Sporobolus indicus var. major (Buse) BAAUENS; BAAUENS & VELDKAMP, Blumea

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112
1113

1114

35 (1991) 437; — S. berteroanus (non Hitcu. & CHASE) BACKER & SLOOT.;:
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2069; — S. fertilis (STEUD.) W.D. CLAYTON; GILLILAND,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 106.

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) KUNTH; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 108;
BAAIENS & VELDKAMP, Blumea 35 (1991) 445.

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) BRONGN.; SINcLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1953)
37; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 205; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Themeda arguens (L.) Hack.; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 212; BurKILL,
Dict. (1935) 2146; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 351; GILLILAND,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 300; — Anthistiria arguens WILLD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 168.

Themeda villosa (Porr.) A. CAMus; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 212: BuRKILL,
Dict. (1935) 2147; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 352; GILLILAND,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 301; —Anthistiria gigantea HAcK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 186 (var. villosa Hack.); Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 3 (1907) 169.

Thuarea involuta (Forst.) R. Br. ex Roem. & SCHULT.; GILLILAND, Rev. FI.
Malaya 3 (1971) 207; —T. sarmentosa Prrs.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 185; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 146; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 236; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2157; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 335.

Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxp. ex HorNEM.) HonpA; BAAUENS & VELDKAMP,
Blumea 35 (1991) 451; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 130; —T. agrostis
Nees; Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 143; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 241; — T. maxima (Roxs.) O.K1ze.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 2160;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 321; GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3
(1971) 45;.

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.; GmLLiLanp, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 309.

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) NAsH; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 2228; GILLILAND, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 232; — V. odorata VirEy; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
208.

Zoysia matrella (L.) MerR.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 318;
GILLILAND, Rev. Fl. Malaya 3 (1971) 109; Goupswaarp, Blumea 26 (1980) 171;
—Z. pungens WILLD.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 185; Ripey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 149; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 243.

103

104

i Ie

1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

2

1123

1124

14,25

1126

GUTTIFERAE

Calophyllum biflorum HENpb. & Wyatt-SmitH; WuiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 176; Stevens, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 472; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
48.

Calophyllum calaba L. var. bracteatum (WicuT) P.F. STEVENS; STEVENS, J.
Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 261; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48.

Calophyllum costulatum HEnp. & Wyatt-SmitH; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 173; STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 470; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
48.

Calophyllum dispar P.F. STEveNs; STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 524; KEna,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 48.

Calophyllum ferrugineum RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 184; WuiTmMorg,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 180; Stevens, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 459; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; —C. retusum WALL. ex Cuotsy; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 47; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 184.

Calophyllum inophyllum L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 48;
RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 186; WuiTmMoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 186;
STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 324; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 350;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48.

Calophyllum lanigerum Mig. var. austrocoriaceum (T.C. WuiTMore) P.F.
STEVENS; STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 358; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 48;
— C. austrocoriaceum WHITMORE; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 174.

Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
48; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 187; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 187;
STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 452; KeNa, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48.

Calophyllum pulcherrimum WALL. ex Cuoisy; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 47; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 182; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 181; Stevens, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 395; KEeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
48.

Calophyllum rigidum Mia.; Stevens, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 294; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; —C. kunstleri KiNG; RD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 182, p.p.;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 187.

Calophyllum rubiginosum HEnp. & Wyatt-SmitH; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 189; Stevens, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 638; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
48; — C. wallichianum auct. non PLANCH. & TRIANA; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 48; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 187, p.p..

Calophyllum rufigemmatum Henp. & Wyatt-SMitTH; STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61
(1980) 350; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; — C. wallichianum auct. non
PLANCH. & TRIANA; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 193, p.p.

1127

1128
1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

Calophyllum soulattri Burm. 7; WxiTmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 192:
STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 277; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; — C.
spectabile auct. non WILLD.; Rwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 47; RiDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 185, p.p..

Calophyllum sp. 151; Stevens, J. Am. Arb. 61 (1980) 626.

Calophyllum sundaicum P.F. Stevens; Stevens, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 467;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; — C. retusum auct. non WALL. ex CHOISY:
Wuirtmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 188.

Calophyllum tetrapterum Mig.; Stevens, J. Am. Arb. 61 (1980) 506; KEN,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; — C. floribundum Hook. f.; Rwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. I
(1922) 184, p.p.; WuriTmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 180, p_p.; — C_ foetidum
RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 186, p._p.; — C. lanceola Rw..; R.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 182; — C. praineanum Kina; RDLEyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922)
183; — C. venustum KiNG; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 186.

Calophyllum teysmannii Miq.; Stevens, J. Am. Arb. 61 (1980) 432; KENe,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; — C. inophylloide (non KiNG) RwL.; RDLey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 47; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 186, p.p.; — C.
inophylloide KING var. singapurense HENDERSON & Wyatt-SMITH; WHITMORE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 186.

Calophyllum wallichianum PLancu. & Tr. var. incrassatum (HENDERSON &
Wyatt-Smitu) P.F. Stevens; STEVENS, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 294: Kenc, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 48; — C. griffithii (non Kinc) Rwwe.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 48; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 187; — C. incrassatum
HENDERSON & WyYATT-SMITH; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 183.

Garcinia atroviridis Grirr. & T. ANpDerRs.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 47; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 173; BurxiL, Dict. (1935) 1047;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 314; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
206; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 353; Kene, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48.

Garcinia bancana (Mig.) Mig.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 47;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 174; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 314:
Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 206; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
353; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48.

Garcinia eugeniaefolia WALL. ex T. ANDeRs.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 46; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 169; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 210; Kene, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 48.

Garcinia forbesii Kinc; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 47; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 175; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 316; Wuitmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 211; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 355; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 48.

105

106

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

Garcinia griffithii T. ANDerRs.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 47;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 174; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 317;
Wuitmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 211; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
356; Kenc, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 49.

Garcinia hombroniana Pierre; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 46;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 171; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 318;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 212; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
357; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 49.

Garcinia nervosa Mig.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 47; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 179; CorNgErR, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 318; WuirmorgE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 217; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 357; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 49.

Garcinia nigrolineata PLANCH. ex T. ANDERS.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 47; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 176; CorNgR, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 319; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 218; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 358; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 49; — G. kunstleri KiNG; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 177.

Garcinia parvifolia (Mig.) Mia.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 47;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 177; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 319;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 219; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
358; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 49; — G. globulosa RiD-.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 176.

Garcinia pyrifera Rip_.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 180; WuiTMore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 220.

Garcinia rostrata (HAssk.) Mia.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 46;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 169; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 220;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 49.

Garcinia scortechinii KING; WuiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 221; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 49; — G. gaudichaudii PLANCH. & TRIANA; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 177; Burk, Dict. (1935) 1049; Corner, Ways. Trees Isted.
(1940) 317; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 356.

Mesua elegans (KING) KosterM.; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 229; —
Kayea elegans KiNG; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 191; —Kayea caudata KING;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 191.

HALORAGACEAE

Haloragis chinensis (Lour.) MERR.; KENG, Mal. Nat. J. 23 (1970) 123; VAN DER
MEUDEN & Caspers, Fl. Males. 17' (1971) 243; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 85.

1147

1148

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

HANGUANACEAE

Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merr.; BACKER, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 249; Kena,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 125 — Susum anthelminticum BL. ex R. & S.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 131; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 369; BurkKiLL, Dict. (1935) 2109; —
Susum malayanum PLANCH. ex Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 132; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 369: BurkmiLL, Dict. (1935) 2109:
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 207.

HERNANDIACEAE

Hernandia nymphaeifolia (PResL) Kupitzki; Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 245:
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 363; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 20; —
H. peltata MEIssn.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 138; BurkmiLi, Dict. (1935)
1141; — H. ovigera L.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 323.

Illigera trifoliata (GrirrF.) DuNN.; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 247; KENc,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 20; —/. appendiculata (non BL.) Kinc; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 80; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 139; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 445.

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Blyxa alternifolia (Mig.) HartoG; DEN Hartos, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 392:
Kenc, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 114; — Enhydrias angustipetala RWL.:
RIp.Ley, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 4; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
4.

Blyxa auberti Ricu.; DEN Hartoa, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 390; Kenc, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 40 (1987) 114; — B. malayana Rw .; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 4: RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 3: HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 7.

Enhalus acoroides (L. 7.) RoyLeE; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 10;
DEN Hartoe, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 402; pen Hartoc, The Sea-grasses of the
World (1970) 215; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 114; — E. koenigii Ricu.:
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 152: Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 6, RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 4.

Halophila beccarrii AsCHERS.; DEN HArToG, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 411: DEN
Hartoa, The Sea-grasses of the World (1970) 261.

Halophila minor (ZoLL.) HAartoG; SAcHET & FosBerG, Taxon 22 (1973) 439:
DEN HarToo, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 410; Kenc, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 114:
— H. ovata GAUD.; DEN HarToG, The Sea-grasses of the World (1970) 251; —

107

108

L155

1156

[id7

1158

£159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 11;
DEN Hartoa, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 408; pen Hartoa, The Sea-grasses of the
World (1970) 240; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 114; — H. ovata (non
Gaup.) ASCHERS.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 152; Riptey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 6; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 4.

Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) AscHers.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956)
30; DEN Hartoc, FI. Males. 1 5* (1958) 412; pEN Hartoc, The Sea-grasses of the
World (1970) 263; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 114.

Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) RoyLe; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 152;
RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 3; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
1; DEN Hartoa, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 385; Cook & LUOND, Aquatic Botany 13
(1982) 485; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 114.

Thalassia hemprichii (EHRENB.) ASCHERS.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1953) 35; DEN Hartoa, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 406; DEN HartoG, The Sea-grasses
of the World (1970) 232; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 114.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) VAHL; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 438; BurKILL,
Dict. (1935) 1213; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 308; Backer, FI.
Males. I 4° (1951) 207; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 174.

HY PERICACEAE

Cratoxylum arborescens (VAHL) BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
46; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 153; GoGELEIN, Blumea 15 (1967) 471;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 248; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
365; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 47.

Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) BL.; GOGELEIN, Blumea 15 (1967) 463;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 251; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
365; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 47; — C. polyanthum Kortu.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 46; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 152; — C.
ligustrinum (SPACH) BL.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 327.

Cratoxylum formosum (JAck) Dyer; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
46; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 153; GoceELemn, Blumea 15 (1967) 467;
KOcCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 251; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
365; KenG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 47.

Cratoxylum maingayi Dyer; GoGELEIN, Blumea 15 (1967) 470.

Hypericum japonicum Tuuns. ex Murray; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 46; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 152; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 35; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 248; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 47.

1165

1166

1167

HY POXIDACEAE

Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) KUNTZE; GEERINCK, fl. Males. I 11° (1993) 367; —
C.recurvata DRYAND.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166; Ripey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (12907) 65; Riptey, fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 299: Keng,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 121.

Curculigo latifolia DryaNnp.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166:
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 66; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
300; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 167: Geerinck, FI. Males. I 11°
(1993) 369; —C. villosa WALL. ex Kurz; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
166; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 66; Rip.ey, fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 300; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 121.

ICACINACEAE

Cantleya corniculata (BEcc.) Howarp; SLEuMER, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 51;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 110; — C. johorica Riwi.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 436; — Stemonurus corniculatus (BEcc.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 297.

1168a Gomphandra quadrifida (BL.) SLEUM. var. angustifolia (KING) SLEUM.; SLEUMER,

Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 34; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 111; — G.
lanceolata (Mast.) KinG; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61; — G.
lanceolata (Mast.) KING var. angustifolia KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
428.

1168b Gomphandra quadrifida var. ovalifolia (RIDL.) SLEUM.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I

1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

7’ (1971) 34; KocHuMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 111; — G. penangiana
WALL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61; — G. affinis (Miers) Mast-.;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 427.

Gonocaryum gracile Miq.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 17; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 113; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 126; G.
longeracemosum KinG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61; RipLeEyY, —
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 431; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1099.

Iodes ovalis BL.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 7! (1971) 68: KocHumMMeEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 109; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 126; —/. oblonga PLANCH.:
Rp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 435.

Iodes velutina KiNG; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61; RipDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. | (1922) 434; SLeuMER, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 72; KocHuMMen, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 109; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 126.

Phytocrene bracteata WaLL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61:
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 432; SLeumMeR, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 85:
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 109; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 126.

Platea latifolia BL.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 426; BurxmL, Dict. (1935)
1768; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. 17' (1971) 11; KocHuMMeN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978)
114; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 126.

109

110

1174

1175

1176

77

1178

1179

1180

1181

1182

Stemonurus malaccensis (MAst.) SLEUM.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 7! (1971) 60;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 117; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 126;
— §. capitatus BEcc.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 431; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935)
2074.

Stemonurus scorpioides BeEcc.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 296; BurkiLL,
Dict. (1935) 2074; SLEUMER, FI. Males. I 7' (1971) 58; KocHummMen, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 117; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 126; — Lasianthera
secundiflora [non (BL.) Miq.] KING; RID.Ley, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61;
— §. secundiflorus (non Bu.) RID_.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 430.

IRIDACEAE

Trimezia martinicensis (JACQ.) HERBERT; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 168; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 123; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988)
663.

IXONANTHACEAE

Ixonanthes icosandra JAck; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 55; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 325; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 221; CockBurn,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 307; Koot, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 625; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 256; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 94.

Ixonanthes reticulata JAck; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 55; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 326; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 221; CockBuRN,
Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 307; Koo , Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 626; CorNgr, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 256; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 94.

JUGLANDACEAE

Engelhardtia serrata BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149; JAcoss,
Fl. Males. I 6' (1960) 150; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 236; CorNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 370; KEN, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 66; — E. wallichiana
[non (LINDL. ex WALL.) DC.] Rip.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149;
— E. nudiflora Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 369; Corner, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 333.

LABIATAE

Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Krze.; KENG, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 328; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 196; —A. ovata R. Br.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
125; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 649.

Hyptis brevipes Porr.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125; Ripcey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 645; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 390; KENa, FI.
Males. I 8? (1977) 369; Cor.etrT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KeNnG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 196.

Hyptis capitata Jacg.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 391; Kena, Fl.
Males. I 8* (1977) 369; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 196.

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Porr.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 124;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 645; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 391;
KENG, FI. Males. I 8? (1977) 371; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 197.

Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) Arr.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125;
SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 34; Kena, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 335;
Cor.etTrt, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 197 “nepetaefolia” .

Leonurus sibiricus L.; Rm.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 651; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 389; KENc, FI.
Males. I 8? (1977) 336; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 197.

Leucas linifolia SPRENG.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 197; — L. lavendulifolia J. E. SM.; RD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 651; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1338; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959)
393; Kena, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 338.

Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 650; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1338; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 392; KENG, Fl. Males. 1 8? (1977) 336; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 197.

Ocimum americanum L.; Ken, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 376; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 197; —O. canum Sms; RDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 644; BurKILL,
Dict. (1935) 1574.

Ocimum basilicum L.; RID.Ley, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 643; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 395; KENa, FI.
Males. I 8? (1977) 377; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 197.

Ocimum tenuiflorum L.; Kena, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 378; Press & SIVARAJAN,
Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Bot.) 19 (1989) 116; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
197; — O. sanctum L.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 643; BurKILL, Dict. (1935)
fz:

Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.; Kena, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 389:
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 197; — Coleus atropurpureus BENTH.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 124; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 646; BurKILL,
Dict. (1935) 635; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 396; — Coleus blumei
BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 646, BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 635; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 396; — Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Copp;
SMITH, FI. Vit. Nov. 5 (1991) 222.

Pogostemon auricularius (L.) HAssk.; KENG, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 356; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 198; Dysophylla auricularia (L.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 1—25; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 648; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 393.

111

112

1193

1194

1195

1196

F197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204

LAURACEAE

Actinodaphne glomerata (BL.) Nees; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 108;
KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 104; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18.

Actinodaphne macrophylla (BL.) NEEs; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
105; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18; —A. maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 108; Corner, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 345; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 382.

Actinodaphne malaccensis Hook. f.; RipLtey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 108;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 105; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18; —
A. hullettii GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 110; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 18.

Actinodaphne pruinosa NEEs; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 110 (incl. var. kunstleri GAMBLE); KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 106; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 18.

Alseodaphne bancana Miaq.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 98; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 111; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18; — A. decipiens
Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131.

Alseodaphne intermedia KosTERMANS, Candollea 28 (1973) 113; KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 113.

Alseodaphne nigrescens (GAMBLE) KOSTERMANS; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya
4 (1989) 114; — Dehaasia nigrescens GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
88; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Beilschmiedia kunstleri GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 83; KoCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 120; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18.

Beilschmiedia madang BL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 120; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18; — B. malaccensis Hook. f.; RioLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 130; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 83; — B. curtisii GAMBLE;
Rip.ey, Fi. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 84; — B. scortechinii Gamble; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 84.

Cassytha filiformis L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 137; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 444; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 102; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18.

Cinnamomunm iners REINwW. ex BL.; RIpvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 92 (incl. var. angustifolium RIDL.); CORNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 377; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 126; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18; — C. nitidum BL.; Rwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 131; — C. paraneuron Mig.; Riwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 92.

Cinnamomum javanicum BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130;
RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 94; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 378;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 126; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18.

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

Cinnamomum subavenium Miq.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 131;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 18; — C. ridleyi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 93.

Cryptocarya caesia BL.; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 81; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 133; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18.

Cryptocarya ferrea BL.; Riwtey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 79; KocHuMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 134; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18.

Cryptocarya griffithiana WiGuT; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 77; KocHuMMeEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 134;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 18.

Cryptocarya impressa Mia.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130;
RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 78; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 135;
KEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Cryptocarya kurzii Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 80; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 135; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 19; — C. argentea
GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 81.

Cryptocarya rugulosa Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 78; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 136.

Dehaasia incrassata (JACK) KOsTERM.; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
380; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 139; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
19; — D. microcarpa BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 87.

Lindera lucida (BL.) BoeRL.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 383:
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 146; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19; —
L. malaccensis Hook. f.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 133; — L. selangorensis RiDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 134.

Litsea accedens (BL.) BoERL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 151;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 19; — L. singaporensis GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 122.

Litsea castanea Hook. f.; KOSTERMANS, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 89; KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 152; — L. quercina GAMBLE, RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 131.

Litsea cordata Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 118; KocHumMen, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 154; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Litsea costalis (BL.) KosTERM.; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 384;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 154; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19; —
Alseodaphne costalis NEES; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131; —L.
megacarpa GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 127.

113

114

1218

219

1220

bz)

i222

1223

1224

{225

1226

1227

1228

1229

1230

Litsea costata (BL.) BOERL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 154; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19; — L. perakensis GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 122; — L. kunstleri GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 125; — L.
patellaris GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 123; —L. pustulata GAMBLE;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 122.

Litsea elliptica BL.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 156; KENG, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 19; —L. petiolata Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
132; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 119.

Litsea erectinervia KosTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 156;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Litsea ferruginea BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 129; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 156; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 19; — L. griffithii GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 129.

Litsea firma Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 116; CorNgEr, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 385; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 156; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 19.

Litsea gracilipes Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 130; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 158.

Litsea grandis Hook. f.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131; RiDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 115; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 385; KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 158; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Litsea lanceolata (BL.) KosTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 159;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19; — L. sarawacensis GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 130.

Litsea lancifolia (Roxs.) Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 130; MAXWELL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 195; KocHuMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 160;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Litsea machilifolia GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 126; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 160; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Litsea myristicaefolia (WALL. ex NEES) Hook. f.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 131; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 125; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 385; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 161; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 19.

Litsea ridleyi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 120; MAxweLL, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 195; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Litsea robusta BL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 129; KocHumMMegn, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 163; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

1231

$252

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr.; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 385;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 166; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19;
L. amara BL.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 117.

Neolitsea zeylanica (NEES) MErR.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 132; CorNgr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 386; KocHUMMeEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 169;
Litsea zeylanica NEES; RILey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132.

Nothaphoebe coriacea KosTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 170;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19.

Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (BL.) BL.; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 101;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 172; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19;
Alseodaphne umbelliflora (Bu.) Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
tr.

Persea declinata (BL.) KOSTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 173;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 19; — Phoebe declinata NEEs; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 131; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 104.

Phoebe grandis Merr.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 176; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 19; — P. opaca BL.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 131; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 105 (incl. var. cuspidata GAMBLE); —
P. cuneata Bu.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 106; — P. kunstleri GAMBLE;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 105.

LECYTHIDACEAE

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz; WuitMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 258;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 391; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79;
B. speciosa Forst.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 83; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 756.

Barringtonia conoidea Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 83;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 757; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 258;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 391; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79.

Barringtonia macrostachya (JAcK) Kurz; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 758;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 260; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
392; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79; — B. cylindrostachya Grirr.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 83.

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) SprRENG.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 757;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 259; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
392; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 80; — B. inclyta Miers; Rwwcey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 83.

Barringtonia reticulata (BL.) Mig.; WHiTMore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 260;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 392; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 80;
B. sumatrana Miq.; RIwDcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 758; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 356.

115

116

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249
1250

1251

Planchonia grandis RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 760; WHiTmorg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 264; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 80; — Careya n. sp.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 83.

LEEACEAE

Leea aequata L.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 486; RipspaLg, Fl. Males. I 74
(1976) 775; LatirF, CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 757; Tree Fl. Malaya
4 (1989) 481; — L. robusta (non Roxs.) Rw. RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 65, RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 486.

Leea angulata Kortu. ex Miq.; RIpvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65;
Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 485; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 97;
RIDSDALE, Fl. Males. I 7* (1976) 772; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 757;
Latirr, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 481, Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118.

Leea indica (Burm. f.) MERR.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 97; RipsDALE,
Fl. Males. I 7* (1976) 779; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 758; Latirr, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 482; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118; — L. sambucina
WILLD.; RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65 (incl. var. biserrata); RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 484; — L. javanica (non BL.) KiNG; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 486.

Leea rubra BL. ex SpRENG.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 485; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 97; RipsDALE, FI.
Males. I 7* (1976) 776; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 758; Latirr, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 482; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 118.

LEGUMINOSAE

Abrus precatorius L.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 558; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 85; Cor.etrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 31.

Acacia auriculiformis A. CUNN. ex BENTH.; CorLeTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 448; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31;
NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 58.

Acacia concinna (WILLD.) A. DC.; Nrecsen, Fl. Males. I 11! (1992) 48.

Acacia kekapur I. Nie_s.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31; NigLsEn, Fl. Males.
111! (1992) 50; —A. pseudointsia Miq.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
76; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 657.

Adenanthera malayana KosTERMANS; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 170; —
A. bicolor auctt., non Moon; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 76; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 654; WuitmMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 276; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 450; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31.

$252

1253
1254

1255

1256

| aa

1258

1259

1260

1261

Adenanthera pavonina L.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 76; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 653; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 276; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 450; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31; NiELsen, FI.

‘Males. I 11! (1992) 173.

Aeschynomene americana L.; TAN et a/., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 130.

Aeschynomene indica L.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 602; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 82; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31.

Albizia pedicellata BAKER ex BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
76; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 659; WuitmMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 279;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 453; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31;
NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11! (1992) 78.

Albizia retusa BENTH.; WHiTMorRE, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 280; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 454; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31; NreLsen, FI.
Males. I 11! (1992) 80; —A. littoralis T. & B.; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 76; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 659.

Albizia splendens Miq.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31; NrELsEn, Fl. Males. I
11' (1992) 83; — Pithecellobium confertum BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 77; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 661; Pithecellobium
splendens (MiQ.) CORNER; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 287; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 465.

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.; Rioiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73 (incl.
var. nummularifolius); RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 604; HENDERsoN, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 90; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31; —A. nummularifolius
DC.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 604.

Archidendron clypearia (JACK) I. Nre_s.; NIELSEN, Fl. Thail. 4 (1985) 208;
NIELSEN, FI. Males. I 11! (1992) 97; — Pithecellobium clypearia (JACK) BENTH.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 64;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 284; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
462; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37; — Pithecellobium angulatum BENTH.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 664;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 462.

Archidendron contortum (Marrt.) Niexs.; NIELSEN, Fl. Thail. 4 (1985) 211;
NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 100; — Pithecellobium contortum Makrt.;
Rwp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 664;
Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 285; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
462; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37.

Archidendron ellipticum (BL.) Niets.; NIELSEN, Fl. Thail. 4 (1984) 215;
NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 100; — Pithecellobium ellipticum (BL.) Hassk.;
Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 662;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 286; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
463; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 38.

117

118

1262

1263

1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

1269

1270

127]

Ag:

Archidendron globosum (BL.) Nre_s., Adansonia 19 (1979) 18; NIELSEN, FI.
Males. I 11! (1992) 104; — Pithecellobium affine BAKER ex BENTH.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 662; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1759; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 418; — Pithecellobium globosum (BL.) KOSTERM.; WHITMORE, Tree FI.
Malaya | (1972) 286; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 464; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 38.

Archidendron jiringa (JACK) NieLs.; NIELSEN, Fl. Thail. 4 (1985) 218; NieLsen,
Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 106; — Pithecellobium lobatum BENtTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 661;—Pithecellobium
Jiringa (JACK) PRAIN; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 286; CorNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 464; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 38.

Archidendron microcarpum (BentuH.) NigELs., Adansonia 19 (1979) 17; NIELSEN,
Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 109; — Pithecellobium microcarpum BENTH.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 77; RiD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 663; WuiTMorE,
Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 287; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 464; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 38.

Bauhinia semibifida Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 627; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 32.

Caesalpinia bonduc Roxs. emend. DANDY & EXELL; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 649; HatTINK, Reinwardtia 9 (1974) 17; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 32.

Caesalpinia crista L.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 32; HatTink,
Reinwardtia 9 (1974) 20; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 32; — C. nuga Arr.;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 650.

Caesalpinia sumatrana Roxs.; HatTTink, Reinwardtia 9 (1974) 56; —
Mezoneuron sumatranum (Roxs.) W. & A. ex Mia.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 75; Rww.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 647; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
36.

Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxs.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 651; Hattink, Reinwardtia 9 (1974) 57;— ?C. globulorum
non Baku. f. & VAN ROYEN; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 32.

Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 32.

Canavalia cathartica THou.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33; —C. obtusifolia
(non DC.) PRAIN; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 71; —C. turgida GRaAH.
ex A. Gray; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 573; — C. microcarpa (DC.) PIPER;
HENpDeERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 89.

Canavalia maritima (AuBL.) THou.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33; — C.
lineata (non DC.) PRAIN; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 71; — C.
obtusifolia (LAM.) DC.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 572; — C. rosea (Sw.)
DC.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 88; Rupp, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 7
(1991) 274.

1273

1274

275

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281
1282

1283

1284

1285

Debate rages over whether maritima or rosea is the correct epithet for this taxon.

Centrosema plumieri (Turp. ex Pers.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 70; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 615; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 33.

Centrosema pubescens BENTH.; CorLETT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662.

Chamaecrista nictinans (L.) MoeNcu; Lock, Legumes of Africa (1989) 32; —
Cassia lechenaultiana DC.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 619; — Cassia aeschinomene DC. ex COLLAD.; RuDD, Rev.
Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 7 (1991) 88.

Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) GREENE; Lock, Legumes of Africa (1989) 32;
— Cassia mimosoides L.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 619; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 97; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 33.

Clitoria laurifolia Poir.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 72; Cor err, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33; — C. cajanaefolia
(PRESL) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 569.

Clitoria ternatea L.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70; RmpLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 569; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 73; Cortetrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 33.

Crotalaria bialata SCHRANK; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33; — C. alata
Bucu.-Ham. ex G. Don; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 560; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 67.

Crotalaria incana L.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 562; SincLair, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 14 (1953) 31; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 34.

Crotalaria juncea L.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34.

Crotalaria pallida Air.; POLHILL, Crotalaria in Africa & Madagascar (1982)
184; —C. saltiana (non ANDR.) PRAIN ex KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 70; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 562; — C. mucronata DEsv.; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34.

Crotalaria quinquefolia L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 563; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 72; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34.

Crotalaria retusa L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 561; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 68; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 34.

Cynometra ramiflora L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 635; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 731; Wuitmore, Tree FI.
Malaya 1 (1972) 254; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 434; Kena, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 34.

119

120

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

ae bed

1292

£293

1294

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

Dalbergia candenatensis (DENNST.) PRAIN; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34; —
D. torta GRAH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 591.

Dalbergia hullettii PRAIN; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73; RipDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 590; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34.

Dalbergia junghuhnii BEnTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72 (incl.
var. scortechinii); KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34; — D. scortechinii BENTH.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 589; — D. stercoracea MAING.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 589.

Dalbergia parviflora Roxs.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 589; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 34.

Dalbergia rostrata Hassk.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 590; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 34; — D. pseudosissoo Migq.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 73.

Dalbergia velutina BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 592; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34.

Derris amoena BENTH. var. maingayana (BAKER) PRAIN; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 597; MAxweE tL, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 36 (1983) 231; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 34.

Derris heptaphylla (L.) Merr.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34; — D. sinuata
BENTH. ex THw.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 594; — Aganope heptaphylla (L.) POLHILL, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 268.

Derris scandens (Roxs.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 595; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 34.

Derris thyrsiflora (BENTH.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 594; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34; —Aganope
thyrsiflora (BENTH.) POLHILL, Kew Bulletin 25 (1971) 268.

Derris trifoliata Lour.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 34; —D. uliginosa (ROxB.
ex WILLD.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72; Ripiey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 595.

Desmanthus virgatus (L.) WILLD.; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 213; TAN et
al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 130.

Desmodium caudatum (THuns.) DC.; KNAAP-vAN MEEUWEN, Reinwardtia 6
(1962) 248; Onasui, Ginkgoana | (1973) 91; — D. laburnifolium (Potr.) DC.;
RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 608; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 23;
Cor-ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662.

Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC.; HENpERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 80;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 35; — D. polycarpum (Potr.) DC.; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73 (incl. var. ovalifolia); RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
609; — D. ovalifolium WALL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 610; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 76.

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304

1305
1306

1307

1308

1309

1310

1311

1312

LES

1314

Desmodium heterophyllum (WILLD.) DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 73; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 606; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 75; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 35.

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.; Ri ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 606; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 74;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 35.

Desmodium umbellatum (L.) DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 607; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 406;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 35; — Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) BENTH.;
OunasuI, Ginkgoana | (1973) 82.

Dialium indum L.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 622; Wuitmoreg, Tree FI.
Malaya 1 (1972) 259; — D. laurinum Baker; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 74; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 622; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 260; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 35.

Dialium maingayi Baker; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 622; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 260; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 35.

Dialium patens BAKER; WuHiTMoRE, Tree FI. Malaya | (1972) 260.

Dialium platysepalum Baker; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 623; WuiTMorE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 261; — D. wallichii PRain; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 623; Wuirmorg, Tree FI.
Malaya 1 (1972) 261; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 35.

Dioclea hexandra (RALPH) MABBERLEY var. javanica (BENTH.) DEN HENGST; —

Dioclea reflexa Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 571.

Entada spiralis Rip-.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 655; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 35; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I
11! (1992) 180.

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) Air. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 565; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 63;
— Moghania strobilifera (L.) St. Hit. ex JAcKSON; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
36.

Indigofera hirsuta L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 71; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 580; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 84; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 35.

Indigofera spicata Forsk.; DE Kort & TuusseE, Blumea 30 (1984) 132.

Indigofera suffruticosa MILL.; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 32;
Cor.etTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 35.

Indigofera tinctoria L.; Rip_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 581; Burkitt, Dict.
(1935) 1259; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 36.

Indigofera zollingeriana Mig.; DE Kort & Tuusse, Blumea 30 (1984) 132.

121

122

1315

1316

1317

1318

1319

1320

i321

1322

1325

1324

1325

1326

Intsia bijuga (CoLeBR.) O. Krze.; WHiTMorE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 262;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 438; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 36; —
Afzelia retusa Kurz; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. | (1922) 639; —Afzelia bijuga A. Gray; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 639.

Koompassia malaccensis MAING. ex BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 620; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 265; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 439; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 36.

Kunstleria ridleyi PRAIN; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 600; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 36.

Leucaena leucocephala (LmMk.) DE Wit; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
456; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 36; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11! (1992) 182; —
L. glauca BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 76; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (19227 653.

Millettia atropurpurea (WALL.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 72; WuiTMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 296; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 413; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 36; — Adinobotrys atropurpureus
(WALL.) DUNN; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 587; — Whitfordiodendron
pubescens (CRAIB) BURKILL; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 2256.

Millettia eriantha BENTu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 71; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 36; — Adinobotrys erianthus (BENTH.) DUNN; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 586.

Millettia maingayi BAKER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 36; — Padebruggea maingayi (BAKER) DuNN; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 587.

Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) O. Kuntze; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 184;
— M. sepiaria BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 76; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 656; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 103; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 36.

Mimosa diplotricha C. WricHt ex SAUVALLE; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992)
184; — M. invisa auct., non Mart. ex CoLLA; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 36.

Mimosa pigra L.; Corett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 36; NieLsen, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 185.

Mimosa pudica L.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 76; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 656; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 102; Cor ert, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 36; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11!
(1992) 185.

Mucuna gigantea (WILLD.) DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 71;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 577; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37.

1327

1328

1329

1330

1331

1332

1333

1334

1335

1336

1337

1338

Neptunia oleracea Lour.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 76; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 653; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 101; CorLetr,
J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11' (1992) 189; —N. natans (L.
f.) Druce; KEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37.; —

Neptunia plena (L.) BentH.; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 36 (1983) 231;
Cor.eTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37; NIELSEN, FI.
Males. I 11! (1992) 214.

Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Lour.) Merr.; Rupp, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 7
(1991) 169; —O. glabrum Teyso. & BInn.; SINcLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14(1953)
32.

Ormosia bancana (Mig.) MerR.; WuHiTMore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 300;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 414; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 37;
O. parvifolia BAKER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 614.

Ormosia macrodisca BaK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 613; WuitmMore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 301; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37.

Ormosia sumatrana (Miq.) PRAIN; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)614; WuiTmoreE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 301; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37; — O.
microsperma BaKER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 614.

Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I. NIELSEN; NIELSEN, Fl. Males. I 11! (1992) 151;
— A. moluccana Miaq.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 76; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 659; — A. falcata (L.) BACKER; WuITMoRE, Tree Fl. Malaya
1 (1972) 277; — A. falcataria (L.) FosBERG; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 452; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 31.

Parkia speciosa Hassk.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 652; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 281; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 458; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 37; ForTUNE-
Hopkins, Fl. Males. I 11! (1992) 198.

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) BAcKER ex HEYNE; WuHiTMorE, Tree FI.
Malaya | (1972) 268; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 440; KeNG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 37; — P. ferrugineum (DEcNE.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 646.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 303;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 415; KENa, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 38; —
P. glabra VENT.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 72; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 593.

Pseudarthria viscida (L.) W. & A.; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 32;
Cor-etT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662.

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxs.) BENTH.; CorLETT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 38.

123

124

1339

1340

134]

1342

4343

1344

1345

1346

1347

1348

1349

1350
1351

Senna alata (L.) Roxs.; Lock, Legumes of Africa (1989) 36; — Cassia alata L.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 619;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 98; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 429; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33.

Senna hirsuta (L.) IRwin & BARNeEBy; Lock, Legumes of Africa (1989) 37; —
Cassia hirsuta L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 618; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 96; Cor ett, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33.

Senna obtusifolia (L.) T. & B.; Lock, Legumes of Africa (1989) 38; — Cassia
obtusifolia L.; RIDcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 618; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33.

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; Lock, Legumes of Africa (1989) 38; — Cassia
occidentalis L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 74; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 618; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 99; Cortett, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33.

Senna tora (L.) Roxs.; Lock, Legumes of Africa (1989) 40; — Cassia tora L.;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 618; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 99;
Cor ETT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KEeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 33.

Serianthes grandiflora BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 657; SINCLAIR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 39; Nrevsen, Fl. Thail. 4 (1985) 220; Nrecsen, FI.
Males. I 11' (1992) 160; — S. dilmyi Fosperc; WuitTMore, Tree Fl. Malaya |
(1972) 289; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 38.

Sesbania cannabina (ReETz.) PorreT; BurRBRIDGE, Aust. J. Bot. 13 (1965) 118.

Sindora wallichii Grau. ex BENTH.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 637; WuHiTmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 273;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 39; — S. intermedia (BAKER) PRAIN; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 75; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 638.

Spatholobus ferrugineus (ZoLL. & Mor.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 71; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)574; RippER-NUMAN & WIRIADINATA,
Reinwardtia 10 (1985) 170; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 39.

Spatholobus maingayi PRAIN ex KiNG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
71; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 575; RippER-NUMAN & WIRIADINATA,
Reinwardtia 10 (1985) 180; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 39.

Spatholobus ridleyi PRAIN ex Kin; Ribey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 71;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 575; RippER-NUMAN & WiRIADINATA, Reinwardtia
10 (1985) 194; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 39.

Stylosanthes guianensis (AuBL.) Sw.; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662.

Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.; Rupp, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 7 (1991) 180; —S.
sundaica TAvB.; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 39.

1352

1353

1354

1355

1356

1357

1358

1359

1360

1361

1362

Tephrosia noctiflora Boyer ex BAKER; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 2132: BosMAN &
pe Haas, Blumea 28 (1983) 458; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662: — T.
hookeriana W. & A.: Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 71: — T.
subamoena PRAIN; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 581.

Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 602: HENDERsoNn, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 65;
Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 39.

Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 87; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 39; — V. retusa (E. MEYER) WALP.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 70; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 568.

Vigna unguiculata (L.) WaALP.; Coretr, J. Biogeog. 19 (1992) 427.

Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 73; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 601; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 91; CorLetr,
J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 39.

LEMNACEAE

Lemna perpusilla Torrey; VAN DER PLas, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 230; — L.
paucicostata HEGELM.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179, RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 52; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 132:
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 210.

Lemna tenera Kurz; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 132: Ripiey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 52; VAN DER Pias, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 235: — L. sp.
near L. trisulca Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179,

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) SCHLEID.; VAN DER PLas, Fl. Males. 17' (1971) 224; —
L. polyrhiza L.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179, Riptey, Mat. Fl.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 53; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 132.

Wolffia globosa (Roxs.) HartoG & PLAS; VAN DER Pas, Fl. Males. 17‘ (1971)
236; — W. arrhiza (non WIMMER) MarTENs; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 179, RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907) 53; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 132; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 210.

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Utricularia aurea Lour.; Taytor, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 296; — U. flexuosa
VAHL; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
491; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 336.

Utricularia bifida L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119: Riptey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 492; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 337; Taytor, FI.
Males. I 8? (1977) 281; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 181.

Nn

126

1363

1364

1365

1366

1367

1368

1369

1370

137]

Utricularia caerulea L.; Taytor, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 287; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 181; — U. racemosa WALL. ex WALP.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 119; — U. albina Ripi.; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 493; — U.
ophirensis RiDt.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 495.

Utricularia gibba L.; TAyLor, The Genus Utricularia (1989) 572; — U. exoleta
R. Br.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 491; TayLor, Fl. Males. 18? (1977) 294; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 181.

Utricularia punctata WALL. ex A. DC.; Taytor, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 293;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 181; — U. fluitans Riwv.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 491.

Utricularia uliginosa VAHL; Tay_or, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 282; Kenc, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 181; —U. affinis var. griffithii (WiGHT) OLIv.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119; — U. griffithii WicuT; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
492.

LILIACEAE

Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 92; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 329;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 186; Jessop, Fl. Males. 19! (1979) 207;
KeENG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 116.

Peliosanthes teta ANpr. ssp. humilis (ANprR.) Jessop; Jessop, Fl. Males. I 9!
(1979) 229; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 117; — P. violacea WALL. ex
BAKER, RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166; Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen 2 89;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 324; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
. viridis Ripi., RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166; Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen 2 89; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 325; HeNpgerson, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 184;

LINACEAE

Indorouchera griffithiana (PLANCH.) HALLIER f.; COCKBURN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 306; VAN Hooren & Nooresoom, FI. Males. 110° (1988) 617; KeNnG, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 93; — Roucheria griffithiana PLANCH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 55; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 323.

LOGANIACEAE

Fagraea acuminatissima Merr.; LEENHouTS, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 319;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 271; — F. obovata (non WALL.) KING;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 418.

Fagraea auriculata Jack; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114; RiDLey,
FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 416; BurkiL, Dict. (1935) 993; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing.
14 (1953) 39; Leenuouts, Fl. Males. I 6* (1962) 326; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 270; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 140.

1372

1373

1374

1375

1376

1377

1378

1379

1380

Fagraea fragrans Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 424; LEENHouTs, FI. Males. I 6? (1962) 304 (in part);
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 273; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
468; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 140 (in part); — Cyrtophyllum peregrinum
REINW.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 421.

Fagraea gigantea RIDL.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 425; KoCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 273; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 469; — F.
speciosa (non BL.) Riw.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114; —
Cyrtophyllum giganteum RiDL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 421; — F.
fragrans Roxs.; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 67 (1962) 304 (in part); KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 140 (in part).

Fagraea racemosa JAcK ex WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114:
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 418; BurkmLt, Dict. (1935) 996; CorNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 425; LEENHOUTS, FI. Males. I 67 (1962) 311; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 270; CorNgrR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 469; KEN«,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 140; — F. ligustrina BL.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 114; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 420; — F. morindaefolia BL.;
Rip ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114.

Fagraearidleyi KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 417; LEENHOUTs,
Fl. Males. I 67 (1962) 320; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 271; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 140; — F. carnosa (non Jack) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114.

Norrisia maior SOLERED.; LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. I 67 (1962) 341; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 274; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 141; — N.
malaccensis (non GARDN.) RIDL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 114:
BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1561; —WN. malaccensis GARDN. var. major RIDL.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 414.

Strychnos axillaris CoLesr.; LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. I 67 (1962) 358: KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 141; — S. malaccensis BENTH.; RD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 115; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 425; —S. pubescens CLARKE;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 115; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 424;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 2098.

Strychnos ignatii BERG; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2095; LEENHouTs, FI. Males. I 6°
(1962) 347; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 141; —S. tieute Lescu.; RiDey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 115; —S. ovalifolia WALL. ex G. Don; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 425; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2097.

Strychnos maingayi CLARKE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 423; LEENHouTs,
Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 350; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 141.

Strychnos ridleyi Kinc & GamBLe; Riptey, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 424;
LEENHOUTS, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 360; Ken, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 141.

127

128

138]

1382

1383

1384

1385

1386

1387

1388

1389

1390

1391

LORANTHACEAE

Amylotheca duthieana (KING) Danser; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
Sér. III 11 (1931) 244; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 129; — Loranthus
duthieanus KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 156.

Barathranthus axsanthus (Kortu.) Miq.; DANskER, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
Sér. II 11 (1931) 393; —Loranthus lobbii Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 134; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 153; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 451.

Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Errincsu.; DANsER, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
Sér. III 11 (1931) 403; — Loranthus longiflora Desr.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 134.

Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.; DANskr, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér.
I 11 (1931) 417; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 129; Loranthus crassus Hook.
f.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
155; — Loranthus pentandrus L.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 155; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 454.

Elytranthe albida (BL.) BL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 158; DANskr, Bull.
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér. III 11 (1931) 305; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 129;
— Loranthus albidus Bu.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134.

Elytranthe arnottiana (Kortu.) Mig.; DANseER, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér.
II 11 (1931) 307; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 129; — Loranthus maingayi
Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; — Elytranthe maingayi
(Hook. f.) TreGH.; RmDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 158.

Helixanthera coccinea (JACK) DANsER; DANSER, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér.
II 11 (1931) 374; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 129; — Loranthus coccineus
Jack; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
152; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 452.

Helixanthera parasitica Lour.; DANser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér. III 11
(1931) 381; — Loranthus pentapetalus Roxs.; RiD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
152; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 452.

Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tie&GH.; DANskR, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
Sér. III 11 (1931) 279; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 129; — Loranthus
ampullaceus RoxB.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; — Elytranthe
globosa (Roxs.) G. Don; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 161; — Loranthus
globosus RoxB.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 453.

Macrosolen papillosus (GAMBLE) Danser; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
Sér. II 11 (1931) 293; — Elytranthe papillosa GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 160.

Macrosolen retusus (Jack) Miq.; DANskgr, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér. III
11 (1931) 296; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 129; — Loranthus retusus Jack;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; — Elytranthe retusa (JAcK) G. Don;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 160.

1392

1393
1394

1395

1396
1397

1398

1399

1400

1401

Scurrula ferruginea (JACK) DANsgr; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér.
Ill 11 (1931) 432; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 129; — Loranthus ferrugineus
Jack; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
153; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 449.

Scurrula parasitica L.; TAN ef al/., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 130.

Viscum articulatum Burm. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 165; DANsrr, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér. [II
11 (1931) 460; HENDeERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 455; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 130; — V. flexuosum GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 165.

Viscum ovalifolium WaLL. ex DC.; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 130; — V.
orientale (non WILLD.) RiDL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 134;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 164; DANsrr, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér. III
11 (1931) 466; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 455.

LYTHRACEAE
Ammania baccifera L.; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 131.

Pemphis acidula J.R. & G. Forst.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 821; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 146;
EVERETT & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 276; CorNngrR, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 475; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 83.

MAGNOLIACEAE

Magnolia candolii (BL.) H. KENG var. singapurensis (RIDL.) Noot.; NoOTEBOOM,
Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 586; — Talauma lanigera (non Hook. f. & THoms.) RIDL.;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 38; — Talauma singapurensis RIDL.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 16; Kena, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 293; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 9.

Magnolia elegans (BL.) H. KENG; Nooresoom, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 573; —
Aromadendron elegans BL.; RIwD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 38 (also
called Talauma elegans (BL.) Mig.); RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 17; BurkKILL,
Dict. (1935) 241; Kenc, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 283; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 8.

Magnolia maingayi Kinc; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 84; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 13; BurkmLL, Dict. (1935) 1393; KeNG, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 285; NoorEeBoom, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 573; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 9.

Magnolia villosa (Mig.) H. KENc; Nootesoom, FI. Males. I 10° (1988) 588; —
Talauma lanigera Hook. f. & THoms.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 15; —
Talauma villosa Mig.; KENG, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 293; KeNnc, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 9.

129

130

1402

1403

1404

1405

1406

1407

1408

1409

1410

1411

1412

1413

MALPIGHIACEAE

Aspidopteris concava (WALL.) Juss.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
55; Riwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 329; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 129;
MAxwELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 195; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 95.

Hiptage sericea Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 55; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 328; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 5? (1955) 131; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 95.

Tristellateia australasiae A. Ricu.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 55
(australasica); RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 327; Jacoss, Fl. Males. I 57 (1955)
136; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 95.

MALVACEAE

Abelmoschus moschatus MepiIk.; KoCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 310;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 89; — Hibiscus abelmoschus L.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 258.

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 256; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 37;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 310; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 89.

Hibiscus surattensis L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 258; KocHUMMeEN, Tree FI. Malaya | (1972) 311; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 90.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51; RmpLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 259; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1163; KocHUMMegn, Tree FI.
Malaya | (1972) 312; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 482; KENG, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 90.

Sida acuta Burn. f.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 37; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 90; — Sida carpinifolia L. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 50; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 255.

Sida cordifolia L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 254; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 39; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 90.

Sida rhombifolia L.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 254; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 38; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 90.

Thespesia populnea (L.) SOLAND. ex CorreA; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 51; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 260; BurxiLL, Dict. (1935) 2152;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 444; KocHumMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
313; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 483; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 90.

Urena lobata L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 51; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. | (1922) 256; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 36; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)310; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 90.

1414

1415

1416

1417

1418

1419

1420

1421

1422

1423

MARANTACEAE

Donax grandis (Miq.) RiwL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 56; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
286; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1951) 268; HENDERsoNn, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 129.

Phrynium parvum (Rip_.) Hottr., Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1951) 283; —
Stachyphrynium minus (non SCHUM.) RIDL., RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
2 (1907) 59; — Stachyphrynium parvum RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
288.

Phrynium villosulum Mig.; KENNEDY, Kew Bull. 43 (1988) 728; —P. basiflorum
Rip.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 60; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 289; Hoitrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1951) 292.

Possibly merely planted at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve.

Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxs.) GAGNEP.; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing.
13 (1951) 272; — Donax arundastrum (non Lour.) SCHUM.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 286.

Stachyphrynium griffithii (Bak.) K. ScHum.; RipLtey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 2 (1907) 57; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 287; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 13 (1951) 276; HENDERson, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 181;—PhArynium
griffithii BAK.; RmDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166.

MELASTOMATACEAE

Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don; RDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 807; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 128; Cor.etr,
J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

Diplectria divaricata (WILLD.) O. KTzE.; VELDKAMP, FRANKEN, Roos & NAYAR,
Blumea 24 (1978) 417; —Anplectrum glaucum (JAcK) TRIANA; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 799; BurxkiLL, Dict.
(1935) 172; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 131;—Anplectrum divaricatum
(WILLD.) TRIANA; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 800; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 172:
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 131; —D. glaucum (Jack) VELDK.; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

Diplectria stipularis (BL.) O.KTze.; VELDKAMP, FRANKEN, Roos & NAyYAr,
Blumea 24 (1978) 424; — Anplectrum annulatum (WALL.) TRIANA; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84; — Anplectrum lepido-setosum KinG; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 799.

Diplectria viminalis (JAcK) O.KtTze.; VELDKAMP, FRANKEN, Roos & NAYAR,
Blumea 24 (1978) 427; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81; — Anplectrum pallens
(BL.) TRIANA; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 800 (incl var. petiolare RiwL.);
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 132.

Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex TRiANA; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 84; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 796; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

131

132

1424

1425

1426

1427

1428

1429

1430

143]

1432

1433

1434

1435

1436

Dissochaeta celebica BL.; RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 798; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 130; Kena,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 81.

Dissochaeta gracilis (JACK) BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 797; HENpErson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 130;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

Dissochaeta intermedia BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 798; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

Dissochaeta pallida (JAck) BL.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 797; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

Dissochaeta punctulata Hook. f. ex TRIANA; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 84; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 796; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

Macrolenes echinulata (Naup.) BAku. f.; MAXWELL, Malay. Nat. J. 35 (1982)
161; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81 (“echinata”); — Marumia rhodocarpa
Cocn.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84; Rip.Ley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
795.

Macrolenes nemorosa (JACK) BAKH. f.; MAXWELL, Malay. Nat. J. 35 (1982) 161;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81; — Marumia nemorosa (JACK) BL.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 795; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 129.

Medinilla crassifolia (REINW. ex BL.) BL.; MAXxweELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978)
157; — M. hasseltii Bu.; RiwLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 802; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 138.

Medinilla radicans (BL.) BL.; MAXWELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978) 169; Kena,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 81; — M. macrocarpa BL.; RIw_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 85; — M. crassinervia (non BL.) KinGc; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
35 (1901) 87; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 804; HENpERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 137.

Melastoma maiabathricum L.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 764; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 141; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 486; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81; — M. polyanthum BL.; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 83; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 765.

Memecylon acuminatum Smitu; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 817; Maxwe__, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 57;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 488; MAxwELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
187.

Memecylon amplexicaule Roxs.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 815;
MaxweE_L, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 58; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
488; MAXxweELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 187; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81;
— M. microstomum CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88.

Memecylon caeruleum JAck; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 816; MAxweELL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 61; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 489;
MAxwELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 188; Kenc, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 81.

1437

1438

1439

Memecylon campanulatum CLarKeE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 818;
MAxweELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 63; MAxweELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
188.

Memecylon cantleyi RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 818; MAxwe LL, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 64; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 196; MAxweLL,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 188; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81.

Memecylon cinereum KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 817; Maxwe Lt,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 66; Maxwe ., Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 187.

1440a Memecylon edule Roxs. var. edule; MAxweELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 72;

MAXWELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 189; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81; — M.
edule; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
819; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 489.

1440b Memecylon edule var. ovatum (SM.) CL.; Ripuey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35

1441

1442

1443

1444

1445

1446

1447

(1901) 88; MaxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 74; MaAxweELL, Tree Fl. Malaya
4 (1989) 190; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81; — M. laxiflorum WALL. ex RIDL.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 815.

Memecylon excelsum BL.; MAxweELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 76; MAxweLL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 196; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 489;
MAXWELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 190; — M. heteropleurum BL.; RIDLey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 813; — M. maingayi CL.; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
11922) £13.

Memecylon floridum RipL.; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 816; MAxwe LL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 78; MaxweL_, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 190.

Memecylon fruticosum KiNG; MAxwe.LL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 79;
MAXWELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 187; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 81; —M.
sp.(5753); Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86; —M. campanulatum (non
CLARKE) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88; — M. epiphyticum
KinG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 811; — M. tenuifolium Ruw.; RDcey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 812.

Memecylon garcinioides BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88;
RIpD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 818; Maxwe LL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 81;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 489; Maxwe LL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
191.

Memecylon globosum Baku. f.; MAXWELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 82;
MAXWELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 186; — M. sp. (6788), Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86

Memecylon intermedium Bt.; Maxwe.L, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 84;
MAXweELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 186.

Memecylon lancifolium Ripv.; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 311; MAxweLt,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 107; — M. sp. (3840); RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 86.

133

134

1448

1449

1450

1451

1452

1453

1454

1455

1456

1457

1458

1459

Only known from type which is in poor condition.

Memecylon lilacinum Z. & M.; Maxwe Lt, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 87;
MAXxwELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 190; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82; — M.
myrsinoides BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88 (var. lilacinum (Z. & M.) KiNG); RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 817; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 490; — M. laevigatum BL.;
Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35
(1901) 88; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 817.

Memecylon megacarpum Furtapo; MAXxwELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 91;
MAXWELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 193; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82.

Memecylon minutiflorum Miq.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 818; MAxwELL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 93; MAxweLL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 193.

Memecylon oleifolium BL.; RibLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88; RiDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 814; MAxwe LL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 95; MAxweLL,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 193; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82; — M. grande
Retz.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86.

Memecylon oligoneurum BL.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 811; MAxweLL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 99.

Memecylon paniculatum JAck; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 101;
MAxwELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 194; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82.

Memecylon pauciflorum BL.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 816; MAxweLL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 102.

Memecylon pubescens (CL.) KING; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 814; Maxwe__, Gard. Bull. Sing. 33 (1980) 104;
MAxweELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 195.

Ochthocharis borneensis BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84;
RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 775; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 144;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82.

Ochthocharis javanica BL.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 775; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 145; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 82.

Ochthocharis paniculata Kortu.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 774; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82.

Pachycentria constricta (BL.) BL.; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978) 202;
Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 82; — P. macrorrhiza Brcc.; RIw.ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85; — P. tuberculata Kortu.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
35 (1901) 87; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 805; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 140.

1460

1461

1462

1463

1464

1465

1466

1467

1468

1469

Pachycentria maingayi (CLARKE) MaAxw.; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31
(1978) 203; MaxweL_, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 196; KEN, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 82; — P. glauca TRIANA; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85; —
Medinilla maingayi CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 803; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 134.

Plethiandra sessiliflora (CoGN.) MeErRR.:; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 806;
Nayar, Reinwardtia 9 (1974) 149; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82.

Pogonanthera pulverulenta (JAck) BL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 805;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 139; Maxwe LL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31
(1978) 209; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 82; — P. reflexa (REINW. ex BL.) BL.:;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85.

Pternandra coerulescens Jack; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85:
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 808:
Corner, Ways. Trees 2nd ed. (1952) 452; Maxwe _, Gard. Bull. Sing. 34 (1981)
26; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 491; MAxweLL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4
(1989) 196; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82; — P. capitellata Jack; RIDLey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 808: Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 491; — P. paniculata BENTH. ex CL.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85; — P. jackiana (WALP.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 808.

Pternandra echinata Jack; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87; RIDLEY.
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 809 (incl. vars); MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 34 (1981) 42:
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 491; MaxweL_, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
197; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82; — Kibessia echinata (Jack) Cocn.:;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85: — Kibessia acuminata DECNE.:
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 85.

Pternandra tuberculata (KortH.) NAyAR; MAxwe Ll, Gard. Bull. Sing. 34
(1981) 73; MAxwELL, Tree Fl. Malaya4 (1989) 198; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
82; — P. paniculata BENTH. ex RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 809.

Sonerila heterostemon Naup.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 787; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 116; MAxwe LL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 196; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82; — S. obliqua (non Kortu.) Cocn.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84.

Sonerila moluccana Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 84: KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 82; —S. heterophylla HErs.; Ripcey,J.Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 84; — S. begoniifolia BL. “begoniaefolia”; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 35 (1901) 87; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 790; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 123.

MELIACEAE

Aglaia aspera TeusmM. & BINN.; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 213; — A.
cinerea KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 404.

Aglaia cordata Hiern; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 409; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 213; KenG, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 101.

135

136

1470

147]

1472

1473

1474

1475

1476

1477

1478

1479

1480

1481

1482

1483

1484

Aglaia cucullata (RoxsB.) PELLEGRIN; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 214;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 101; —Amoora cucullata Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 399.

Aglaia exstipulata (Grirr.) THEOB.; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 215; —
A. griffithii (HIERN) Kurz; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 409.

Aglaia glabriflora Hiern; RipDcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 404; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 217; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 101.

Aglaia meliosmoides Crais; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 219; —
Beddomea racemosa RID..; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 414.

Aglaia odoratissima BL.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RiDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 404; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 496; PANNELL,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 221; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 101.

Aglaia oligophylla Mig.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RiDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 403; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 222; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 101.

Aglaia palembanica Miq.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 409; PANNELL, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 223; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 101.

Aglaia ridleyi (KING) PANNELL; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 223; —
Amoora ridleyi KING; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 398.

Aglaia rubescens (HIERN) PANNELL; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 223;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 101; — Amoora rubescens HIERN; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 399.

Aglaia rubiginosa (HIERN) PANNELL; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 225;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 101; — Amoora rubiginosa HIERN; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 398.

Aglaia sp. 3, PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 228; — Amoora lanceolata
HIERN; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 399.

Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 408; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 226.

Aglaia trichostemon DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 407; PANNELL, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 227; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 101.

Aphanamixis polystachya (WALL.) PARKER; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4
(1989) 230; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 101; —Amoora aphanamixis SCHULTES;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59; — A. rohituka (ROxB.) PIERRE;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 401.

Aphanamixis sumatrana (Mig.) Ript.; RmLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 400;
MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 231.

1485

1486

1487

1488

1489

1490

1491

1492

1493

1494

1495

1496

1497
1498

Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 388; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 235;
KEnNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 101.

Chisocheton macrophyllus Kinc; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 389; MapBer.ey, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 235;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102.

Chisocheton patens BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59; MABBERLEY,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 235; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102; —C. divergens
BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 390; — C. glomeratus HIERN; RIDLEY, FI. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 389.

Chisocheton pauciflorus KinG; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 387; MaBBErRLEy, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 237;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102.

Chisocheton pentandrus (BLANCO) Merr. ssp. paucijugus (Miq.) MaAss.;
MaBBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 238; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102;
C. spicatus HIERN; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 387.

Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 393; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 240;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102.

Dysoxylum alliaceum (BL.) BL.; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 240;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102; — D. costulatum Mig.; Rww_ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 394; —D. pulchrum Rw_.;
RIpD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 395; — D. thyrsoideum Grirr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 393; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 886.

Dysoxylum cauliflorum HIERN; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 396; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 501;
MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 242; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102.

Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum Mig.; MaBBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 242; —
D. alternatum RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 397; — D. venulosum Kinc;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 393; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 886.

Dysoxylum densiflorum (BL.) Mig.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 396;
MaABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 243.

Dysoxylum excelsum BL.; MaBBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 244; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102; — D. macrothyrsum Mig.; Rw_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 59; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 394; — D. turbinatum KiNG;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 394.

Dysoxylum flavescens Hiern; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 396; MaBBERLEY,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 244; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 102.

Dysoxylum sp. 1, MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 246.

Sandoricum beccarianum BaiL_.; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 249;
— S$. emarginatum Hiern; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 385; BurkILL, Dict.
(1935) 1946.

137

138

1499

1500

1501

1502

1503

1504

1505

1506

1507

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) MERR.; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
504; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 249; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
102; — S. indicum Cav.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 59; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 385; — S. radiatum Kina; RIDLeEy, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 59; — S. maingayi HIERN; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 385; — S.
nervosum BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 385; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1948.

Turraea breviflora RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 383; MABBERLEY, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 252; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 103.

Walsura chrysogyne (Miq.) BAKH. f.; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
254; — W. multijuga KiNG; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 412.

Xylocarpus granatum KoeEn.; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 260; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 103; — Carapa obovata BL.; RIwLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 60; Watson, Malay. For. Rec. 6 (1927) 73; — Carapa moluccensis
(non LAMK.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 414; — Carapa granatum
(KoEN.) ALSTON; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 452; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
458; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 497.

Xylocarpus moluccensis RoeM.; MaABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 260;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 103; — Carapa obovata (non BL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 414; — Carapa moluccensis LAMK.; WATSON, Malay. For.
Rec. 6 (1927) 70; CorNgER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 459, p.p.; CORNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 498, p.p.

Xylocarpus rumphii (KosTev.) MAsBB.; MABBERLEY, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
260; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 103; — Carapa moluccensis LAMK. sensu
CorNER; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 459 p.p.; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988), 498 p.p.

MENISPERMACEAE

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.; Forman, Fl. Males. I 10! (1984) 231; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 21; — Limacia kunstleri Kinc; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 42; — C. ovalifolius (VAHL ex PERS.) DC.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 110; — C. elegans Rwwe.; Riw_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 111; —C.
sarmentosus (Lour.) DiELS; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 417.

Coscinium fenestratum (GAERTN.) COLEBR.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 42; Forman, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 215; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 21;
— C. wallichianum Muirrs; RIDLeEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 106; BurKILL, Dict.
(1935) 669; —C. blumeanum sensu Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 106,

pp.

Cyclea laxiflora Miers; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 114; BurkmLL, Dict.
(1935) 722; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 415; ForMAN, FI. Males. I 10!
(1984) 241; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 21; — C. peltata [non (LAMK.) Hook.
f. & Tuoms.] Becc.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 43 (“var. arnotti
MIers’’). |

1508

1509

1510

1511

1512

1513

1514

1515

1516

1517

1518

Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.; ForMAN, Fl. Males. I 10! (1984) 207; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 21; — F. chloroleuca Miers; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 42; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 105; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1000.

Hypserpa nitida Miers; Forman, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 219; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 21; — H. triflora [non (DC.) Miers] Miers; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 42; — Limacia triandra Miers; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
35 (1901) 84; —H. cuspidata (Hook. f. & THoms.) Miers; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 111; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1219.

Limacia oblonga Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 109;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1343; Forman, Fl. Males. I 10! (1984) 223; KEN, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 21.

Limacia scandens Lovur.; FoRMAN, FI. Males. I 10! (1984) 223; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 21; —L. velutina Hook.f. & THoms.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 42; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 109; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 378.

Stephania capitata (BL.) SPRENG.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 113; MAxweLL,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 197; Forman, Fl. Males. I 10' (1984) 252; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 21.

Tinomiscium petiolare Miers ex Hook. f. & THoms.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 42; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 105; Burkitt, Dict. (1935)
2163; Forman, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 205; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 21; —
T. phytocrenoides Kurz ex T. & B.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 2136;—T. philippinense
Dies; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 2163.

Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & THomMs.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 103;
ForMAN, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 194; Kenc, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 21; — T.
tuberculata (LAMK.) BEUMEE ex HEYNE; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 2164.

Tinospora macrocarpa DIELs; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 103; Forman, FI.
Males. I 10' (1984) 198.

MONIMIACEAE

Kibara coriacea (BL.) TULASNE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 75; Puitirson, FI.
Males. I 10? (1986) 298; Nea, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 261; — K. chartacea BL.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 74; — K. serrulata PERKINS; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 75.

Matthaea sancta BL.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 73; PHitipson, Fl. Males. I 10° (1986) 323; No, Tree Fl. Malaya
4 (1989) 263; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 17.

MORACEAE

Antiaris toxicaria Lescu.; RipLtey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 351; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 120; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 510; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 68.

139

140

1519

1520

1521

1522

1523

1524

1525

1526

S27

1528

Artocarpus anisophyllus Mig.; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 652;
Sinciair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 38; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956)
30; JARRETT, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 138; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978)
123; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 515; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 68;
— A. superba Becc.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 356; —A. sp. “large tree
with pinnate leaves”; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 148.

Artocarpus dadah Miq.; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 653; JarreETT, J.
Arn. Arb. 41 (1960) 91; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 124; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 516; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69; —A. lakoocha
(non Roxs.) RIDL.; RpD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147; Ripiey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 355.

Artocarpus elasticus REINW. ex BL.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 251; CoRNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 653; JARRETT, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 346; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 124; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 516; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 69; —A. kunstleri KiNG; Rww_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
147; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 353.

Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett, J. Arn. Arb. 41 (1960) 116; KocHUMMEn, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 126; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 517; — A. sp.;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 658.

Artocarpus gomezianus WALL. ex TREC.; JARRETT, J. Arn. Arb. 41 (1960) 88;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 126; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
517; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69.

Artocarpus hispidus Jarrett, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 149; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 126.

Artocarpus kemando Mig.; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 256; CorRNER, Ways. Trees
Ist ed. (1940) 656; JARRETT, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 352; KocHummen, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 129; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 519.

Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxs.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 354; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 656;
Jarrett, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 140; KocHumMMEnN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 129;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 519; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69.

Artocarpus lowii KinG; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 353; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 257; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 656; JARRETT, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 339; KocHummMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 131; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 519; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 69.

Artocarpus maingayi Kinc; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 354; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 657;
Jarrett, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 357; KoCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 131;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 520; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69.

1529

1530

1531

1532

1533

1534

1535

1536

1537

Artocarpus nitidus TreEc. ssp. griffithii (KING) JARRETT, J. Arn. Arb. 41 (1960)
128; —A. gomezianus auct. non TREC.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
147: Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 355.

Artocarpus rigidus BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147; RipDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 352; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 657; JARRETT, J.
Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 150; KocHumMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 131; CorNgrR,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 521; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69.

Artocarpus scortechinii Kinc; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 355; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 657;
JarrETT, J. Arn. Arb. 40 (1959) 344; KocHumMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 134;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 521; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69.

Ficus albipila (Mig.) KING; KocHUMMeN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 139; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69.

Ficus annulata BL.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 333; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 140; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 538; Keno, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 69.

Ficus apiocarpa Mig.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 146; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 338; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 140; KeNnG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 69.

Ficus aurantiacea Grirr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 338; KocHUMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 140; Kene, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 69; — F. callicarpa Mia.:;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 146; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 338.

Ficus aurata Mig.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 140; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 546; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 70; — F. chrysocarpa
REINW. ex BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 348.

Ficus benjamina L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145; RibLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 336; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 141; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 539; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 70.

1538a Ficus binnendykii Mig. var. binnendykii; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33

(1900) 145; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 336; KocHumMrn, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 141; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

1538b Ficus binnendykii var. coriacea CoRNER; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3

(1978) 141.

1539 Ficus botryocarpa Mig.; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70; — F. miquelii Hook.

f.; Rwwey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 341; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 685;

— F. schwarzii Koorp.; KoCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 155; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 552.

1540 Ficus bracteata WALL. ex Mia.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145;

RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 331; KocHumMMeN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 142;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

141

142

1541]

1542

1543

1544

1545

~ 1546

1547

1548

1549

1550

1551

1552

1553

Ficus caulocarpa MiQ.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 142; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 539; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

Ficus chartacea WALL. ex KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 350; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 142;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 547; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

Ficus consociata BL. var. murtoni KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
145; KoCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 144; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
70; — F. consociata; RI.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 331; Corner, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 540.

Ficus crassiramea MiQ.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 144; Cornrr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 540; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70; —F. procera
BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
332; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 678.

Ficus delosyce CoRNER; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fi. Malaya 3 (1978) 144.

Ficus deltoidea Jack; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 145; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 554; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70; — F.
diversifolia BL.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 146; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 346; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 687.

Ficus dubia WALL. ex KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 333; KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 146; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 541; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

Ficus excavata KING; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 146; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

Ficus fistulosa REINW. ex BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 146;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 343; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 146;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 550; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

Ficus glandulifera (WALL. ex Mig.) Kinc; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 146; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 347; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 147; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 547; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 70.

Ficus globosa BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 333; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 147; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 70.

Ficus grossularioides Burm. f.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 148;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 547; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71; —
F. alba REINw. ex BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 147; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 347; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 681.

Ficus heteropleura BL.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 148; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71; — F. urophylla WALL.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 144; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 330.

1554

1555

1556

1557

1558

1559

1560

1561

1562
1563

1564

1565

1566
1567

Ficus kerkhovenii V AL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 149; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 541; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71.

Ficus laevis BL.; RIipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 146; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 344; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 149; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 71.

Ficus lamponga Miq.; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 150; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 71; —F. lepidosa WALL. ex Kurz; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
350.

Ficus microcarpa L. f.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 151; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 542; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71; — F. retusa
auct. non L.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145 (var. nitida); RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 335; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 679.

Ficus microsyce RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 335; KocHuMMEn, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 151; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 70.

Ficus obscura BL. var. borneensis (MigQ.) CORNER; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 152; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71; — F. pisifera WALL. ex
Miag.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 144; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
329; —F. obscura; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 146; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 339.

Ficus pellucido-punctata GrirF.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 153;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71; —F. indica L. var. gelderi (MiqQ.) KING; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 334.

Ficus pisocarpa BL.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900); Rmpiey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 336; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 153; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 71; — F. microstoma WALL. ex KiNG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 145; Rm.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 334.

Ficus pumila L.; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71.

Ficus recurva BL. var. ribesoides KING; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
146; KocHuMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 154; — F. recurva; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 345; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71.

Ficus religiosa L.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 337; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 548; Cor.etT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
Th

Ficus retusa L.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 154; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 71; — F. truncata Mig.; Rww_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 335.

Ficus ruginervia L.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 71.

Ficus sagittata VAHL; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 155; KeNG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; — F. ramentacea Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 146; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 345.

143

144

1568

1569

Ficus scortechinii KiNG; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 343; KocHummMen, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 156; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; — F. fasciculata
Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 343.

Ficus sinuata THUNB.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 156; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 554; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; —F. rostrata
LaMK.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 340.

1570a Ficus subgelderi Corner var. subgelderi; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3

(1978) 157; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72.

1570b Ficus subgelderi var. rigida CoRNER; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978)

1571

L572

sf

1574

1573

1576

S77

1578

1579

157; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; — F. rigida Miq.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 332.

Ficus sundaica BL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 158; CorNgEr, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 543; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 72; — F. indica (non L.)
KinG; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 334 (excl. var. gelderi); CORNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 678.

Ficus superba Miq.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 159; CorNgR, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 544; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72.

Ficus variegata BL.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 160; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 553; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; — F. polysyce RIDL.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 342.

Ficus vasculosa WALL. ex Miq.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 337; KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 160; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 549; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 72.

Ficus villosa BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 146; Riptey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 345; KocHUMMgEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 161; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 72.

Ficus virens Air. var. glabella (BL.) CoRNER; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 161; CorNeR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 544; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 72; — F. glabella Bu.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 336; EHC1 677.

Ficus xylophylla WALL. ex Miq.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 145;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 332; KocHuMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 162;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 545; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72.

Parartocarpus bracteatus (KiNG) Becc.; JARRETT, J. Arn. Arb. 41 (1960) 324;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 164; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; —
Artocarpus bracteatus KiNG; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 352.

Parartocarpus venenosus (ZoLL. & Mor.) Becc. ssp. forbesii (KING) JARRETT,
J. Arn. Arb. 41 (1960) 137; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 165; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; — Artocarpus forbesii Kinc; RiD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 352.

1580

1581

1582

1583

Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 19 (1962) 227; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 168; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 556; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 72; — Sloetia sideroxylonT. & B. ex Kurz; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 324; — Sloetia
elongata (MiQ.) KoorD.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 690.

MYRICACEAE

Myrica esculenta Bucu.-Ham.; BACKER, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 278; WHiTMoreE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 295; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 559; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 65; — M. nagi (non THunB.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 149; — M. farquhariana WALL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 370; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1521; CorNErR, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 471.

MYRISTICACEAE

Endocomia canarioides (KING) DE WILDE, Blumea 30 (1984) 190; — Embelia
ridleyi K. & G.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 234; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
139; — Horsfieldia canarioides (KING) WaARB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
55; — Horsfieldia racemosa (KING) WarB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 60,
— Horsfieldia macrocoma (MigQ.) WarB. var. canarioides (KING) SINCLAIR;
SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 389; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
327; KEeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16.

Gymnacranthera bancana (Mig.) SiNcLair; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16
(1958) 436; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 319; ScHouTEN, Blumea 31
(1986) 463; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 15; — G. murtonii Hook. f.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 61; — Myristica ferruginea WALL. ex KING; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129.

1584a Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook.f. & THoms.) Wars. var. farquhariana;

SCHOUTEN, Blumea 31 (1986) 477; — Myristica farquhariana WALL. ex Hook.
f. & Tuoms.; RD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129; — G. farquhariana
var. griffithii (Hook. f.) WarB.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 62; — G.
farquhariana var. major (KiNG); Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 62; — G.
eugeniifolia (A. DC.) SINCLAIR var. griffithii (Hook. f.) SINCLAIR; SINCLAIR, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 447; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 320.

1584b Gymnacranthera farquhariana var. eugeniifolia (A. DC.) SCHOUTEN;

SCHOUTEN, Blumea 31 (1986) 480; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 15; —— Myristica

farquhariana auct. non Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 129; — G. farquhariana auct. non (Hook. f. & THOMS.) WARB.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 62; —G. eugeniifolia (A. DC.) SINcLaR var. eugeniifolia;
Sincuair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 444; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972)
320.

1584c Gymnacranthera farquhariana var. zippeliana (MiQ.) SCHOUTEN; SCHOUTEN,

Blumea 31 (1986) 482; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 15.

145

146

1585

1586

1587

1588

1589

Gymnacranthera forbesii (KING) WarRB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 61;
SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 441; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
320; SCHOUTEN, Blumea 31 (1986) 472; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 15; —
Myristica forbesii Kinc; Rwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129.

Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hook. f. & THoms.) Wars. RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 59; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 386; Wuitmorg, Tree FI.
Malaya 1 (1972) 324; pe Witpe, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 219; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 15; — Myristica crassifolia Hook. f. & THoMs.; RIDLey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129.

Horsfieldia grandis (Hook. f.) Wars.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 56;
SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 400; Wuirmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972)
323; DE WILDE, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 203.

Horsfieldia irya (GAERTN.) WARB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 58; Corngr,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 476; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 382;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 326; bE WiLbg, Gard. Bull. Sing. 37 (1985)
55; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 564; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 15;
— Myristica irya GAERTN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129.

Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxs.) SINCLAIR; DE WILDE, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985)
69; — Myristica bivalvis Hook. f.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129;
— H. bivalvis (Hook. f.) MeERR.; SINcLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 379; —
H. globularia (B1.) Warb.; Rww.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 54.

Introduced species established in the Botanic Gardens’ Jungle.

1590a Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook. f. emend. KinG) J. SINCLAR var. polyspherula;

DE WILDg, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1986) 19; KeNnc, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 16; —
Myristica polyspherula Hook. f.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129;
— H. polyspherula; S1ncvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 422, Wuirmorg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 325; — H. lemmaniana auct. non (A. DC.) WARB.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 59.

1590b Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook. f. emend. KiNG) J. SINCLAIR var. sumatrana

159]

1592

(MiQ.) DE WILDE; DE WILDE, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1986) 20; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 16; — H. subglobosa auct. non (MigQ.) WARB. RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 60; — H. subglobosa var. subglobosa auct.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing.
16 (1958) 425; — H. brachiata (KiNG) Mia. var. sumatrana (Mig.) SINCLAIR ex
WHITMORE nom. inval.; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 325; — Myristica
majuscula KiNG; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129; — H. majuscula
(KING) Wars.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 57.

Horsfieldia punctatifolia J. SINcLAir, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16(1958) 413; WHiTMorE,
Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 327; pe Witbg, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1986) 54.

Horsfieldia sparsa DE WILDE Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 194; —H. sucosa auct.
non (KING) WaRB.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 416.

1593

1594

1595

1596

1597

1598

1599

1600

1601

Horsfieldia sucosa (KING) WarB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 58; SINCLAR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 416; WuitMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 328; DE
Wiipe, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 188; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16; —
Myristica sucosa KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129; — H.
amygdalina (WALL.) WARB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 57; —H. bracteosa
HENDERSON; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 419, Wuitmorg, Tree FI.
Malaya 1| (1972) 326.

Horsfieldia superba (Hook. f. & THoms.) WaArB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
55; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 476, EJHC2 476; Sinciar, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 16 (1958) 393; WuiTmMorgE, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 328; bE WILDE, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 200; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 564; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 16; — Myristica superba Hook. f. & THOMS.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129.

Horsfieldia tomentosa Wars.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 56; SINcLaiR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 403; Wurrmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 324; DE
Wipe, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 210; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16.

Horsfieldia wallichii (Hook. f. & THomMs.) WarB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
57; SIncLaiR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 405; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 330; bE WiLpbe, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 204; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 16; — Myristica wallichii Hook. f. & THoms.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 129.

Knema communis SINcLar, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 297; Wuirmorg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 334; bE WiLpe, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985) 461.

Knema conferta (KING) Wars.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 70, SincLar,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 286; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 335; DE
Wiipg, Blumea 25 (1979) 472; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16; — Myristica
conferta KiNG; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130.

Knema curtisii (KING) Wars. var. paludosa J. SINCLAIR; DE WILDE, Blumea 25
(1979) 420; — Knema curtisii (KING) WARB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 69,
SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 281; Wuirmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
334; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16.

Knema furfuracea (Hook. f. & THoms.) WARB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
70, CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 476; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16
(1958) 275; WuiTmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 335; DE WiLpE, Blumea 25
(1979) 387; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 564; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 16; — Myristica longifolia (non Bu.) Hook. f. & THoms.; RiD.ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130.

Knema glaucescens Jack; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 302 p.p.; DE
WiLpe, Blumea 25 (1979) 411; KEN, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 16; — Myristica
glauca BL.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) — Myristica wrayi KiNG;
RDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129; — K. wrayi (KING) WarB.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 70; — K. cinerea (Poir.) WARB. var. sumatrana (Mia.) J.
SINCLAIR; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 334

147

148

1602

1603

1604

1605

1606

1607

1608

1609

1610

Knema globularia (LAMK.) WarB.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 325;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 336; pe WiLpe, Blumea 25 (1979) 411;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 564; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16; —
K. missionis WALL. ex KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 71, Corner, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 477.

Knema hookeriana (WALL. ex Hook. f. & THoms.) WARB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 67, Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 476; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing.
16 (1958) 272; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 336; DE WiLbg, Blumea 25
(1979) 387; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 565; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 16; — Myristica hookeriana B.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
130.

Knema intermedia (BL.) WarsB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 68, Corngr,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 477; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 315;
WuitTmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 334; bE Wi_pe, Blumea 25 (1979) 427;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 565; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16; —
Myristica intermedia BL.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130.

Knema latericia ELM. ssp. ridleyi (GANDOGER) DE WILDE; DE WILDE, Blumea 25
(1979) 396; — Knema latericia ELM.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 278;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 16.

Knema laurina (BL.) WARB.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 72, SIncLair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 379; WuitmorgE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 338; DE WILDE,
Blumea 25 (1979) 379; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16; — Myristica laurina
BL.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129; — Myristica cantleyi Hook.
f.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 130; — K. cantleyi (HooK. f.) WARB.
p.p.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 68.

Knema malayana Wars.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 69, SincLair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 293; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 338; DE WILDE,
Blumea 25 (1979) 456; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 16; —Myristica glaucescens
Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129.

Knema rubens (SINCLAIR) DE WILDE; DE WILDE, Blumea 25 (1979) 379; — K.
glaucescens Jack var. glaucescens forma rubens J. StNcLAIR; Gard. Bull. Sing.
16 (1958) 307; — K. glaucescens Jack var. rubens (J. SINCLAIR) J. SINCLAIR;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 334.

Myristica cinnamomea Kina; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 128;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 63; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 477;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 2nd ed. (1952) 477; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958)
358; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 210; WuiTMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 342; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 565; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 16.

Myristica crassa KinG; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 128; Riptey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 66; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 366; Sincvair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 435; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 341; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 16.

1611

1612

1613

1614

1615

1616

1617

1618

1619

1620

1621

Mpyristica elliptica WALL. ex Hook. f. & THoms.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 128; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 65; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 477; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 353; SincLarr, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 23 (1968) 188; WuiTMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 342; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 565; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 16.

Mpyristica iners BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 129; RwDtey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 64; Sinciarr, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 363; SincLarr, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 177; WuitmMorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 343.

Myristica lowiana KiNG; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 128; RDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 66; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 345; SINncLaR,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 164; Wurrmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 344.

Myristica maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 64; SincLar, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 348; Sincrar, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 166; WHiTMoreE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 344; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 566; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16.

Mpyristica maxima Wars.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 63; SincLar, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 339; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 131; WHiTMorg,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 345; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 16; — M. bracteata
Kinc; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 128.

MYRSINACEAE

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) BLANCO; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 479;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 273; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
567; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 26; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 138; —
A. majus GAERTN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 238; Watson, Malay. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 87.

Ardisia colorata Roxs.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104; Ripley,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 246; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 568; Stone, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 276; KENca, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 138.

Ardisia crassa CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 249; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 274; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 138.

Ardisia crenata Sims; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 253; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 270; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 138.

Ardisia elliptica THUNB.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 271; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 568; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 275; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 138; —A. littoralis ANDR.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
241.

Ardisia lanceolata Roxs.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104; Riptey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 249; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 568; Stone, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 276; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 138.

149

150

1622
1623

1624
1625

1626

1627

1628

1629

1630

1631

1632

1633

1634

1635

Ardisia miqueliana ScHEFF.; STONE, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 273.

Ardisia ridleyi KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 253; Stone, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 271; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 138.

Ardisia sessilis SCHEFF.; STONE, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 273.

Ardisia singaporensis RIDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 251; Stones, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 270; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 138;—A. sp. near villosa;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105.

Ardisia teysmanniana SCHEFF.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 240; Stone, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 272; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 138; — Pimelandra
wallichii DC.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105.

Ardisia tuberculata WALL. ex A. DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
104; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 245; Strong, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 273;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 138.

Ardisia villosa Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 251; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 272; Stnciair, 15
(1956) 29; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 271; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
138.

Embelia amentacea CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 234; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 278; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 138.

Embelia canescens JACK; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 232; Stone, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 279; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 139.

Embelia coriacea WALL. ex A. DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 233; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 279; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 139.

Embelia dasythyrsa Mig.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 232; Stone, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 279.

Embelia lampani Scuerr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 234; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 279; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 139.

Embelia ribes Burm.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 104; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 269; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 279; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 139; — E. garciniaefolia WALL. ex Miq.; RIDcey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 232.

Labisia pumila (BL.) F.-ViLL.; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 281; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 139; —L. pothoina Linbt.; Rwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 104; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 237; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 270.

Present as var. lanceolata (ScHEFF.) MiQ. as well as var. pumila.

1636 Maesa ramentacea WALL. ex Roxs.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
103; R.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 227; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 481;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 569; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 283;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 139.

1637 Rapanea porteriana WALL. ex A. DC.; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 284;
— Myrsine avenis (BL.) DC.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 230; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 139; — Myrsine porteriana WALL. ex A. DC.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 230; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 570; — Myrsine
umbellulata (WALL.) DC.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 231; CoRNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 570; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 139.

MYRTACEAE

1638 Aphanomyrtus rostrata Mig.; MERRILL, Blumea Suppl. 1 (1937) 109; —
Pseudo-eugenia singaporensis KiNG; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 755;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 250.

1639 Decaspermum fruticosum J.R. & G. Forst.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 484; KocHuUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 171; CoRNER, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 573; Kenc, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 76; — D. paniculatum Kurz;
RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 81; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 717.

1640 Eugenia attenuata Koorp. & VALET.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949)
238; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 183; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 582; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77; — E. penangiana DuTHiE; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 740; p.p.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 501.

1641 Eugenia avenis (Miq.) HENDERS.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 171;
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 184; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77; —
E. scoparia Dutuik; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 748.

1642 Eugenia caudata KING; KocHuMMeEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 185.
One specimen (M.R. Henderson SFN 35931, Bukit Timah) possibly this species.

1643a Eugenia cerina HENperRS. var. cerina; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949)
168; KoCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 185; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 583; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77; — E. punctulata (non F.M. BAILEY)
KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 747; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
502.

1643b Eugenia cerina var. turbinata HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 170;
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 186.

1644 Eugenia chlorantha Dutuie; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 734; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 494;
HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 107; KocHuUMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 186; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 583; — E. hullettiana KiNG;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 735.

151

152

1645

1646

1647

1648

1649

Eugenia claviflora Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 742; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 495; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 252; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 186;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 584; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77.

Eugenia conglomerata Dutuie; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 83;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 742; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 198;
KOcHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 188; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77.

Eugenia cumingiana VIDAL; Corner, Ways. Trees I sted. (1940) 496; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 260; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 188;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 585; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77; —
E. acuminatissima Kurz; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 747.

Eugenia densiflora (BL.) Mig.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 81;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 728; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 497;
HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 78; KocHumMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 189; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 585; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 77.

Eugenia duthieana KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 731; HENDERSON, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 118; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 190; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77.

1650a Eugenia filiformis DuTHIE var. filiformis; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33

(1900) 81; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 740; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 497; HeNperSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 145; KocHumMen, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 191; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 586; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 77.

1650b Eugenis filiformis var. clavimyrtus (Koorb. & VALET.) HENDERSON; HENDERSON,

1651

1652

1653

1654

1655

Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 147; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 191.

Eugenia flosculifera HENDERSON; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 237;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 191.

Eugenia glauca KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 737; HENDERSON, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 112; KocHuMmen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 193; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77.

Eugenia grandis WiGuHT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 81; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 729; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 498; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 87; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 195;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 586; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 77.

Eugenia griffithii DuTHIE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 83; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 731; HeNpeRson, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 120;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 195; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 77; —
E.. subrufa Kinc; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 733, incl. var. robusta KING.

Eugenia inophylla (DC.) Roxs.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 750; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 141; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 197.

1656

1657

1658

1659

1660

Eugenia kunstleri KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 746; HENDERson, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 209; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 199.

Eugenia leptostemon (Kortu.) Mig.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949)
201; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 199; — E. urceolata [non (KortTH.)
CorDEM.] KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 742.

Eugenia leucoxylon (Kortu.) Miq.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949)
235; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 199; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 588; — E. verecunda DuTHIE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 748 (incl.
var. major RIDL.); CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 504.

Eugenia linocieroidea Kinc; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 749; HENDERson,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 163; KocHuMmen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 201;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia longiflora (PREsL) F.-VILL.; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 499;
HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 159; KocHuMMgEn, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 201; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 588; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 77; — E. lineata (non LaMK.) DutTuiE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 82; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 738.

1661a Eugenia microcalyx DuTHIE var. microcalyx; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33

(1900) 83; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 745 (incl. var. obovata KiNG, p.p.);
HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 205; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 202; KeNnG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 78.

1661b Eugenia microcalyx var. irregularis (CRAB) HENDERSON; HENDERSON, Gard.

1662

1663

1664

1665

1666

Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 207; KocHuMMeEn, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 202; — E.
microcalyx; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 500; CorNgr, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 588.

Eugenia muelleri Mig.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 186; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 202; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 589; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78; — E. venulosa Dutuig; RwD_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 82; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 746; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 504.

Eugenia nemestrina HENDERSON; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 192;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 203.

Eugenia ngadimaniana HENpers.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 108;
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 203; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia nigricans KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 751; HENDERSON, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 194; KocHuMMen, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 203; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia oblata Roxs.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922)749; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 136; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 204.

153

154

1667

1668

1669

1670

1671

1672

1673

1674

1675

1676

1677

1678

Eugenia oblongifolia Dutuie; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 744; HENperson, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 184;
KOocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 204; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia oleina WIGHT; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 150; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 205; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78; — E. myrtifolia
Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
750.

Eugenia pachyphylla Kurz; RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 733; Corner, Ways.
Trees I sted. (1940) 500; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 90; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 206; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 589; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia palembanica (Miq.) MErR.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 500;
HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 85; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 206; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 589; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 78; — E. lepidocarpa Kurz; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 81;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 730; — E. selangorensis RDi.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. | (1922) 730; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 84.

Eugenia papillosa Dutuie; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 730; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 501; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 77; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 207;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 589; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia pauper RIDL.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 745; HENDERSON, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 178; KocHuMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 207.

Eugenia pendens Dutuig; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 81; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 726; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 71;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 209.

Eugenia polyantha WiGuT; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 742; Corner, Ways.
Trees I sted. (1940) 501; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 211; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 210; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 590; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 78; — E. nitida Dutuie; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 83; —E. balsamea (non WiGHT) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 754.

Eugenia pseudocrenulata HENpers.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949)
216; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 211; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
78; — E. crenulata (non WILLD.) DuTHIE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 751.

Eugenia pseudoformosa KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 725; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 69; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 211;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia pseudosubtilis Kinc; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 746; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 502; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 202;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 212; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
590; Kena, Conc. Fh. Sing. (1990) 78; — E. cinerea (non KurZ) RIDL.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 744.

Eugenia pustulata Durtuie; Rip_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 736; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 188; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 212;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 78.

1679

1680

1681

1682

1683
1684
1685

1686

1687

1688

Eugenia ridleyi KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 735; CorNgrR, Ways. Trees
Ist ed. (1940) 503; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 125; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 214; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 591; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78.

Eugenia rugosa (Kortu.) Merr.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 244
(incl. var. saxitana (RIDL.) HEND.); KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 215;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78; — E. goodenovii KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 731, p.p.; — E. johorensis (non Riwi.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 308.

Eugenia scortechinii Kinc; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 66;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 216.

One doubtful specimen from Singapore.

Eugenia spicata LAMK.; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 503; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 231; KocHumMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 217;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 591; KenG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 78;
E. zeylanica (non WILLD.) WIGHT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 738; — E. grata WicutT; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 739; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 498; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 12 (1949) 233; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 587.

Eugenia sp. 8; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 225.
Eugenia sp. 39; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 237.

Eugenia subdecussata Dutuie; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 82;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 752; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 503;
HeENpDerSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 95; KocHumMMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3
(1978) 218; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 591; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 78.

Eugenia syzygioides HENpeERS.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 154;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 219; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
592; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78; — E. cymosa Wicut; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 81; RmD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 737, p.p.; CoRNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 496; — E. pseudosyzygioides HEND.; HENDERSON, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 157.

Eugenia tumida DuTuie; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 504; HENDERSON,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949) 161; KocHumMEn, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 221;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 592; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78;
E. pyrifolia {non Desv.] (BL.) DuTHIE; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
82; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 738.

Eugenia virens (BL.) Koorp. & VALET.; HENDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 12 (1949)
249; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 222; — E. fusiformis DurTuie;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 727.

155

156

1689

1690

1691

1692

1693

1694

1695

1696

Melaleuca cajuputi PowELL; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 248; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 78; — M. leucadendron L. s.l.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 80; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 713; BurkmLL, Dict. (1935)
1431; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 506; CorNngr, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 594.

Rhodamnia cinerea Jack; Rey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 716; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 250; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 596; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79; — R. trinervia BL.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 80; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1902; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 507.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (AiT.) Hassk.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
80; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 717; Burkit, Dict. (1935) 1903; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 508; KocHummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 251;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 597; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79.

Tristaniopsis merguensis (GriFr.) WILSON & WATERHOUSE, Aust. J. Bot. 30
(1982) 439; — Tristania merguensis GrirF.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 80; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 715; CorNgEr, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 509; KocHumMENn, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 252; Corner, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 598; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79; Tristania maingayi
Durtutg; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 715; — Tristania subauriculata KinG;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 714.

Tristaniopsis obovata (R. Br.) WILSON & WATERHOUSE, Aust. J. Bot. 30 (1982)
439; — Tristania obovata R. Br.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 509;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 253; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
598; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79; — Tristania spathulata Rwe.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 715.

Tristaniopsis whiteana (Grirr.) WILSON & WATERHOUSE, Aust. J. Bot. 30 (1982)
440; — Tristania whiteana GrirF.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 80;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 253; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 79; —
Tristania sumatrana MiQ.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 509; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 598.

NAJADACEAE

Najas indica (WILLD.) CHAM.; DE WILDE, Fl. Males. I 6” (1962) 166; —N. minor
(non ALL.) Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 366 — N. kingii RENDLE;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 129; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
366; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 205; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 115.

Najas malesiana DELILE; DE WILDE, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 169; —N. minor (non
ALL.) Ripi.; Rm.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 180; — N. graminea var.
angustifolia RENDLE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 90; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)28; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 366; — N.
graminea (non DBL.) RIDL.; Ripcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 128;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 365; HeNperson, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
205; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 115.

1697

1698

1699
1700

1701

1702

1703

1704

1705

1706

1707

NEPENTHACEAE

Nepenthes ampullaria Jack; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 126;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 21; HENDERSoN, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 428;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 55.

Nepenthes gracilis KorTu.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 126; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 24; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 430; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 55.

Nepenthes hookeriana LINDL.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 56.

Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 126;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 24; HENDErRson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 432;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 55.

Nepenthes trichocarpa Mig.; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 56; — N.
phyllamphora WiLp.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 126; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 25.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Boerhavia diffusa L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 1; HENDERSoN, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 406; STEMMERIK, Fl. Males. I 6° (1964) 454; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 59; — B. repens L.; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125.

NYMPHAEACEAE

Hydrostemma motleyi (Hook. f.) MABBERL.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 22;
— Barclaya motleyi Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 43; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 116.

OCHNACEAE

Brackenridgea hookeri (PLANcH.) A. Gray; Kanis, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 102;
No, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 256; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 53; — Gomphia
hookeri PLANCH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 366; — Ouratea hookeri (PLANCH.) BurK.; Burkill, Dict. (1935)
1615.

Brackenridgea palustris BARTELL.; KAnis, Fl. Males. 17! (1971) 102; Noa, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 256; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 53; — Gomphia hookeri
var. corymbosa KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 84; — Gomphia
corymbosa (KING) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 367.

Euthemis leucocarpa JAck; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 368; Kanis, Fl. Males. 17! (1971) 108; No, Tree Fl. Malaya
3 (1978) 257; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 53.

Euthemis minor JAck; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 58, RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. | (1922) 368; Kanis, Fl. Males. I 7! (1971) 108; No, Tree Fl. Malaya
3 (1978) 257; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 54.

157

158

1708

1709

1710

1711

bid?

eg i

1714

i Al ee

1716

1717

Gomphia serrata (GAERTN.) KANis; KAnis, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 105; Na, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 258; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 54; —G. sumatrana Jack;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 365;
—G. oblongifolia Rw .; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 296; — Ouratea crocea
(GriFF.) BuRK. p. p. excl. type; Burkill, Dict. 1614

OLACACEAE

Anacalosa frutescens (BL.) BL.; SLEUMER, Fl. Males. I 10! (1984) 25; — A.
heptandra Maina. ex Mast.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 425; Wuirmoreg, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 299.

Erythropalum scandens BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 436; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 949; WuirmoreE, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 299; SLEuMER, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 17; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 127.

Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 422; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 302;
SLEUMER, FI. Males. I 10! (1984) 14; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 127.

Olax imbricata Roxs.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 421; WuitmoreE, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 300; SLEUMeER, Fl. Males. I 10' (1984) 8.

Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 424; Wuitmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 303;
SLEUMER, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 15; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 127.

Strombosia ceylanica GARDN.; SLEUMER, FI. Males. I 10! (1984) 22; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 127; —S. rotundifolia Kinc; RID_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 60; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 425; — S. multiflora Kinc; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 425; Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 306; — S.
maingayi (MaAstT.) WHITMORE; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 306.

Strombosia javanica BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 425; WuiTmore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 306; SLEUMeER, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 21; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 127.

Ximenia americana L.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 61; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 424; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 728; WuiTMoRE,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 300; SLeuMer, Fl. Males. I 10' (1984) 11; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 600; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 127.

OLEACEAE

Chionanthus macrocarpus BL.; Kiew, Mal. Forest. 42 (1979) 271; Kiew, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 37 (1984) 209; Kiew, Tree Fl. Malaya4 (1989) 288; —C. elaeocarpus
(STAPF) Kiew; Kiew, Mal. Forest. 42 (1979) 267.

1718

1719

1720

1721

1722

1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

1728

Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxs.; CorNErR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 601;
Krew, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 289; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 150;
Linociera pauciflora (WALL.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
108; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 317.

Jasminum bifarium WALL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 108;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 313; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 276;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 150.

Jasminum griffithii CLARKE; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 108;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 311; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 150.

Jasminum longipetalum KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 314;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 150.

Olea brachiata (Lour.) MerR.; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 603; Krew,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 291; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 150; — O. maritima
WALL. ex Don; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 108; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 318; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 277.

ONAGRACEAE

Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara; RAvEN, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 104; KENa,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 84; — Jussiaea repens L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 87; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 827; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 148.

Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) EXELL; RAvEN, Fl. Males. I 8* (1977) 104;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 84; —Jussiaea suffruticosa (non L.) RIDL.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 827;
Jussiaea linifolia V AHL; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 148.

Ludwigia octovalvis (JAcQ.) RAVEN; RAVEN, Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 101; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 85; — Jussiaea angustifolia LAMK.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; — Jussiaea erecta (non L.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 827; — Jussiaea villosa LAMK.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 828;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 149.

Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Hara; RAVEN, Fl. Males. 18? (1977) 100; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 85; — Jussiaea speciosa RIDL.; RILEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
828.

Ludwigia prostrata Roxs.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 829; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 150; RAveEn,
Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 103; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 85.

I can find no evidence of Ludwigia erecta (L.) HARA (KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 84) ever having occurred in Singapore.

OPILIACEAE

Cansjera rheedii J.F. Gmein; Hiepko, Fl. Males. I 10' (1984) 50; No, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 294; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 128; — C. zizyphifolia
GriFF.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 172; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953)
50.

159

160

LFZ9

1730

1731

$7352

Lis

1734

1735

1736

1737

Champereia manillana (BL.) MERR.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 514;
Hiepko, Fl. Males. I 10' (1984) 35; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 604; Na,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 294; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 128; — C.
griffithiana PLANCH. ex Kurz; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 133; —
C. griffithii PLANCH. ex Kurz (nom. illeg.); RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 172;
BurkKILL, Dict. (1935) 520.

Lepionurus sylvestris BL.; RIbLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 60; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 172; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1353; CorNgr, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 515; Hiepko, Fl. Males. I 10' (1984) 43; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 605; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 295; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 128;
— L. oblongifolius (Grirr.) MAST.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 173.

ORCHIDACEAE

Acriopsis javanica REINW. ex BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162;
RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 187; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
190; Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 555; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 563.

Acriopsis ridleyi Hook. f.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162; RDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 188; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 190;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 556; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 563.

Adenoncos sumatrana J.J. SmirH; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
596; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 583; — A.
virens (non BL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161, RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 149; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 154.

Agrostophyllyum bicuspidatum J.J.S.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 108;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 487; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 319; — Appendicula callosa BL.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163; — Podochilus callosa SCHLECHT.; RIDLEY, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 197.

Agrostophyllyum majus Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 107; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
108; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 489; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 321.

Anoectochilus geniculatus RIDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 213; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
213; Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 127; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 73.

Aphyllorchis pallida BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 205; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 205;
Ho.truM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 102; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & aang. (1992) 44.

1738

1739

1740

1741

1742

1743

1744

1745

1746

1747

Apostasia nuda R. Br.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 233; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 297;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 66; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 37.

Appendicula anceps BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924) 195; Ho_trum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 505; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 329; — A. lewisii Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
163;— Podochilus anceps (BL.) SCHLECHT.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 193.

Appendicula cornuta BL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 196; HoLtrum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 509; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 332; —A. bifaria LINDL.; RiDcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
163; — Podochilus cornutus (BL.) SCHLECHT.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 194.

Appendicula lucida RIDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 196; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 509;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 330; — Podochilus
lucidus (RIDL.) SCHLECT.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 195.

Appendicula uncata RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 196; Ho_trum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 508; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 330; — Podochilus uncatus (RIDL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 194.

Arachnis hookeriana (Hook. f.) SCHLTR.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 614; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 633; —
Renanthera alba (Rw .) RIDL.; Rm ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 155; —A. alba (RiDL.) SCHLTR.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 159.

Arachnis maingayi (Hook. f) Rcus. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 159;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 618; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 633; — Renanthera maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907)
135:

Arundina graminifolia (Don) Hocur.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 188; SEIDENFADEN & Woon, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 146; —
A. bambusifolia LinDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 125; —A. speciosa BL.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 126; —A. revoluta Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
4 (1924) 126.

Biermannia laciniata (CARR) GARAY; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 685; — Chamaeanthus laciniatus CARR; HoLtrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 680.

Bromheadia alticola Ript.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 144; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
151; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 543; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 525.

161

162

1748

Bromheadia aporoides Rcugp. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 145; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
151; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 545; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 529.

1749a Bromheadia finlaysoniana (LINDL.) Rcus. f. var. finlaysoniana; HoLtrum,

Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 541; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 525; — B. palustris LinDL.; RIDvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 160; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 143; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 150.

1749b Bromheadia finlaysoniana var. sylvestris (RipL.) HoLtr.; HoLttrum, Rev. FI.

1750

| be

1752

L793

1754

1755

Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 541; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 525; —B. sylvestris Rwv.; RW ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
161; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 144; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 150.

Bulbophyllum acuminatum (RIDL.) RIDL.; RIpDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 82; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 79; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 414; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 447;
— Cirrhopetalum acuminatum RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
158; — Cirrhopetalum semibifidum Riv.; Rwwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 158; —B. semibifidum (RIDL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 82; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 79; — Cirrhopetalum linearifolium
Rip_.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; — B. stenophyllum Rw_.;
RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 83; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
80.

Bulbophyllum apodum Hook. f.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 76; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
73; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 446; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 463.

Bulbophyllum blumei (LINDL.) J.J.S.; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 74;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 406; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 517; — Cirrhopetalum blumei LInDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; — B. ephippium Rww .; RiD.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) | (1907) 78.

Bulbophyllum botryophorum RuIbL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
157; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 71; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 69; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 457; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 494.

Bulbophyllum cleistogamum RIDL.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) |
(1907) 72; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 69; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 401; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 493.

Bulbophyllum concinnum Hook. f.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
157; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 74; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 70; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 454; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 471.

1756

1757

1758

1759

1760

1761

1762

1763

1764

1765

Bulbophyllum flavescens (BL.) LINDL.; VERMEULEN, Orchids of Borneo 2
(1991) 51; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 459; —
B. adenopetalum LInDL.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 75; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 71;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. FI. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 449.

Possibly only cultivated in Singapore.

Bulbophyllum limbatum LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 69; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
65; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 460; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 435.

Bulbophyllum macranthum LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
157; RwwLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 63; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 57; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 417; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 477.

Bulbophyllum macrochilum RoLFE; VERMEULEN, Orchids of Borneo 2 (1991)
153; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 493; —B. stella
RIp..; RDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 72; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 69; Hottrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 401.

Bulbophyllum makoyanum (Rcup. f.) RiDL.; RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 81; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 79; Hottrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 412; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 443; — Cirrhopetalum makoyanum Rcup. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158.

Bulbophyllum medusae (LINDL.) Rcus. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 79; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 75; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 409; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 468;
— Cirrhopetalum medusae LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158.

Bulbophyllum membranaceum Tesm. & BINNEND.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 64; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 430; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 501; — B. avicella Rwe.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1
(1907) 67.

Bulbophyllum nigropurpureum Carr; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 430; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 503.

Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (BL.) LinpL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 436; SEIDENFADEN & Woon, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 513; —
B. catenarium RIpu.; RI.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 67; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 61.

Bulbophyllum patens Kinc ex Hook. f.; Rip-ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
157; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 62; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 57; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 417; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 481.

163

164

1766

1767

1768

1769

1770

L771

1772

1773

1774

1775

1776

Bulbophyllum pileatum LINDL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157;
Ripcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 63; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
57; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 422; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 479.

Bulbophyllum pulchellum Riwbv.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
83; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 80; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
415; W*S 449; — Cirrhopetalum concinnum Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 158.

Bulbophyllum purpurascens Telsm. & BINNEND.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 78; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 410; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 449; — Cirrhopetalum citrinum
Riw_.; RD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; —B. citrinum (RIDL.) RIDL.;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 75.

Bulbophyllum restrepia RipDL.; RIDLEy, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907)
78; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 75; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
406; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 517.

Bulbophyllum ruficaudatum RIDL.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 445; — Cirrhopetalum microbulbon Rw .; Rw ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; — B. microbulbon (RiDx.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 82; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 79; Ho_trum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 414.

Bulbophyllum rugosum Ript.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157;
RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 65; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
60; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 421; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 475.

Bulbophyllum sessile (KoeEN.) J.J.Sm.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 451; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 503; —
B. clandestinum LInDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157; RIDLeEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 72; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 69.

Bulbophyllum singaporeanum Scuitr.; HoLtruMm, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 458; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 485; —
B. densiflorum (non Ro Fe) RIDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157;
RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 71; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
68.

Bulbophyllum striatellum Ripv.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 67; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
62; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya |, 3rd ed. (1964) 437; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 519.

Bulbophyllum tenuifolium (BL.) LinpL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 439; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 518.

Bulbophyllum trifolium Ripv.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158;
Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 71; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
68; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 457; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 495.

1777

1778

1779

1780

1781

1782

1783

1784

1785

Bulbophyllum vaginatum (LINDL.) Rcus. /.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 80; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 76; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 409; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 439;
— Cirrhopetalum vaginatum LINDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
158.

Bulbophyllum vermiculare Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
157; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 74; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 71; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 446; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 461.

Bulbophyllum vesiculosum J.J.SM.; VERMEULEN, Orchids of Borneo 2 (1991)
133; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 507; — B.
corneri CARR; Ho.Ltrum, Rev. FI. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 428.

Calanthe pulchra (BL.) LINDL.; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 157;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 173; — C.
curculigoides LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163, RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 122, RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 121.

Ceratostylis subulata BL.; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 109; Hottrum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 493; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 310; — C. gracilis (non BL.) RipL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 109.

Claderia viridiflora Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160;
Rp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 136; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
140; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 184; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 531.

Cleisostoma halophilum (RipL.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23
(1972) 171; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 623; —
Saccolabium halophilum (RiDv.) Rwe.; Ri.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) |
(1907) 162; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 168; — Ascochilus teres RIDL.;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 178; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
181; — Sarcanthus halophilus (Rw.) J.J. SMitH; Ri.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 161; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 653.

Cleisostoma scortechinii (Hook. f.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23
(1972) 174; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 625; —
Saccolabium scortechinii (Hook. f.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 167; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 169; — Sarcanthus scortechinii
Hook. f.; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 655.

Coelogyne cumingii LinpL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160;
RIpD.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 131; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
134; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 249; SEIDENFADEN & Woon,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 209.

165

166

1786

1787

1788

1789

1790

1791

1792

1793

1794

Coelogyne foerstermannii Rcus. f.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1
(1907) 130; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 132; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 251; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 209.

Coelogyne mayeriana Rcugp. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160;
Ripvey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 131; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
133; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 254; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 217.

Coelogyne rochussenii DE Vr.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 128; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
131; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 257; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 213.

Coelogyne testacea LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160; RiDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 127; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 129;
HotttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 259; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 215.

Cordiglottis filiformis (Hook. f.) GARAY; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of
Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 637; — Dendrocolla filiformis (Hook. f.) RIDL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 184; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 187; — Cheirorchis filiformis
(Hook. f.) Carr; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 679.

Corymborkis veratrifolia (REINW.) BL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 144 (Corymborchis); SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing.
(1992) 53; — Corymbis longiflora Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 163; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 208, RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 208.

Cryptostylis arachnites (BL.) HaAssk.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
164; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 225; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 225; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 103; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 49.

Cymbidium bicolor LInbL. ssp. pubescens (LiINnDL.) Du Pay & Crisps; The
Genus Cymbidium (1988) 73; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 551;—C. aloifolium (non Sw.) RID. var. pubescens; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160; —C. pubescens Lindl.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) | (1907) 140; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 145; HoL_trum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 522.

Cymbidium finlaysonianum LInDL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) |
(1907) 139; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 145; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 520; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 551;
— C. aloifolium (non Sw.) Riwv.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160.

1795a Cystorchis variegata BL. var. variegata; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33

(1900) 164; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 212; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 211; Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 139; SEIDENFADEN
& Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 68.

1795b Cystorchis variegata var. purpurea RIDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33

1796

1797

1798

1799

1800

1801

1802

1803

1804

(1900) 164; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 212; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 212; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 139; SEIDENFADEN
& Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 69.

Dendrobium acerosum LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156:
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 43; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
38; Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 338; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 423.

Dendrobium aciculare LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 155;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 57; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 403.

One collection of Loddiges dubiously from Singapore, though Seidenfaden
(Nord. J. Bot. 1(1981) 193) does not entirely discount possibility of Singapore
being the true locality.

Dendrobium aloifolium (BL.) Rcxs. f; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 330; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 411; —
D. serra (LINDL.) LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 155; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 38: RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 35.

Dendrobium bifarium LInDL.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156:
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 45: Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
42; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 322; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 399.

Dendrobium concinnum Miq.; SEIDENFADEN, Op. Bot. 83 (1985) 229:
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 419; — D.
atropurpureum (non Mig.) RIDL.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 155;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 40; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
37; — D. carnosum (BL.) Rcup. f.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
337.

Dendrobium crocatum Hook. 7.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
52; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 47; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
320; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 378; — D.
pyropum RIDL.; RDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157.

Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.: RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156:
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 48; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
42; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 329; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 409.

Dendrobium flexile Rip..; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156: RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 42; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 39;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 339; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 423.

Dendrobium grande Hook. f.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 40;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 36; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
332; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 413.

167

168

1805

1806

1807

1808

1809

1810

1811

1812

1813

1814

Dendrobium hendersonii HAwkes & HELLER; HoLtruM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 328; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 407.

Dendrobium indivisum (BL.) Mig.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
332; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 413; — D.
eulophotum LINDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 155; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 39; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 35.

Dendrobium lamellatum (BL.) LINDL.; RIDLEy, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
157; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 50; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 46; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 317; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 373.

Dendrobium leonis (LINDL.) Rcus. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
155; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 37; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 334; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 417.

Dendrobium lobatum (BL.) Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 36; HoLtrum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 332; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 413; —D. rhizophoreti Rwe.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 155; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 39.

Dendrobium lobbii Tevsm. & BINNEND.; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 342; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 427; —
D. conostalix Rcns. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 43; — D. calcaratum (non A. Ricu.) LINDL.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 39.

Dendrobium microglaphys Rcup. f.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 389; — D. callibotrys Rwv.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 156; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 49; Ripey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 44; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 287.

Dendrobium pachyphyllum (Kze.) BAKH. f.; SEIDENFADEN, Op. Bot. 83 (1985)
10; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 363; — D.
pumilum Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 154; Riptey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 34; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 275; — D.
quadrangulare (non ParisH & Rcup. f.) RipL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 35.

Dendrobium pandaneti RivL.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 47; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
44; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 324; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 395.

Dendrobium pensile Rip_.; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156;
Riw.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 45; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
40; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 340; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Rat & Sing. (1992) 425.

1815

1816

1817

1818

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

1824

Dendrobium planibulbe LInDL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 41; Ho_trum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 328; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 407; — D. tuberiferum Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 156; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 48.

Dendrobium prostratum RIDL.; RIDLEy, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 155;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
38; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 334; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 415.

Dendrobium pulchellum Roxs. ex LINDL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 293; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 383; —
D. dalhousieanum WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 157; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 57; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 52.

Once recorded on a tree at Chan Chu Kang, otherwise only cultivated.

Dendrobium revolutum LINDL.; RIDLEy, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907)
46; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 43; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
323; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 399.

Dendrobium salaccense (BL.) LINDL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 341; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 427; —
D. gemellum (non LINDL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 44; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
AO.

Dendrobium secundum (BL.) LINDL.; Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1
(1907) 50; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 46; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 316; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 373.

Dendrobium setifolium RipL.; Ho_ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 326;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 403; — D. gracile
(non BL.) LINDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 47; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 41.

Dendrobium singaporense Hawkes & HELLER; HoLttum, Rev. FI. Malaya 1,
3rd ed. (1964) 337; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992)
420; — D. teres (non Roxs.) LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 155;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 42; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
38.

Dendrobium sinuatum (LINDL.) LINDL. ex Rcup. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 155; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 40; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 37; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 335;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 419.

Dendrobium spegidoglossum Rcup. f.; SEIDENFADEN, Op. Bot. 83 (1985) 93;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 393; — D.
flavidulum Riv. ex Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 55; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
45; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 311.

169

170

1825

1826

1827

1828

~ 1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

Dendrobium spurium (BL.) J.J.Sm.; Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 277; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 365; —
D. euphlebium LInbL.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156; RrpLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 49; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 44.

Dendrobium subulatum (BL.) LINDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
156; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 43; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 39; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 339; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 423.

Dendrobium villosulum LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 156;
RIpDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 44; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
40; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 429; — D.
melanochlamys Hottt.; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 342.

Dendrochilum ellipticum RIDL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
85; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924) 83; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
234; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 191.

Dendrochilum longifolium Rcus. f.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 229; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 185; —
Platyclinis longifolia (RcuB. f.) HEMSL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
154; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 26; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 25.

Didymoplexis pallens Grirr.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164;
RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 206; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
206; Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 109; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 138.

Dilochia wallichii LINDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 125; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 126;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 190; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 148. .

Diplocaulobium longicolle (LINDL.) KRAENZL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
27; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 348; —
Dendrobium longicolle LinpL.; R.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 154;
RIpDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 34; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1,
3rd ed. (1964) 263.

Dipodium scandens (BL.) J.J. Sm.; Comper, Orchids of Java (1990) 384;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 555; — D. pictum
(LinDL.) Reus. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160; RipLey, Mat. Fl.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 141; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 147; Ho_trum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 513.

Eria bractescens LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 101; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 91;
Ho.truM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 388; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 295.

1835

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

Eria floribunda LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 96; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 89;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 384; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 285.

Eria hyacinthoides (BL.) LINDL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
390; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 298; — E.
endymion RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 101; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 91.

Eria javanica (Sw.) BL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 377;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 271; — E. stellata
LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) | (1907) 98; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 96; — E. striolata Rcups.
f.; Ruwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 99; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 96.

Eria longe-repens RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 103; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 95;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 372; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 293.

Eria neglecta RIDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 103; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 95;
Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 368; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 293.

Eria nutans LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 103; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 94;
HotttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 368; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 291.

Eria obliqua LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 158; RmpLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 89; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 86; HoLtrum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 365; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 279.

Eria pannea LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 100; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 99;
Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 380; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 273.

Eria pellipes Hook. f.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing.
(1992) 273; — E. teretifolia (non GrirF.) GriFF.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 100; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 99; HoLtrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 379.

Eria pudica RDL.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 104; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 85;
Ho.trTuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 391; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 303.

171

172

1845

1846

1847

- 1848

1849

1850

185]

1852

Eria pulchella LinbL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; Ho_trum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 372; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 275; — Tylostylis rigida auct., non BL.; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 105; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 104.

Eria robusta (BL.) LinDL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 381;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 286; — E.
aeridostachya Rcup. f. ex LINDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
97; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 96; — E. brunea RID.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 98; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 97; — E. linearifolia
RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 97; — E. lorifolia Riwi.; RmLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 98; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 98.

Eria tenuiflora RIDL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 97; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 90; HoL_trum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 393; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 306.

Eulophia graminea LINDL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 137; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
141; Hottrtum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 534; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 539.

Eulophia spectabilis (DENNsT.) SURESH.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 541; — E. squalida LinbL.; Rwwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 160; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 137; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 141; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 537.

Flickingeria angustifolia (BL.) HAwKEs; SEIDENFADEN, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 34
(1980) 57; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 359; —
Dendrobium kelsallii Riwv.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 36;
Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 270; — Dendrobium pallidiflorum
Ripi.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 37; — Desmotrichum
kelsallii R1D.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 33; — Desmotrichum pallidiflorum
KRANZL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 31.

Flickingeria bancana (J.J.Sm) HAwkEs; SEIDENFADEN, Dansk. Bot. Arkiv 34
(1980) 57; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 360; —
Dendrobium lonchophyllum {non Hook. f.] Riwv.; Rwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 154, p.p.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 35, p.p.;
Hoitrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 270, p.p.; — Desmotrichum
lonchophyllum [non (Hook. f.) KRANZL.] RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 29,

P-Pp-

Flickingeria comata (BL.) HAWKES; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal.
& Sing. (1992) 352; — Dendrobium criniferum LInDL.; RDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 154; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 36; —
Desmotrichum criniferum LinDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 30; —
Dendrobium comatum (Bt.) LinDL.; HoLTruM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
266.

1853

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860

1861

Flickingeria fimbriata (BL.) HAwkes; SEIDENFADEN, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 34
(1980) 21; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 355; —
Dendrobium flabellum Reus. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
36; Holttum Ist ed.; — Desmotrichum fimbriatum BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 30; — Dendrobium plicatile LinDL.; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 267.

Flickingeria laciniosa (RIDL.) HAWKES; SEIDENFADEN, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 34
(1980) 31; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 355; —
Dendrobium laciniosum RipD..; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 155;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 38; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1,
3rd ed. (1964) 267: — Desmotrichum fimbriatum KRANZL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
4 (1924) 31.

Flickingeria xantholeuca (Rcxs. f.) HAWKES; SEIDENFADEN, Dansk Bot. Arkiv
34 (1980) 56; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 359;
— Dendrobium lonchophyllum Hook. f.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
154, p.p.; Ripcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 35, p.p.; Hotttum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 270, p.p.; — Desmotrichum lonchophyllum
KRANZL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 29, p.p.

Galeola nudifolia Lour.; SEIDENFADEN, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 32 (1978) 134:
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 130; — G. hydra
Reus. f.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 202; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 202: — G. kuAlii (RcuB.
f.) Reus. f.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 39; Hottrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 99.

Gastrodia javanica (BL.) LinbDL.; Ripuey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164:
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 40; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 110; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 140:
— G. malayana Ruipt.; Ripcey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 207:
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 207.

Grammatophyllum speciosum BL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
160; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 142; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 149; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 527; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 557.

Habenaria singapurensis Rip-.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164:
Rip ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 228: Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
229, Ho.trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 84; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 109.

Hetaeria nitida Rip..; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 222:
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 222: Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
116; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 95.

Hetaeria obliqua BL.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164; RiDLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 222; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 221;
Ho tttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 115; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 93.

173

174

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870

187]

Hylophila mollis Linbi.; RiLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164; RiDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 223; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 223;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 119; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 57.

Lecanorchis malaccensis RipL.; RmpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 206; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
206; Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 101; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 134.

Liparis elegans LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 154; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 24; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 23;
Ho tTTvuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 208; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 236.

Liparis ferruginea LINDL.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 22;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 20; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
203; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 233; — L.
nervosa; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 154.

Liparis gibbosa Finer; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 209;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 240; — L. disticha
(non THouaRS) LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 154, RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 26; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 24.

Liparis tricallosa Rcup. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 20; HoLtrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 202; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 231; —L. venosa auct., non (THou.) LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 154; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 22.

Liparis wrayi Hook. f.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 21; Ho_trum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 203; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 231.

Macodes petola (BL.) LinDL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 215; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
215; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 117; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 98.

Malaxis latifolia J.E. Smiru; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 195;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 219; — Microstylis
congesta (LINDL.) Rcnp. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 154; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)4; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 12.

Malaxis micrantha (Hook. f.) O. Krze.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 197; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 225; —
Microstylis micrantha Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)4; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
12.

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

Micropera fuscolutea (LINDL.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23 (1972)
186; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 615; —
Sarcochilus adnatus Rw .; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162; Ripiey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 177; — Saccolabium adnatum (RIDL.)
RIpDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 174; — Camarotis adnata (RIDL.) HOLTT.;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 631.

Microsaccus ampullaceus J.J. SmirH; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 594; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 582.

Microsaccus griffithii (Par. & Rcus. f.) SEIDENFADEN, Op. Bot. 95 (1988) 25;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 581; — M.
brevifolius J.J. SmrrH; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 594.

Microsaccus javensis BL.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 172; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 175;
Ho.ttuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 595; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 582.

Nephelaphyllum pulchrum BL.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 116; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
115; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 180; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 150.

Nervilia punctata (BL.) Makino; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
106; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 135; —
Pogonia punctata BL.; Rwwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164, RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 203; — Aplostellis punctata (BL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 204.

Neuwiedia griffithii Rcus. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165;
RID.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 231; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
296; HoLttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 64; SEIDENFADEN & Woon,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 34.

Neuwiedia veratrifolia BL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 64;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 32; —N. lindleyi
Ro tre; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) | (1907) 231; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 295.

Neuwiedia zollingeri Rcus. f. var. singapureana (BAK.) DE VOGEL; DE VOGEL,
Blumea 17 (1969) 331; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing.
(1992) 34; —N. curtisii RotFe; Ripwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 232; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
297; —N. singapureana Ro.re; Ho.ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 64.

Oberonia anceps LinbL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 18; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 15;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 219; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 247.

175

176

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

189]

1892

Oberonia bertoldii Kinc & PRANTL.; RipLeEy, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1
(1907) 19; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 17; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 225; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 251.

Oberonia ciliolata Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153;
RIDLeY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 19; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
16; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 220; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 247.

Oberonia dissitiflora RipL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 218; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 245; — O. lunata (BL.) LINDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal.
Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 16 (in part); RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 14 (in part).

Oberonia flabellifera HoLtr.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 222;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 253.

Oberonia lunata (BL.) LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153;
RIpD.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 16 (in part); RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
4 (1924) 14 (in part); HoLttrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 223;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 256.

Oberonia miniata LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 153; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 18; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 16;
Ho trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 220; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 249.

Oberonia stenophylla Rip_.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 17;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 15; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
222; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 254.

Peristylus candidus J.J.SmM.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 107; — Habenaria lacertifera (LINDL.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 230 (in part); — Habenaria sumatrana (SCHLTR.) SCHLTR.;
Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 88.

Peristylus lacertiferus (LINDL.) J.J.Sm.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 107; — Habenaria lacertifera (LINDL.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 164; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907)
227; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 230, HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 88; — Habenaria maingayi Kinc; Rwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
164.

Phaius tankervilliae (BANKs ex L’ Herir) BL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 172; Comper, Orchids of Java (1990) 101; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 176; —P. wallichii LInDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 123. |

Plocoglottis gigantea (Hook. f.) J.J. SmirH; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 160; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 183; —
P. foetida Rw .; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 160; RipLey, Mat. Fl.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 113; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 144.

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

Plocoglottis javanica BL.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 113; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 143;
Ho.truM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 159; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 181.

Plocoglottis lowii Rcus. f.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 160;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 181; — P.
porphyrophylla Rw .; R.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 113; Rmey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 144.

Podochilus microphyllus LInDL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 193; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
500; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 333; — P.
sciuroides Rcus. f.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 192.

Polystachya concreta (Jacg.) GARAY & SWEET; SEIDENFADEN, Op. Bot. 95 (1988)
14; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 566; — P.
singapurensis RIDL.; RD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 146; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 152: — P.
penangensis RiDL.; RiDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 146; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 152: — P. siamensis RiDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 146; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 152; —P. flavescens (BL.)
J.J. SmitH; Hotttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 546.

Pomatocalpa latifolium (LINDL.) J.J. SmitH; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 628; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 613;
— Saccolabium hortense Rwv.; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
166; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 167; — Saccolabium latifolium Rw . var.
parviflorum RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 166.

Pteroceras pallidum (Rip_.) Hoitt.; PEDERSEN, Nord. J. Bot. 12 (1992) 388;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 675; — Sarcochilus
caligaris RIDL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 175; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 178; HoL_ttum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 685.

Renanthera elongata (BL.) LInDL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 156; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
160; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 634; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 593.

Renanthera histrionica Rcuns. f.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
634; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 596; —
Renantherella histrionica (Rcus. f.) Ripi.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 161; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 157; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 161.

Rhynchostylis gigantea (LINDL.) RIDL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
161; Ripiey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 158; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 163; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 704; SEIDENFADEN &
Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 661.

177

178

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Robiquetia spathulata (BL.) J.J. Smira; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 714; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 662; —
Cleisostoma spicatum LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161; —
Saccolabium densiflorum LINDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
167; Rmw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 170.

Sarcostoma javanica BL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 499;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 317; — Ceratostylis
cryptantha RIwe.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 110; RipLey, Fl.
Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 110; — Ceratostylis linearis RiDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 110.

Schoenorchis micrantha RIENw. ex BL.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 663; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 597; —
Saccolabium perpusillum Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 164; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
171.

Schoenorchis secundiflora (RIDL.) J.J. SmitH; HoLtru, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 662; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 597;
— Saccolabium secundiflorum Rivi.; Rwwiey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1
(1907) 170; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 173.

Spathoglottis plicata BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 117; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 117;
Ho tttTuM, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 166; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids
of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 161.

Stereosandra javanica BL.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 224; HoLtrum, Rev.
Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 108; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 143.

Taeniophyllum filiforme J.J. SmirH; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 593; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 579; —
T. macrorrhizum Rip.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 176.

Taeniophyllum obtusum BL.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 592;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 577; —T. serrula
Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 161, RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) | (1907) 173; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 176.

Thelasis carinata BL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 200; HoLtrum, Rev. FI.
Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 550; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. &
Sing. (1992) 341; — Oxyanthera elata Hook. f.; RiD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 163; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 200.

Thelasis micrantha (BRoNGn.) J.J. SmirH; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 551; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 341; —
Oxyanthera decurva Hook. f.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163; —
Oxyanthera micrantha BRONGN.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907)
200; — T. decurva Hook. f.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 200. |

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

Thelasis pygmaea (Grirr.) LINDL.; ComBer, Orchids of Java (1990) 211;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 341; — T. elongata
BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) | (1907) 199; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 199; — T. triptera Rcus.
f.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 550.

Thrixspermum acuminatissimum (BL.) Rcus. f.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1,
3rd ed. (1964) 600; SEIDENFADEN & Woon, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992)
639; —T. notabile Riwi.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 183; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 186.

Thrixspermum amplexicaule (BL.) Rcus. f.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 602; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 645;
— T. lilacinum Reus. f.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 181; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 184.

Thrixspermum calceolus (LINDL.) Reus. f.; RipbLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 162; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 181; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 4 (1924) 184; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 604; SEIDENFADEN
& Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 645.

Thrixspermum centipeda Lour.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal.
& Sing. (1992) 643; —T. arachnites (BL.) Rcus.f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 162; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 182; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 185; HoL_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 601.

Thrixspermum ridleyanum Scuitr.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 611; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 651; —
Dendrocolla maculata Ripi.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 162;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 186; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
188.

Thrixspermum scopa (Hook. f.) HoLtr.; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 600; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 641.

Thrixspermum trichoglottis (Hook. f.) O. Ktze.; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1,
3rd ed. (1964) 611; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992)
655; — Dendrocolla trichoglottis Rwu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
162; Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 185; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 187.

Trichotosia gracilis (Hook. f.) KRAENZL.; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 268; — Eria oligantha Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 95; — Eria
gracilis Hook. f.; RipLEy, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) | (1907) 95; HoLtrum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 362; —T. velutina KRZL., RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
4 (1924) 101; —T. oligantha Krz..; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 103.

179

180

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

Trichotosia velutina (Lopp. ex LINDL.) KRAENZL., RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
101; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 265; — Eria
velutina Lopp. ex LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; Ripey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 94; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed.
(1964) 361.

Trichotosia vestita (LINDL.) KRAENZL., RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 100;
SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 262; — Eria vestita
LINDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 159; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 1 (1907) 92; Hottrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 359.

Tropidia curculigoides LINDL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 209; Ho_trum,
Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 143; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen.
Mal. & Sing. (1992) 53; —T. squamata BL.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
1 (1907) 209.

Vanilla griffithii Rcus. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 201; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 201;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 38; HoL_ttum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd
ed. (1964) 95; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 125.

Vrydagzynea albida (BL.) BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 211; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924)
211; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 138; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 65.

Vrydagzynea lancifolia Ripv.; Rwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 210; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
210; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 137; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 65.

Vrydagzynea tristriata Rip_.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 163;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 211; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
211; HoLtrum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964) 138; SEIDENFADEN & Woop,
Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 65.

Zeuxine clandestina BL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 1 (1907) 218;
RIDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 217; Ho_trum, Rev. Fl. Malaya 1, 3rd ed. (1964)
135; SEIDENFADEN & Woop, Orchids of Pen. Mal. & Sing. (1992) 87.

OXALIDACEAE

Dapania racemosa KorTH.; VELDKAMP, Fl. Males. 17! (1971) 167; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 96; — D. scandens Starr; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 334,
Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 23.

Oxalis barrelieri L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 330; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 47; VELDKAMpP, Fl. Males. I 7! (1971) 155; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 662; KEeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 96.

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

Oxalis corniculata L.; RiLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 56; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 330; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 47; VELDKAmp,
Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 155; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 96.

Oxalis corymbosa DC.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 330; HENDERson, Mal.
Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 47; VELDKAmp, FI. Males. I 7! (1971) 159; Cor.etrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 96.

Sarcotheca griffithii (PLANCH. ex Hook. f.) HALL. f.; VELDKAMP, FI. Males. I 7!
(1971) 170; CockBurN Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 349; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 96; — Connaropsis griffithii PLANCH. ex Hook.f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 332.

Sarcotheca laxa (RIDL.) KNUTH var. sericea (RIDL.) VELDK.; VELDKAMP, FI.
Males. I7' (1971) 171; — Connaropsis macrophylla auct., non KiNG, RIDLey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 56; — Connaropsis glabra Rwi.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 332.

PALMAE

Calamus densiflorus Becc.; RmpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 175;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 196; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
53; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 244; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 127.

Calamus diepenhorstii Mig.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)
199; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 55; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979)
246; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 127; —C. singaporensis Becc.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 175; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 199.

Calamus erinaceous (BEcc.) DRANSF.; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979)
130; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 127; — C. aquatilis RiDL.; RIDLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 210; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 63.

Calamus insignis Grirr.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 175; RmDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 193; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 51;
DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 212; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
127.

Calamus javensis BL.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 175; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 49; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 198; Kena, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 127; — C. pencillatus (non Roxs.) Rwv.; Rivey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 191.

Calamus laevigatus Mart.; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 138; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 127; —C. pallidulus Becc.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 175; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 209; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 62.

181

182

194]

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

195]

Calamus lobbianus Becc.; RIpLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 204;
Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 59; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 190;
Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 127.

Calamus luridus Becc.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 198;
RIDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 56; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 237;
KENG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 128; — C. laxiflorus Brcc.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 56; — C. distans Riw_.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 56.

Calamus ornatus Becc.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 195;
RIDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 53; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 201;
KeEnG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 128.

Calamus oxleyanus TEUSM. & BINNEND.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. RR. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
175; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 208; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 62; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 148; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing.
40 (1987) 128.

Calamus ridleyanus Becc.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 197;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 54; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 246;
Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 128; — ?C. “sp. near radulosus” ; R.ey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 175.

Caryota mitis Lour.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 174; Ripiey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 157; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 21;
Wuitmorg, Palms of Malaya (1977) 44; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 128.

Cocos nucifera L.; RmpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 176; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 132; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 7; WHiTMore,
Palms of Malaya (1977) 48.

Cyrtostachys renda BL.; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 128; — C. lakka
Becc.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 173; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 2 (1907) 149; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 17; Wurrmorg, Palms of
Malaya (1977) 53.

Daemonorops angustifolia (Grirr.) MART.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 175; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 174; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 36; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 78; KENG, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 40 (1987) 128; —D. hygrophilus Grirr.; RDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 175; — D. carcharodon Rip..; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 178; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 40.

Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
175; RiwLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 180; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 41; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 90; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing.
40 (1987) 128; —D. cochleatus T. & B.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
176.

Daemonorops geniculata (Grirr.) Mart.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 175; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 184; Ripcey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 44; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 107.

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

Daemonorops grandis (Grirr.) MArRT.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
175; Ri.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 177; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 38; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 80; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing.
40 (1987) 128; — D. intermedia (Grirr.) Mart.; RIDLeY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 175.

Daemonorops hystrix (Grirr.) MaArT.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
175; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 182; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 42; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 101; KENG, Gard. Bull. Sing.
40 (1987) 129.

Daemonorops kunstleri Becc.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 43; DRANSFIELD,
Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 104.

Daemonorops leptopus (Grirr.) Mart.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
175; Riwiey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 182; RmLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 42; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 96; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing.
40 (1987) 129; —D. propinquus (non BeEcc.) Rwwe.; RD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 175.

Daemonorops lewisiana (Grirr.) MART.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
2 (1907) 176; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 38; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec.
29 (1979) 85; — D. pseudosepal Becc.; Rwiey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 180; Rm.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 40.

Daemonorops longipes (Grirr.) MArt.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
176; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 184; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 44; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 117; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing.
40 (1987) 129.

Daemonorops micracantha (Grirr.) BECcc.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
2 (1907) 180; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 41; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec.
29 (1979) 96; Keno, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 129.

Daemonorops periacantha Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 44; DRANSFIELD,
Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 117; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 129; — D.
dissitophylla Bsecc.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 183.

Daemonorops sabut BeEcc.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 46; DRANSFIELD, Mal.
Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 109.

Eleiodoxa conferta (GrirF.) BURRET; UHL & DRANSFIELD, Genera Palmarum
(1987) 249; — Salacca conferta Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
176; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 169; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 32 (“Zalacca” ); WHITMorE, Palms of Malaya (1977) 106; KENG, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 132.

Iguanura wallichiana (WALL. ex Mart.) Hook. f.; Krew, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28
(1976) 216; —I. geonomaeformis Grirr. ex MART.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 173; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 151; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 13; Wuitmore, Palms of Malaya (1977) 63; KeNG, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 40 (1987) 129; —/. malaccensis Brcc.; Rw_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 173.

183

184

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

197]

L972

Korthalsia echinometra Becc.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 176;
RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 215; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
68; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 47; DRANSFIELD, Kew Bull. 36 (1981)
188; Ken, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 129.

Korthalsia laciniosa (GriFr.) MART.; DRANSFIELD, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 179; —
K. grandis Rw .; RIpbLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 217; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 69; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 40; Kena, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 129; — K. wallichiaefolia (Grirr.) H. WENDL.; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2(1907) 217; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 69.

Korthalsia rigida BL.; DRANSFIELD, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 172; Kena, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 40 (1987) 129; — K. polystachya Makrt.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 176; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 218; Rm ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 69.

Korthalsia rostrata BL.; DRANSFIELD, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 184; —K. scaphigera
GriFF. ex Mart.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 176; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 216; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 68; DRANSFIELD,
Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 47; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 129.

Korthalsia scortechinii BEcc.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 68; DRANSFIELD,
Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 50; DRANSFIELD, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 189; — K.
flagellaris (non Mig.) Rwe.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 176.

Licuala ferruginea BEcc.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 174; RiDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 162; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 26;
KEnG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 130.

Licuala spinosa Wuros; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 174; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 160; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 25;
WuiTMoreg, Palms of Malaya (1977) 70; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 130.

Licuala triphylla Grirr.; RIpvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 174; RiDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 163; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 28;
Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 130.

Myrialepis paradoxa (Kurz) DRANSFIELD, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 242; — M.
scortechinii Becc.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 176; Wuitmore,
Palms of Malaya (1977) 79; DRANSFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 68; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 130; — Plectocomiopsis scortechinii (BEcc.) RIDL.;
Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 213; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
67; — Plectocomiopsis annulata Riwv.; Rwvey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 213; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 66.

Nenga pumila (Mart.) WENDL. var. pachystachya (BL.) E. FERNANDO, Principes
27 (1983) 61; — N. wendlandiana ScuerFr.; RIpcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 173; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 144; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 12; —N. pumila; Wuirmore, Palms of Malaya (1977) 79; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 130.

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1981

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Nypa fruticans Wurms; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 174; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 158; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 71
(“Nipa”); WuiTmore, Palms of Malaya (1977) 81; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 131.

Oncosperma horridum (Grirr.) SCHEFF.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 173; Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 147; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen.5 (1925) 16; WuiTmMorg, Palms of Malaya(1977) 82; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing.
40 (1987) 131.

Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) RIDL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
173; WuiTmorE, Palms of Malaya (1977) 83; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
131; — O. filamentosa BL.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 147;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 16.

Orania sylvicola (Grirr.) H.E. Moore; WuiTmore, Palms of Malaya (1977) 84;
— O.macrocladus Mart.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 174; RiDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 145; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 17.

Pholidocarpus kingianus (Becc.) RIDL.; RipLEy, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.)
2 (1907) 167; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen 5 (1925) 24; DRANSFIELD & Uhl, Kew Bull.
38 (1983) 198; — Livistona kingiana Becc, J. Str. Br. R. As. soc. 33 (1900) 174;
Wuitmorg, Palms of Malaya (1977) 72; Keno, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 130.

Pinanga disticha BL. ex WENDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 172;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 132; Rm.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
7; WHITMORE, Palms of Malaya (1977) 91; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 131.

Pinanga limosa RiDL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 140;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 8; WuiTmore, Palms of Malaya (1977) 91; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 131.

Pinanga malaiana (Mart.) SCHEFF.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
173; Rm.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 142; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5
(1925) 10; WuiTmorg, Palms of Malaya (1977) 91; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 131.

Pinanga pectinata Becc.; WuiTmore, Principes 14 (1970) 125; — P.
singaporensis RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 144; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 11; Kenc, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 131.

Pinanga simplicifrons (Mig.) Becc.; WHiTMorE, Palms of Malaya (1977) 93;
Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 131.

Pinanga subruminata Becc.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)
140; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 8; WuiTmore, Palms of Malaya (1977) 94;
KeENG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 131.

Plectocomia elongata Mart. ex BL.; MADuLID, Kalikasan 10 (1981) 45; — P.
griffithii Becc.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 176; RipLey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 220; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 70; WuirmMore,
Palms of Malaya (1977) 94; DraNsFIELD, Mal. Forest Rec. 29 (1979) 55; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 131.

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1989
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1992

1993

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1995

Rhopaloblaste singaporensis (Becc.) Hook. f.; H.E. Moore, Principes 14
(1970) 88; — Ptychosperma singaporensis (BEcc.) BEcc.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 173; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 148;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 18; WuiTmore, Palms of Malaya (1977) 97; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 132.

Salacca affinis Grirr.; RipLeEy, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 169;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 32 (“Zalacca” ); Wuitmore, Palms of Malaya
(1977) 105; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 132.

PANDANACEAE

Freycinetia angustifolia BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 172;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 232; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
82; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 209; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25
(1970) 197; — F. malaccensis Riwi.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 233; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 83.

Freycinetia confusa RIDL.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 233;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 82; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 203.

Freycinetia corneri B.C. Stone; STONE, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 198.

Freycinetia javanica BL.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 210; STONE,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 195; — F. lucens Rww.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 2 (1907) 233; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 83; — F. montana RDL.;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 234; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
83.

Freycinetia sumatrana HemsLey; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 199; —
“F. insignis Bl. ?” ; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 172; — F. valida
RIpL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 234; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 83; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 209.

Pandanus affinis Kurz; Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 23 (1978) 13; — P. aurantiacus
RipL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 231; Rrpey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 81.

Pandanus atrocarpus Grirr.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 170;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 230; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
80; Stone, Malay. Nat. J. 21 (1968) 135; Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 23 (1978) 26.

Pandanus houllettii CARRERE; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 171;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 224; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
74; Stone, Malay. Nat. J. 21 (1968) 128; Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 28 (1982) 26.

Pandanus monotheca Mart.; Rip_ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907)
228; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 79; Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 23 (1978) 26; — P.
ornatus (GAuD.) Kurz, nom. illeg.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 171;
Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 229; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925)
80.

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Pandanus odoratissimus L. f.; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 236; — P.
fascicularis Lam.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 171; Riptey, Mat. FI.
Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 223; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 73.

Pandanus parvus RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 171; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 227; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 78;
StonE, Malay. Nat. J. 21 (1968) 136; Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 23 (1978) 39.

Pandanus polycephalus LamMk.; Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 28 (1983) 115.

Pandanus rostratus MarTELLI; STONE, Sandakania 2 (1993) 49; — P. corneri
KANEHIRA; Stone, MALAY. Nat J. 21 (1968) 14.

Pandanus tetrodon RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 75: Stone, Fed. Mus.
J. 28 (1982) 83.

Pandanus yvanii So_mMs.; Stone, Malay. Nat. J. 21 (1968) 132; — P. militaris
Wars.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 227; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
5 (1925) 78.

PASSIFLORACEAE

Adenia macrophylla (BL.) Koorb. var. singaporeana (WALL. ex G. Don) DE
WILDE; DE WILDE, FI. Males. I 7” (1972) 429; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 42:
— Modecca singaporeana (Wall. Ex & Don) Mast.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 87; —A. singaporeana (Wall. Ex & Don) ENGL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 841; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 48.

Passiflora foetida L.; RmLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 839: HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 151; Cor.ertr, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 42.

Passiflora laurifolia L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 840; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 152; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 42.

Passiflora suberosa L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 840; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 43; — P. mimima L.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 87.

PEDALIACEAE

Sesamum orientale L.; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1994; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 363; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
185; — S. indicum L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 120; RmpLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 553; BAcKER, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 217.

Sesamum radiatum Scuum.; BAcKER, FI. Males. I 4° (1951) 218; TAN et ai.,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 131.

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PENTAPHRAGMATACEAE

Pentaphragma ellipticum PouLsen; Krew, Malay. Nat. J. 43 (1989) 6; — P.
begoniifolium [non (Rox. ex JACK) WALL. ex G. Don] Ript.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 103 (“begoniaefolium” ); — P. scortechinii auct., non K.
& G.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 203 (Singapore specimens); — P. ridleyi
K. & G.; Riwcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 202; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 165;
— P. horsfieldii sensu Kenc, non (Mig.) Airy SHAW; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 165; — P. x ellipticum PouLsEn; Airy SHAW, FI. Males. I 4* (1953) 527.

PHILYDRACEAE

Philydrum lanuginosum Banks & Sov. ex GAERTN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 169; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 110; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 347; SkottsBera, Fl. Males. I 4! (1948) 5; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 192; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1986) 123.

PHYTOLACCACEAE

Rivina humilis L.; Burkit, Dict. (1935) 1913; Backrr, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951)
229; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 59.

PIPERACEAE

Peperomia pellucida (L.) H.B.K.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 27; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 436; Cor.etrT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 62; — P. exigua Miq.; RwLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
128.

Piper caninum BL.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 127; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 38; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 442; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper chaba Hunter; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 127; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 40; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper flavimarginatum C. DC.; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 31; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper lanatum Roxs.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 38; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 62.

Piper maingayi Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 127; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 31; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper malaccense C. DC.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 33; Maxwe_L, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 197.

Piper miniatum BL.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 127; Ripcey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 39; HeENpersoN, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 440; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

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Piper muricatum BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 127; Riwey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 32; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 441; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper pachyphyllum Hook. f.; RiDtey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 31; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper pedicellosum WALL. ex C. DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
127; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 34; Maxwe_t, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983)
197); KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper porphyrophyllum N.E. Br.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 128;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 45; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 62.

Piper protractum C. DC.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 33; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 63.

Piper ribesioides WALL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 34; HENDERson, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 442; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 63; — P. sumatranum
C. DC.; Rwwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 127.

Piper sarmentosum Roxs. ex HUNTER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
127; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 40; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 63.

PITTOSPORACEAE

Pittosporum ferrugineum AirT.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 44;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 136; Burk, Dict. (1935) 1763; EJHC2 517;
BAKKER & VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 5° (1957) 355; Wuirmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 310; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 607; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 26.

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago major L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 125; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 268; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 140; — P. asiatica Micux.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 225.

PLUMBAGINACEAE

Plumbago zeylanica L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 103; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 225; vAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 4? (1949) 109; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 266; Cor.etrt, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 139.

POLY GALACEAE

Polygala glaucoides L.; vAN DER MEUDEN, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 480; — P.
brachystachya (non DC.) Bu.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 44;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 139; HENpDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 31;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 103.

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Polygala paniculata L.; Sincvair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 31; Cor.etrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662; VAN DER MEUDEN, FI. Males. I 10° (1988) 475; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 103.

Salomonia cantoniensis Lour.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45;
RIDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 139; HENpErRson, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 28;
VAN DER MEUDEN, FI. Males. I 10° (1988) 487; KeNa, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 103.

Xanthophyllum affine Kortu.; Ri.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 143, p.p.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 2268; p.p.; Na,
Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 354, p.p.; VAN DER MEUDEN, FI. Males. I 10° (1988) 487;
KeEnG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 104.

Xanthophyllum discolor CHopAT; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 147; BurkKiLL,
Dict. (1935) 2268; Nec, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 356; VAN DER MEuDEN, FI.
Males. I 10° (1988) 520; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 104.

Xanthophyllum ellipticum Kortu.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45;
Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 357; VAN DER MEWDEN, Fl. Males. I 10° (1988) 530;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 104; — X. kingii CHopaT; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 143; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 2268.

Xanthophyllum eurhynchum Miaq.; VAN DER MEUDEN, FI. Males. I 10° (1988)
524 (ssp. maingayi (Hook. f. ex BENN.) MEIDEN); — X. palembanicum (non
Mig.) Kinc; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 149; BurkiLi, Dict. (1935) 2269; —X. verrucosum CHOoDAT; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 147; — X. maingayi Hook. f. ex BENN.; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya
1 (1972) 360; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 104.

Xanthophyllum griffithii Hook. f. ex BENN. ssp. erectum MEIDEN; VAN DER
MEUDEN, FI. Males. I 10° (1988) 514; —X. griffithii Hook. f. ex BENN.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 149, p.p.; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 2269, p.p.; Ne; Tree Fl.
Malaya 1 (1972) 357, var. griffithii only.

Xanthophyllum obscurum BeEnn.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 144; Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 361; VAN DER
MEUDEN, FI. Males. I 10° (1988) 536; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 104; — X.
scortechinii Kinc; Riw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 143; BurkiL, Dict. (1935)
2268; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 363.

Xanthophyllum stipitatum BENN.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 145; BurkILL,
Dict. (1935) 2268; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 363; VAN DER MEUDEN, FI.
Males. I 10° (1988) 535; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 104.

Xanthophyllum vitellinum (BL.) Dietr.; VAN DER MEUDEN, Fl. Males. I 10°
(1988) 514; — X. kunstleri Kinc; Rwwxey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45;
Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 2268; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 359; — X. curtisii
Kina; Rip-ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 146; —X. griffithii var. curtisti (KING) NG;
Nea, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 359.

2040

2041

2042

2043

2044

2045

2046

2047

2048

2049

2050

Xanthophyllum wrayi KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 148; BurKILL, Dict.
(1935) 2268; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 363; VAN DER MEUDEN, Fl. Males. I
10° (1988) 514.

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum barbatum L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 126; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 11; HENDERsSoN, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 419; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 61.

Polygonum chinense L.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 12; HENDERson, Mal.
Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 419; Sinciair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 35; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 61.

Polygonum orientale L.; TAN et a/., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 131.

PONTEDERIACEAE

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) SoLMs.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 891; BAcKErR, FI.
Males. I 4° (1951) 259; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 190; KENc,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 122; Cor-etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Monochoria hastata (L.) SoLms.; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1489; Backer, FI.
Males. I 4° (1951) 258: HENDERsoN, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 189; KENc,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 122; — M. hastaefolia PREsL; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 109;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 344.

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) PRESL; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
169; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 109; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 346; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 1489: Backer, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 256;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 189; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
122.

PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca oleracea L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45; Rma.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 151; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 33; GeEsinkK, FI.
Males. I 7' (1971) 129; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 60.

Portulaca pilosa L.; HENDERsoN, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 33; SincLarr, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 31; Geesinx, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 131; Cor.ert, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 662.

Portulaca quadrifida L.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 46; RIDLeEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 151; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 34; GEEsINK,
Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 127; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KeNG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 60.

Talinum paniculatum (Jacg.) GAERTN.; GEESINK, Fl. Males. I 7' (1971) 124;
KeEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 60; Tan ef al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 131.

191

192

2051

2052

2053

2054

2055

2056

2057

2058

2059

2060

2061

PROTEACEAE

Helicia excelsa (Roxs.) BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 143 (incl. vars.); BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 1133;
SLEUMER, Fl. Males. 5(2) 174; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 315; Keno,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 61.

Helicia petiolaris BENN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132; Rip.ey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 141; Burkitt, Dict. (1935) 1134; SLEUMegr, Fl. Males. 5(2)
188; KoCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 315; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
62.

Helicia robusta (Roxs.) R. Br. ex WALL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 142;
SLEUMER, FI. Males. 5(2) 184; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 315; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 62; — H. javanica BL.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1133.

RHAMNACEAE

Colubrina asiatica L. ex BRONGN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 465; Latirr, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 298; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 116.

Smythea lanceata SUMMERH.; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 116; —S. reticulata
KinG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; — S. pacifica SEEM.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 468.

Ventilago malaccensis RIDL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 46; Kenc, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 116; — V. leiocarpa Laws.; Rw_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 63.

Ziziphus calophylla WALL. ex Hook. f.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
63; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 463; Latirr, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 300;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 116.

Ziziphus elegans WALL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 63; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 463; Latirr, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 300.

Ziziphus horsfieldii Mig.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 34 (1900) 63; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 463; Latirr, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 300.

Ziziphus oenoplia MiLv.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 63; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 462; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 610; LaTiFr,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 300; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 117.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

Anisophyllea disticha (JACK) BAILL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
79; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 701; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 122;
Dinc Hou; Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 479; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 132;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 307; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 73.

2062

2063

2064

2065

2066

2067

2068

2069

2070

2071

Anisophyllea griffithii Ottv.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 702; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 124;
Dinc Hou; Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 476; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 134;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 307; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 73.

Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BL.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. 15* (1958) 467; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 310; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 73; — B.
caryophylloides BL.; Rwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79; RDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 695; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 43.

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) LAMK.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
78; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 695; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 42; DING
Hou, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 461; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 310;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 74.

Bruguiera parviflora (Roxs.) W. & A. ex Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 79; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 695; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6
(1928) 111; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 464; KocHumMEN, Tree FI. Malaya
4 (1989) 310; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 74.

Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 463;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 312; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 74; —
B. eriopetala W. & A. ex ARN.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 695; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 109.

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) MeErRR.; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 485;
KOCHUMMEN, Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 612; Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
313; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 74; — C. scortechinii Kinc; Rw ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 697; — C. integerrima
DC.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 696; — C. spinulosa RwLe.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 698; — C. lucida Roxs.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 522.

Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B. Ropins; Dinc Hou; Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 469;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 316; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 74; —
C. candolliana ArNn.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78; RmpLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 694; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 46.

Gynotroches axillaris BL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 698; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 522; Dinc Hou;
Fl. Males. 15* (1958) 488; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rded. (1988) 613; KoCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 317; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 74.

Kandelia candel (L.) Druce; Dinc Hou; Fl. Males. 15* (1958) 473; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 319; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 74; —K. rheedei W.
&. A.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 694; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 49.

Pellacalyx axillaris Kortu.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 699; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 523; Dinc Hou;
Fl. Males. I5*(1958) 493; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 614; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 320; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 74.

193

194

2072

2073

2074

2075

2076

2077

2078

2079

Pellacalyx saccardianus Scort.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 79;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 699; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 524;
Dinc Hou; FI. Males. I 5* (1958) 491; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 615;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 320; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 74.

Rhizophora apiculata BL.; Dinc Hou; FI. Males. I 5* (1958) 452; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 322; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 74; —R. conjugata
(non L.) ARN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 693; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 27.

Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 693; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 27; DING
Hou; Fl. Males. I 5* (1958) 453; KocHumMen, Tree FI. Malaya 4 (1989) 322;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 74.

Rhizophora stylosa Grirr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 693; Dinc Hou; FI.
Males. I 5* (1958) 456; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 323; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 74.

ROSACEAE

Duchesnea indica (ANDREWS) FocKE; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27; —
Fragaria indica ANbR.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 39.

Prunus arborea (BL.) KALKM.; PRANCE & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
338; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 619; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27;
— Pygeum persimile Kurz; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 675; — Pygeum ovalifolium KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 677; — Pygeum patens RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 676; —
Pygeum rubiginosum RIDv.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 677; — Pygeum
parviflorum T. & B.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 675; Corner, Ways. Trees
Ist ed. (1940) 529.

Prunus grisea (C. MUELL.) KALKM.; PRANCE & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 337; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 27; — Pygeum lanceolatum Hook. f.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 674
(incl. var. maingayi); SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 23; — Pygeum
maingayi Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78.

Prunus polystachya (Hook. f.) KALKM.; PRANCE & WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 339; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 619; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 27; — Pygeum polystachyum Hook. f.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 78; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 674; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed.
(1940) 528.

2080a Rubus moluccanus L. var. moluccanus; KALKMAN, Blumea 29 (1984) 356; —

R. glomeratus auct., non BL.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 679; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 105; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 28.

195

2080b Rubus moluccanus var. angulosus KALKMAN, Blumea 29 (1984) 364; — R.
moluccanus; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 105; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 28; — R. angulosus (non
GREMLI) FOCKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 678.

RUBIACEAE

2081 Aidia corymbosa (BL.) K.M. Wonc, Malay. Nat. J. 38 (1984) 19; — Randia
auriculata (WALL.) SCHUM.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 75; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 160.

2082 Aidia wallichiana Tirv.; Wonc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 338; — Randia
densiflora (WALL.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94; RIpDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 75; CoRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 555; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 647; — Aidia cochinchinensis sensu WONG pro
parte non Lovr., Malay. Nat. J. 38 (1984) 10; —Randia cochinchinensis (LOvR.)
Merr.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160.

2083 Borreria alata (AuBL.) DC.; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 152; — B. latifolia K. ScHum.; Rey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 175;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 229.

2084 Borreria articularis (L. f.) F.N. WILL.; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 152; —
Spermacoce hispida L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 100; — B.
hispida K. Scuum.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 175; HENDERsoN, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 229.

2085 Borrerialaevicaulis (Mig.) RIpt.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 176; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 229; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

2086 Borreria laevis (LAMK.) GrISEB.; CORLETT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

2087 Borreria ocymoides (Burs. f.) DC.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

2088 Borreriasetidens (Miq.) BoLp.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 177; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 229; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

2089 Caelospermum truncatum (WALL.) BaILL. ex K. ScHuM.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 121 JoHANsson, Blumea 33 (1988) 277; — C. scandens BL.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 121; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153.

2090 Canthium confertum Korrtu.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 96;
RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 125; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 626;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 342; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

2091 Canthium glabrum BL.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 96; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 124; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 627; Wona,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 343; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 152.

2092 Canthium horridum BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 96; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 123; Wone, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 341; KeNG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 152; —C. scandens BL.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
96.

196

2093

2094

2095

2096

2097

2098

- 2099

2100

2101

2102

2103

2104

2105

2106

Canthium molle Kinc & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 123; Wonca,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 341; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

Cephaelis singaporensis RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 144; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

Chasalia chartacea Crais; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 223; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 627; Won, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 344.

Chasalia curviflora (WALL.) THw.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 142; Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 344; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 152.

Chasalia pubescens RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 143; Wonca, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 344; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153.

Coptosapelta griffithii Hook. f,; RibLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 17; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 196; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153.

Coptosapelta parviflora RIDL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 18; Kena, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 153.

Coptosapelta tomentosa (BL.) VAL. ex K. HEYNE; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 195; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153; — C. flavescens KortTu.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 17.

Dentella repens (L.) J.R. & G. Forst.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
92; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 44; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153.

Diodia ocymifolia (WILLD. ex R. & S.) BREMEK.; CorLeTT, J. Biogeog. (1988)
662; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153.

Diodia sarmentosa Swartz; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 174; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 228; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 153; — Spermacoce scaberrima BL.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 100.

Diplospora malaccensis Hook. f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 86; CorRNER,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 629; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 346; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153.

Gaertnera grisea Hook. f. ex CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
115; Rw ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 431; VAN BEusEKom, Blumea 15 (1967) 373;
Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 347; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 153.

Gaertnera obesa Hook. f. ex CLARKE; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
115; Riwey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 431; vAN BeusEkom, Blumea 15 (1967) 381;
Won, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 347; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 154.

2107

2108

2109

2110

2111

2112

Z483

2114

2115

2116

Gaertnera vaginans (DC.) Mere. ssp junghuhnii (MiQ.) VAN BEUSEKoM,
Blumea 15 (1967) 388; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 348; — G. koenigii
(ARN.) WIGHT var. oxyphylla (BENTH.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 115; — G. acuminata BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 427 (incl.
var. oxyphylla Rw. & var. montana RIDL.); — G. caudata RIDL.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 429; — G. ramosa RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 429;
— G. pedicellata Rw .; RI ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 429; — G. sessiliflora
RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 427.

Gaertnera viminea Hook. f. ex CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
115; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 427; van BEusEKom, Blumea 15 (1967) 377;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 348; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 154.

Gardenia griffithii Hook.f; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 83; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 631; WonG, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 349; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 154.

Gardenia tubifera WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 82; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 631; Wonca, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 349; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 154; — G. speciosa [non
SALISB.] (Hooxk.) Hook. f.; Rmp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; RiDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 83; —G. resinifera Kortu.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
82.

Wonc Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1982) 22 & Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 350) recognises
var. subcarinata Corner and var. tubifera forma tubifera and var. tubifera forma
elata (RIDL.) WoNG, all of which are recorded from Singapore.

Gardeniopsis longifolia Mig.; RmpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 112; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 350; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 154.

Geophila pilosa Pears.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 146; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 154; —G. hirta (non Mi.)
Rip., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99.

Guettarda speciosa L.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 112; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 542; Wonc, Kew
Bull. 43 (1988) 496; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 633; Wonca, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 351; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 154.

Gynochthodes coriacea BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98:
RIDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 122; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 154.

Gynochthodes sublanceolata Mig.; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 97;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 122; HenpgRson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 220;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155.

Hedyotis auricularia L.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 92; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 49; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155.

197

198

2117

2118

2119

2120

2121

toh CA

2425

2124

2125

2126

2127

2128

2129

2130

2131

Hedyotis biflora (L.) LAMK.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155; — Oldenlandia
paniculata L.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 53; HENDErson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 207.

Hedyotis capitellata WALL. ex G. Don; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
92; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 46; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155.

Hedyotis caerulea W. & A.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 52; Sincvair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 33.

Hedyotis congesta R. Br. ex G. Don; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As: So¢ 33 (1900)
92; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 51; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 155.

Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) LAmxk.; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155; —
Oldenlandia corymbosa L.; RIwD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 92; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 54; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 206.

Hedyotis dichotoma Koen. ex RotH; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155; —
Oldenlandia dichotoma Hook. f.; Rmw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 92;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 53; HENDERsoN, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 207.

Hedyotis diffusa WILLD.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155; — Oldenlandia
diffusa (WILLD.) Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 92; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 54; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 206.

Hedyotis herbacea L.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155.

Hedyotis pinifolia WALL. ex G. Don; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
92; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 52; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 204;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 155.

Hedyotis pumila L. f.; TAN et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 44 (1992) 131.

Hedyotis trinervia (RETz.) R. & S.; MAXWELL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 198;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155; — Oldenlandia trinervia RETz.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 92; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 55.

Hedyotis vestita R. Br.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 92; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 49.

Hydnophytum formicarium Jack; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 172; HENpERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 226;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 155.

Hypobathrum coniferum (RIDL.) BAKH. f.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 156;
— Petunga venulosa (non Hook. f.) Riwi.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 95; — Petunga conifera Riwu.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 85; — H.
sp. 11, Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 355.

Ixora concinna Hook. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 97; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 95; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 637; Wona, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 360.

2i52

2935

2134

zios

2136

2137

2138

2139

2140

2141

2142

2143

2144

Ixora congesta Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 96; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 93; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 637; WonG, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 361.

Ixora grandifolia Z. & M.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 97; CorNgr, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 637; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 364; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 156; —/. crassifolia RiDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 98; —
I. elliptica RWL.; RW ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 98; —J. fluminalis Riv.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 97.

Ixora lobbii Kinc & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 93; CorNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 638; Wonc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 361; KENG, Conc. Fl.
Sing. (1990) 156; — J. fulgens (non Roxs.) Hook. f.; Riiey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 96.

Ixora pendula JAck; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 96; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 95 (incl. var. opaca RIDL.); CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
638; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 359; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 156; —
I. opaca Don; Ruiw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 96.

Ixora umbellata K. & V.; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 638; Wonca, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 358; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 156.

Jackiopsis ornata (WALL.) RmpsDALE, Blumea 25 (1979) 295; Wona, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 364; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 156; —Jackia ornata WALL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 89,
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 548; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
639.

Lasianthus appressus Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 156; Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 371; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 156.

Lasianthus attenuatus JAck; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 156; Wonca, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 367; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 156.

Lasianthus constrictus WIGHT; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 163; Wonca, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 369; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus cyanocarpus Jack; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 153; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 224;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 370; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus densifolius Mig.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 156 (incl. var. calycina KiNG & var. latifolia
KinG); Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 368.

Lasianthus ellipticus WicHT; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 159; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 372; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus glaber RipL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 155; Wone, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 373.

199

200

2145

2146

2147

2148

2149

2150

ZA
ZA Se

4 lal

2154

2155

2156

2157

2158

2159

Lasianthus griffithii WIGHT; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 152 (incl. var. latibracteata K. & G.); WonG, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 371; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus maingayi Hook. f.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 160; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 369; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus perakensis KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 160;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 372; — L. flavinervius RwDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 162.

Lasianthus pterospermus WIGHT; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 160; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 368; — L.
longifolius sensu RWL. p.p.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 164.

Lasianthus ridleyi Kinc & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 154; Wona,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 371; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157; —L. maingayi
var. hirta RiDv.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 160; —L. singaporensis KiNG &
GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 159; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus scabridus KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 152;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 370; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus sp. 8, Wonc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 373.

Lasianthus stipularis BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 99; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 152; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 224; Wong,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 368; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lasianthus tomentosus BL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 161; Wona, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 371; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157; — L. chryseus RIDL.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 158; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lecananthus erubescens Jack; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 57; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 211;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lucinaea membranacea KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 56; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 209; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 157.

Lucinaea morinda DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 93; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 56; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 157.

Morinda citrifolia L.; Rivey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 97; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 117; Corett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 662; Corner, Ways. Trees,
3rd ed. (1988) 641; Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 377; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 157.

Morinda ridleyi (KING & GAMBLE) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 118;
Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 377; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 158; — M.
sp. “A tall climber” ; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 97.

Morinda rigida Mig.; Rip_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 118; Wona, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 376; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 158.

PRE, tS i atl Pp

2160

2161

2162

2163

2164

2165

2166

2167

2168

2169
2170

2171

2172

Morinda umbellata L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 97; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 119; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 219; Wona, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 377; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 158.

Mussaenda glabra VAHL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 93; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 61; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 213; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 158.

Mussaenda mutabilis Hook. f.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 58; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 212; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 158.

Mussaendopsis beccariana BaILL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 19; Wonca,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 378; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 158.

Mycetia malayana (WALL. ex RIDL.) CRAiB; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
379; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 158; — Adenosacme longifolia WALL. ex
Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 93; — Adenosacme malayana
WALL. ex RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 63.

Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 173; HuUXLEy
& Jess, Blumea 37 (1993) 276; — M. echinata Gaup.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33(1900) 100; — M. armata DC.; Keng, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 158.

Nauclea officinalis (PrERRE ex PITARD) MeErR. & CHUN.; RIDSDALE, Blumea 24
(1978) 328; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 380; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
158; — Sarcocephalus junghuhnii (non Mig.) Riwi.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 90; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 7; —N. junghuhnii auct., non
Merr.; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 551; CorNgEr, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 642.

Nauclea subdita (Kortu.) STEUD.; RIDSDALE, Blumea 24 (1978) 329; Wonca,
Tree Fl. Malaya4 (1989) 381; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 159; —Sarcocephalus
subditus Miqg.; RIDcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 90; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 UL923)*7:

Neonauclea pallida (REINW. ex HaviL.) BAku. f. ssp. malaccensis (GAND.)
RIDSDALE, Blumea 34 (1989) 199; — Nauclea purpurascens (non Kortu.) K. &
G.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 9; —N. purpurascens Rwe.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 5 (1925) 314, p.p.; —N. pallida; Wonc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 383

Neonauclea sp. 2, Wonc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 383.

Ochreinauclea maingayi (Hook. f.) RipspALE, Blumea 24 (1978) 332; Wonca,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 385; — Sarcocephalus maingayi (Hook. f.) HAVIL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 90; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 7.

Ophiorrhiza singaporensis RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 39; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 209; KeNnc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 159; — O.
harrisiana; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 93.

Oxyceros fragrantissima (RIDL.) K.M. Wonc, Malay. Nat. J. 38 (1984) 43; —
Randia fragrantissima Riwu.; RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 75; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 160.

201

202

2173

2174

2179

2176

Zatt

2178

2179

2180

2181

2182

2183

2184

Oxyceros longiflora (LAMK.) YAMAZAKI; Won, Malay. Nat. J. 38 (1984) 39; —
Randia longiflora LaMK.; RID_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 73; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 161.

Oxyceros penangiana (KING & GAMBLE) TIRVENG.; WoNnG, Malay. Nat. J. 38
(1984) 39; — Randia penangiana KinGc & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 72; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 161.

Oxyceros scandens (BL.) TIRVENG.; WonG, Malay. Nat. J. 38 (1984) 42; —
Randia clarkei KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 72; — Randia
scandens (BL.) DC.; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 161.

Paederia foetida L.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 173; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Doc. (1959) 227; Purr, Op. Bot. Belg. 3 (1991) 210; — P. tomentosa BL.;
Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 100; — P. scandens (Lour) MErRR.; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 159.

Paederia verticillata BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 89; RmDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 174; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 227; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 159; — P. foetida sensu RiDL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 100.

Pavetta wallichiana STEuD.; Wonc, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 388.

Pertusadina eurhyncha (Miq.) RIDSDALE, Blumea 24 (1978) 354; Wonca, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 391; — Adina rubescens HEmMSL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 90; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 10; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 152.

Porterandia anisophylla (J Ack ex Roxs.) RIDL.; WonG, Malay. Nat. J.38 (1984)
45; Won, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 393; — Randia anisophylla (JACK ex ROxB.)
Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 77; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 555; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 647; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160; — Randia scortechinii K. &
G.; RIpDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 78; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 556;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 648.

Prismatomeris glabra (KortH.) VAL.; Won, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 395.

Prismatomeris tetranda (Roxs.) K. ScHuM. subsp. malayana (RIDL.) JOHANSSON;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 396; — P. albidiflora; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 97; — P. malayana RIwL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 116; —
P. tetranda; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 645; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 159.

Psychotria angulata Kortu.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98;
RIDLeY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 138; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 222;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 398; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 159.

Psychotria cantleyi Rip-.; Rm.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 130; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 159. |

2185

2186

2187

2188

2189

2190

2191

2192

2193

2194

2195

2196
2197

2198

Psychotria griffithii Hook. f.; Rm ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 137; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 399; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 159.

Psychotria helferiana Kurz; Ripiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 134; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 396; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 159.

Psychotria maingayi Hook. f.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 131; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160.

Psychotria malayana JAck; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 139; Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 397; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 160; — P. stipulacea WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 98; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 140; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 222; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160.

Psychotria obovata WALL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 129; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 221; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160; —P. polycarpa
Mia.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98.

Psychotria ovoidea WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 130; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160.

Psychotria penangensis Hook. f.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 132; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160.

Psychotria ridleyi KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 133; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160.

Psychotria rostrata BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 134; HENDERson, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 222; Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 397; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 160; — Chasalia rostrata (BL.) Miq.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 99.

Psychotria sarmentosa BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 98; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 131; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 221; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 160.

Psydrax sp. 10, Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 404; — Canthium didymum
sensu RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 96, p.p.

Psydrax sp. 11, Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 402.

Rothmannia macrophylla (R. Br. ex Hook. f.) BREMEK.; WonG, Malay. Nat. J.
38 (1984) 48; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 406; — Randia macrophylla R.
Br. ex Hook. f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 78; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 556; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Dic. (1959) 216; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 648; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 161.

Saprosma glomerulatum KinG & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 170;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 650; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 407;
KeEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 161.

203

204

2199

2200

2201

2202

2203

2204

2205

2206

2207

2208

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 95; Rw.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 89; Watson, Mal. For. Rec. 6 (1928)
84; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 559; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed.
(1988) 650; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 89; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
161.

Tarenna adpressa (KING) MerR.; CorRNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 560
(“appressa” ); CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 651; Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya
4 (1989) 411; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 161; — T. papillosa Riw.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 103; — Stylocoryna adpressa KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 110.

Tarenna costata (Miq.) MERR.; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 651;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 415; — Stylocoryna costata Miq.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 109.

Tarenna fragrans (NEEs) K. & V.; CorNgErR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 652;
Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 411; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 161; —
?Webera fragrans; RIw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94; — Stylocoryna
fragrans (NegEs) DC.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 108.

Tarenna mollis (WALL. ex Hook. f.) B.L. RoBINSON; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd
ed. (1988) 652; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 416; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 161; — Webera mollis WALL. ex Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 94; — Stylocoryna mollis (WALL. ex Hook. f.) KING; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 109.

Tarenna odorata (Roxs.) B.L. RoBINson; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 105;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 410; — Webera grandifolia Hook. f.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94; — T. grandifolia (Hook. f.) RIDL.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 104; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 161.

Tarenna ridleyi (PEARS. ex KING) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 106, p.p.;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 412; — Webera sp. 6147; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 94; — Webera ridleyi Pears. ex KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 35 (1901) 88.

Tarenna stellulata (Hook. f.) RIpL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 106; Corngr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 653; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 412; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162.

Timonius compressicaulis (MiQ.) BOERL.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
563; Wonca, Kew Bull. 43 (1988) 514; Corngr, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 655;
Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 417; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162; — T.
finlaysonianus Hook. f.; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 113.

Timonius flavescens (Jack) BAKER; CorNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 564;
Wonca, Kew Bull. 43 (1988) 504; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 655;
Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 418; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162; — T.
jambosella (non Taw.) Ripv.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95; —T.
peduncularis Rwv.; Rvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 113.

2209

2210

aekl

2212

e213

2214

2215

2216

ZALT

2218

2219

2220

2221

Timonius wallichianus (Kortu.) VALETON; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 116;
Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 564, p.p.; Wonc, Kew Bull. 43 (1988) 507;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 655; Wona, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 417;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162; — T. rumphii (non DC.) Hook f.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 95.

Timonius wrayi Kinc & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 115; Wona,
Kew Bull. 43 (1988) 512; Wong, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 419; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 162.

Uncaria acida (Hunt.) Roxs.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 194;
RIDSDALE, Blumea 24 (1978) 80; — U. ovalifolia Roxs.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 14; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162.

Uncaria attenuata KorTu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91; RDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 16; RipsDALe, Blumea 24 (1978) 79; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 162.

Uncaria calophylla BL. ex Kortu.; RipspaLe, Blumea 24 (1978) 85; — U.
Jasminiflora Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 15; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162.

Uncaria cordata (Lour.) MERR.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 195;
RipsDALE, Blumea 24 (1978) 74; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162; — U.
pedicellata Roxs.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91; Rmp.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 12; — U. sclerophylla (Hunt.) Roxs.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 12; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 163.

Uncaria gambir (Hunt.) Roxs.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 15; RipspDALE, Blumea 24 (1978) 74; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 162

Uncaria lanosa WALL. var. glabrata (BL.) Ripsp., Blumea 24 (1978) 86; — U.
glabrata (BL.) DC.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 14; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162.

Uncaria longiflora (Porr.) MErRR. var. pteropoda (Mig.) Ripsp., Blumea 24
(1978) 82; — U. pteropoda Mig.; Rwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 15; — U. longiflora; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
162.

Uncaria roxburghiana Kortu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 91;
RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 11; HENpERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 195;
RIDSDALE, Blumea 24 (1978) 89; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 162.

Urophyllum blumeanum (WicuT) Hook. f.; WonG, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
421;— U. glabrum var. blumeanum sensu RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
69.

Urophyllum corymbosum (BL.) Kortu.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 67;
Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 422.

Urophyllum glabrum WA LL.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 93;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 68; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 215;
Won, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 423; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 163.

205

206

pies

pat a As

2224

2229
2226

pi iM

2228

Deco

2230

2231

2232

2233

2234

aa39

Urophyllum griffithianum (WicuT) Hook. f.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 93; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 69; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
423; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 163.

Urophyllum hirsutum (Wicut) Hook. f.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 93; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 66; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
422; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 163.

Urophyllum macrophyllum Kortu.; RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 66; Wonca,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 422; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 163.

Urophyllum sp. 2 Won, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 421.

Urophyllum streptopodium WALL. ex Hook. f.; RIbLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 93; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 67; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
421; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 163.

Urophyllum trifurcum Pears. ex KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
35 (1901) 88; RDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 68; Wonca, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989)
422; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 163.

RUTACEAE

Acronychia porteri Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 56;

RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 348; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 371; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 97.

Clausena excavata Burm. /f.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 56; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 352; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 570; Stone, Tree
Fl. Malaya | (1972) 375; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 662; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 97.

Euodia glabra (BL.) BL.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 56; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 342; Stones, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 377; CorNgr, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 664; KeNG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 97.

Euodia robusta Hook. f.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 56; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 343; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 379; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 97.

Euodia roxburghiana (CHAM.) BENTH. ex Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 56; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 379; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
97; — E. malayana Rw .; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 342.

Glycosmis chlorosperma (BL.) Spr.; STONE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 382;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 666; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 98; —
G. malayana Rww_.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 350.

Glycosmis lanceolata (BL.) Spr. ex TEYsM. & BINN.; STONE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1
(1972) 381; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 98; — G. citrifolia [non ana
LINDL.] RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 349.

Luvunga crassifolia TANAKA; — L. eleutheranthera Datz.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57 (erroneously corrected to L. scandens HAM. RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 87), Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 355.

2236

Z2oT

2238

2299

2240

2241

2242

2243

2244

Merope angulata (WILLD.) SwINGLE; STonE, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 382;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 98; — Paramignya longispina Hook. f.; RIDLey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57; RwpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 356;
Paramignya angulata (WILLD.) BURKILL; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
578; CorRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 670.

Paramignya scandens (GriFF.) CRAIB var. ridleyi (BURKILL) SWINGLE; STONE,
Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 384; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 98; — Paramignya
griffithii Hook. f.; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 356.

Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxs.) DC.; Stone, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 386;
KEnG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 98; — Z. hirtellum Riwe.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 347.

SABIACEAE

Meliosma lanceolata BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 516; vAN BEUSEKOM & VAN DE WateER, FI. Males. I 10*
(1989) 704; Saw, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 427; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
125; — M. levis Kinc; Rey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 515.

Meliosma pinnata (Roxs.) Maxi ssp. ridleyi (KING) BEUS.; VAN BEUSEKOM &
VAN DE WartER, FI. Males. I 104 (1989) 710; Saw, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 428;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 125; — M. ridleyi Kinc; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 67; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 516; — M. elegans RwDL.;
RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 515.

Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxs.) WALP. ssp. fruticosa (BL.) BEUS.; VAN BEUSEKOM
& VAN DE WATER, FI. Males. I 10*(1989) 701; Saw, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 429;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 125; — M. elliptica Hook. f.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)514; — M. lancifolia Hook.
f.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 514.

Sabia erratica P.M. v.p. WATER; VAN BEUSEKOM & VAN DE WATER, FI. Males. I
10* (1989) 684; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 125.

SANTALACEAE

Dendrotrophe buxifolia (BL.) Mig.; WuiTmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 342;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 128; — Henslowia buxifolia BL.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 133; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 170; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 456.

Dendrotrophe varians (BL.) Mig.; WHITMORE, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 342; —
Henslowia lobbiana A. DC.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 133;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 169; — Henslowia minor RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 3 (1924) 167; — Henslowia philippinensis A. DC.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 168; — Henslowia ridleyi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 167;
— Henslowia varians Bu.; Riww.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 170; — Henslowia
wrayi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 168.

207

208

2245

2246

2247

2248

2249

2250

Z204

ane

bP tn Be

2254

Scleropyrum wallichianum (WiGcHT & ARN.) ARNOTT; WHITMORE, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 343; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 128; — S. maingayi Hook.
f.; Riwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 133; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
171; —S. ridleyi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 171.

SAPINDACEAE

Allophyllus cobbe (L.) RAguscu.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 677; Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 436;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 120; — A. fulvinervis BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 489; — A. glaber Roxs.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 489; — A.
scandens RIDL. RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 490; —A. ternatus Lour.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 489; — A. villosus RADLK.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
490.

Arytera littoralis BL.; Rmiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 507; Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya4 (1989) 438; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 121.

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 488; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 59;
Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 434; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 120.

Guioa bijuga (HIERN) RADLK.; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 680; Yap,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 441; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 120; — G.
pleuropteris var. bijuga KiNG; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 505.

Guioa pleuropteris (BL.) RADLK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 505; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 680;
Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 442; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 120.

Guioa pubescens (Z. & M.) RADLK.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 506; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 681;
Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 442; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 120.

Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxs.) LEENH., Blumea 17 (1969) 82; Yap, Tree Fl.
Malaya 4 (1989) 446; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 120; — Erioglossum edule
BL.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
492; — Lepisanthes hirta Riwv.; Riwiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 494; —
Erioglossum rubiginosum (RoxB.) BL.; CORNER, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 587;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 679.

Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxs.) RADLK.; VAN DER HAM, Blumea 23 (1977)
271; Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 449; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 120; —
M. fuscescens BL.; RiDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67; —M. sumatranus
BL.; Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 508; Burk, Dict. (1935) 1480; Corner,
Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 589; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 681.

Mischocarpus sundaicus BL.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 1479; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 589; VAN DER
Ham, Blumea 23 (1977) 281; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 681; Yap,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 449; — M. lessertianus Riwv.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1
(1922) 508; BurkKiLL, Dict. (1935) 1479.

2255

2256

2257

2258

2259

2260

2261

2262

2263

Nephelium cuspidatum BL. var. eriopetalum (Mig.) LEENH., Blumea 31
(1986) 389; Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 452; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
121;—N. eriopetalum Mig.; Rwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 502; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 684.

Nephelium lappaceum L.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66;
LEENHOUTS, Blumea 31 (1986) 398; CorNgER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 684;
Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 453; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 121.

Nephelium laurinum BL.; LEENHOouTs, Blumea 31 (1986) 404; Yap, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 453; —N. rubescens Hiern; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 66 (“rufescens”); RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 500; EJHC2 593;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 686; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 121; —
N. caudifolium Riwi.; RiDvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 500; — N. herveyi RwDL.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 500, p.p.

Nephelium ramboutan-ake (LABILL.) LEENH., Blumea 31 (1986) 415; Yap,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 454; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 121; —N. chryseum
(non BL.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66 (cult.); —N. mutabile
BL.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 501; CorNgrR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
686.

Paranephelium macrophyllum Kino; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
67; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 509; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 594;
Davips, Blumea 29 (1984) 432; CorNgErR, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 686; Yap,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 456; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 121.

Pometia pinnata Forst.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. | (1922) 504; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 688; Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 457; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 121; —P. alnifolia RADLK.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
66; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 504; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 688;
— P. gracilis Kinc; Riwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66; — P.
macrocarpa Kurz; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 503.

Trigonachras acuta (HIERN) RADLK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
66; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 507; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 596;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 689; Yap, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 459;
KeEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 121.

Xerospermum laevigatum RADLK.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 497;
BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 2272; LEENHOouTs, Blumea 28 (1983) 391; Yap, Tree FI.
Malaya4 (1989) 461; —X. unijugum RADLK.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 497.

Xerospermum noronhianum BL .; LEENHOUTS, Blumea 28 (1983) 394; Yap,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 461; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 121; — X.
muricatum RADLK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66; CorNER, Ways.
Trees Ist ed. (1940) 456; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 690; — X.
wallichii KinGc; Rww.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 66; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 498; Burk, Dict. (1935) 2272; —X. echinulatum RADLK.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 497; — X. intermedium RADLK.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. |
(1922) 497.

209

210

2264

2265

2266

2267

2268

2269

SAPOTACEAE

Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (BL.) DC.; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 396;
Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 134; — C. roxburghii G. Don; RIpLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 257.

Ganua kingiana (BRACE) VAN DEN AssEm; NG, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 399;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 134; — Bassia kingiana BRAcE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106 (“kingii”); RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 267; —
Madhuca kingiana (BRAcE) LAM; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 319.

Ganua motleyana (DE VR.) PIERRE ex DuBARD; NG, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
399; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 134; — Bassia kingiana BRAcE; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 271; — Madhuca
kingiana auct., non (BRACE) LaM; RIDLEY, FI. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 320; — G.
scortechinii K. & G.) LAM; BurKILL, Dict. (1935) 1045.

Ganua sessilis (KING & GAMBLE) LAm; No, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 399; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 134; — Payena sessilis K. & G.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 265.

Madhuca decipiens Sinciair; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 405; — Payena
grandiflora Rwv.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 262, p.p..

Madhuca malaccensis (CLARKE) Lam; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 5 (1925) 319; Na,

Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 407; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 134; — Bassia
malaccensis (CLARKE) K. & G.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 268; — Bassia elongata (non Mig.) RIDL.; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 272.

2270a Madhuca sericea (Miq.) LaM var. sericea; Nc, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 410;

— Bassia argentea CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 270.

2270b Madhuca sericea var. ridleyi (GANDOGER) Nc; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)

2271

2212

2273

2274

2275

410; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 134.

Palaquium gutta (Hook. f.) BAILL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 274; Ne, Tree
Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 420; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 695; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 134; — Dichopsis gutta (Hook. f.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106.

Palaquium hexandrum (GriFF.) BAILL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 277; Nea,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 421; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135.

Palaquium microphyllum KiNG & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 276;
Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 423; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135.

Palaquium obovatum (GriFr.) ENGL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 273; Na,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 423; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 695; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 135; —Dichopsis obovata (GriFF.) CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106.

Palaquium oxleyanum Pierre; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 275; Ne, Tree Fl.
Malaya 1 (1972) 424; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135.

2276

2277

2278

2279

2280

2281

2282

2283

2284

2285

2286

Palaquium ridleyi Kinc & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 276; Na,
Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 426; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135; — Mimusops
hexandra Roxs.; RID.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106.

Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 426; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135; — P. bancanum Burck; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2
(1923) 275; — P. calophylloides Riw_.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 276; —
Bassia cuneata BL. sensu RD_ey (Ridley 6502, see Ng loc. cit. 413); RIDLey, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 272.

Palaquium xanthochymum (DE VR.) PIERRE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923)
275; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 428; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135; —
Dichopsis rubens CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106.

Payena leerii (T. & B.) Kurz; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 106;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 263; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 438.

One dubiously localised sheet.

Payena lucida (G. Don) DC.; RiDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 263; Ne, Tree Fl.
Malaya 1| (1972) 433; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135; — P. dasyphylla (Miq.)
PreRRE var. glabrata K. & G.; RiDvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 265.

Payena maingayi CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 262; No, Tree FI.
Malaya | (1972) 433; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135; —P. grandiflora RW .;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 262, p.p.

Payena obscura Burck; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 433; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 135; — P. havilandii K. & G.; Rw ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 263.

Planchonella maingayi (CLARKE) VAN Royen; No, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
436; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135; — Sideroxylon maingayi CLARKE;
RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105; Rmpey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 258;
— Lucuma maingayi (CLARKE) DUBARD; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 1369.

Planchonella obovata (R. Br.) PIERRE; BURKILL, Dict. (1935) 1765; No, Tree FI.
Malaya 1 (1972) 437; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 696; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 135; — Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. & ARN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 259.

Pouteria malaccensis (CLARKE) BAEHNI; NG, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 438;
KeEnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 135; — Sideroxylon malaccense CLARKE; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 105; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 258;
Lucuma malaccensis (CLARKE) DUBARD.

SARCOSPERMATACEAE

Sarcosperma paniculatum (KING) Stapr & KING; KING & GAMBLE, J. As. Soc.
Bengal 74 (1905) 160; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 260; Lam, FI. Males. I 4!
(1948) 32; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 440.

211

212

2287

2288

2289

2290

2291

2292

I Boe fa.

2294

2295

2296

2297

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Polyosma conocarpa RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 684; Saw, Tree FI.
Malaya 4 (1989) 464; — P. integrifolia BL. var. mutabilis KHULZE-MENZ; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 25.

Polyosma kingiana ScHLTR.; SAw, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 466; Kena, Conc.
FI. Sing. (1990) 25; — P. flavo-virens RiDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 686.

Polyosma ridleyi KiNG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 78; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 686; Saw, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 468.

SCHISANDRACEAE

Kadsura scandens BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 38; RiDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 20; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 9; — K. cauliflora BL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 38; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 20.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Adenosma indicum (Lovur.) Merr.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; — A.
capitatum BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 474; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 330.

Adenosma inopinatum Prain; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 474; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; — A. caeruleum R. Br.; RiDvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 118; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 474; HENpErRson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 330.

Adenosma javanicum (BL.) Koorpb.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; — A.
ovatum BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118; Ripey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 474; HENpgERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 329.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) PENNELL; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; Corterrt, J.
Biogeog. 19 (1992) 427; — Herpestis monnieri (L.) H.B.K.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 475.

Centranthera tranquebarica (SpreENG.) MERR.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
179; — C. humifusa WaALL.; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 487.

Legazpia polygonoides (BENTH.) YAMAZAKI, J. Jap. Bot.; 30 (1955) 359; —
Torenia polygonoides Bentu.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 482; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 331;
Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 180.

Limnophila chinensis (OsB.) Merr. ssp. aromatica (LAM.) YAMAZAKI; YAMAZAKI,
J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo II 13 (1985) 600; —L. gratissima BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 478; — L. aromatica (LAMK.) MERR.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. .
Dic. (1959) 327; Puitcox, Kew Bull. 24 (1970) 145; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
179.

2298

2299

2300

2301

2302

2303

2304

2305

2306

2307

2308

2309

2310

Limnophila laxa BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 478; PHitcox, Kew
Bull. 24 (1970) 161; Keno, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; — L. pulcherrima [non
(GriFF.) Hook. f.] Hook. f.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118, p.p.

Limnophila sessiliflora (VAHL) BL.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 478;
PuiLcox, Kew Bull. 24 (1970) 112; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 179.

Limnophila villosa BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 477; Puttcox, Kew Bull.
24 (1970) 141; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; —L. pulcherrima sensu RDL.;
Rp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118, p.p.

Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) PENNELL; PHILCox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 45;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 179; — Vandellia pedunculata BENTH.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 481;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 333.

Lindernia antipoda (L.) Atston; PHiLcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 57; KENc,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; — Bonnaya veronicaefolia (RETZ.) SPRENG.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 486;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 334.

Lindernia ciliata (COLSM.) PENNELL; PHILCOx, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 51; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 179; — Bonnaya brachiata Link & Orto; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 485.

Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.v.MUELL.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959)
333; PHitcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 17; KEeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 180; —
Vandellia crustacea (L.) BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 479.

Lindernia elata (BENTH.) WeETTST.; YAMAZAKI, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. III
13 (1981) 20; — Vandellia elata BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 481.

Lindernia pusilla (WILLD.) BOLDINGH; PHILCOx, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 41; —
Vandellia scabra BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 118; RmpLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 480.

Lindernia ruelliides (CoLsM.) PENNELL; PHiLcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 54:
KeENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 180; — Bonnaya reptans (ROxB.) SPRENG.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 485.

Lindernia sessiliflora (BENTH.) WETTST.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956)
24; PuiLcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 10; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 180; — L. nummulariifolia (D. Don) Wetrtst.; Situ, FI.
Vit. Nov. 5 (1991) 80.

Lindernia viscosa (HORNEM.) BOLDINGH; PHILCOx, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 38:
YAMAZAKI, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1981) 34; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 180; — Vandellia hirsuta Ham. ex BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 118; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 480.

Mazus pumilus (Buro. f.) VAN STEEN.; CRAMER, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 3 (1981)
445; — M. rugosus Lovur.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 117; Riptey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 473; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 180.

23

214

2311

2512

2313

2314

£313

2316

2317

2318

2319

2320

2321

Microcarpaea minima (Koen. ex Retz.) MERR.; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
180; — M. muscosa R. Br.; RIw_ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 486.

Scoparia dulcis L.; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 119; Riptey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 488; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 328; Cortetrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 180.

Stemodia verticillata (MILL.) HASsLer; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956)
24.

Striga asiatica (L.) O.K1Tze.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 328; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 180; — S. lutea Lour.; RID_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 119; — S. hirsuta BENTH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 487.

SIMAROUBACEAE
Ailanthus integrifolia Lam.; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 346.

Brucea javanica (L.) MerR.; NooTEBOooM, FI. Males. 167 (1962) 211; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 348; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 698; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 99; — B. sumatrana Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 57; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 361; — B. amarissima DEsv. ex
Gomes; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 603.

Eurycoma longifolia Jack; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 362; BurkKILL, Dict. (1935) 984; CorNgr, Ways. Trees Ist
ed. (1940) 604; Nootesoom, Fl. Males. I 6? (1962) 205; KocHuMMeN, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 349; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 699; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 99.

Irvingia malayana OLIV. ex BENN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 364; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 604;
Nooresoom, FI. Males. I 6? (1962) 225; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
350; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 699; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 99.

Quassia indica (GAERTN.) Nootes.; Nooresoom, Fl. Males. I 6* (1962) 199;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 352; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 99; —
Samadera indica GAERTN.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 363; BurKILL, Dict.
(1935) 1945.

SMILACACEAE

Heterosmilax indica A. DC.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 90;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 108; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
344; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 118.

Smilax bracteata Pres_ var. barbata (WALL. ex DC.) KoyAMaA; KENG, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 119; —S. barbata WALL. ex DC.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 168; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 106; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 342; HeNperson, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 181.

2322

2323

2324

PS a

2326

pO

2328

2329

2330

2331

2332

2333

Smilax calophylla WaLL. ex DC.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168;
RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 102; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
339; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 180; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40
(1987) 119.

Smilax carbularia KUNTH. var. woodii (MERR.) KoyAMA; — S. woodii MERR.;
Sinciair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 36.

Smilax leucophylla BL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 106;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 343; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 119.

Smilax megacarpa DC.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 104; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 341;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 180; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
119.

Smilax myosotiflora DC.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 168; RIDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 103; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 340;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 180; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
119.

SOLANACEAE

Physalis minima L.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 470; HENDerson, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 325; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 177.

Solanum ferox L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 467; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog.
(1988) 663; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 177.

Solanum nigrum L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 117; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 465; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 323; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 178.

Solanum sarmentosum NEEs; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 117;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 469; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Solanum torvum Sw.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 117; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 468; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 324; Cor.etr, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 178.

SONNERATIACEAE

Sonneratia alba J.J. SmirH; BACKER & VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 285;
Wuitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 445; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
476; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 83; — S. griffithii (non Kurz) RIDL.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 825, p.p.;
Watson, Malay. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 120.

Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) ENGL.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 2052; BACKER & VAN
STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 283; Wuirmore, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 445;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 476; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 83;
S. acida L. f.; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 825; Watson, Malay. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 121.

215

216

2334

2335

2336

2a31

2338

P Sao

2340

2341

2342

2343

2344

Sonneratia ovata BACKER; BACKER & VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 285;
SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 37; WuiTmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972)
445; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 476; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 84;
— §. alba (non J.J. Smit) Rwwe.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 86;
Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 825; Watson, Malay. For. Rec. 6 (1928) 120.

STAPHYLEACEAE

Turpinia sphaerocarpa HaAssk.; VAN DER LINDEN, FI. Males. I 6! (1960) 57;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya | (1972) 448; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 121; —
T. pomifera [non (RoxB.) DC.] Kina, RIpDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 67;
—T. latifolia WALL. ex RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 512; —T. laxiflora
RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 512; VAN DER LINDEN, FI. Males. I 6! (1960)
ay,

STERCULIACEAE

Byttneria maingayi Mast.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53; RIDLEy,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 286; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 35 (1983) 198; KENa,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92.

Commersonia bartramia (L.) MerRr.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
357; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 704; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92;
—C. platyphylla ANpr.; RID_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53; RmDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 288.

Heritiera borneensis (MERR.) KOSTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
360; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92; — Tarrietia unifoliata Rwv.; RID.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 279.

Heritiera elata RipL.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 280; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 361; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92; — Heritiera sp.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53.

Heritiera littoralis DRYAND. ex W. Airt.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
53; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 279; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
361; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 708; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92.

Heritiera simplicifolia (MAstT.) KosTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 363; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92; — Tarrietia simplicifolia MAst.;
Ripbey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 278.

Kleinhovia hospita L.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 280; KocHuMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 364; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 708; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 92.

Melochia corchorifolia L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 284; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 41; KoCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 366; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 92.

Pterocymbium tubulatum (Mast.) Pierre; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 277;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 367; MAxweLL, Gard. Bull. Sing. 36
(1983) 232; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92.

2345

2346

2347

2348

2349

2350

2554

y 2 mY

2353

2354

2355

2356

2357

Pterospermum diversifolium BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53;
RIDLeY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 282; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 368;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 710; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92.

Pterospermum javanicum JUNGH.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 368;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 710; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92;
P. blumeanum Kortu.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53; RIDLEy, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 283.

Scaphium linearicarpum (Mast.) Pierre; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 275;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 374; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
714; Kenca, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 92.

Scaphium macropodum (Miqg.) BEUMEE ex HEYNE; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 374; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 714; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 93; — Sterculia scaphigera KiNG; Rwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 52; — S. affine (Mast.) PIERRE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 275.

Sterculia bicolor Mast.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 274; KocHumMMen, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 378; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 93.

Sterculia coccinea JAcK; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 2 (1973) 377; CorNgr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 715; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 93; — S. laevis
WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 52; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
269.

Sterculia cordata BL.; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 2 (1973) 378; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 93; — S. javanica R. Br.; Riwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 274.

Sterculia elongata RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 270; KocHuMMEN, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 377; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 93.

Sterculia macrophylla VeEntT.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 52;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 268; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 382;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 716; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 93.

Sterculia parviflora Roxs.; RIp.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 52; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 271; KocHuUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 2 (1973) 382; CorNER,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 716; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 93.

Sterculia rubiginosa VENT.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 52; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 271; KocHuMMgn, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 378; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 717; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 93.

Waltheria indica L.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 285; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 41; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 23.

STYRACACEAE

Styrax benzoin Dryanp.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 108; Rip.ey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 297; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2105; VAN STEENIS, Fl. Males.
I 4* (1949) 52; Putz & NG, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 263; KEeNG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 136.

2A7

218

2358

ai

2360

2361

2362

2363

2364

2365

2366

2367

Styrax crotonoides CLARKE; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 108;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 298; BurkILL, Dict. (1935) 2107; VAN STEENIS, FI.
Males. I 4? (1949) 53; Putz & Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 263; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 137.

SYMPLOCACEAE

Symplocos adenophylla WALL. ex G. Don; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 107; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 303; NooTtesoom; Fl. Males. I 8
(1977) 239; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 268; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 137.

Symplocos barringtonifolia BRAND; Nooresoom; Fl. Males. I 8? (1977) 242;
KOcHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 268; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 137;
— S. rigida CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 107; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 306.

Symplocos celastrifolia Grirr. ex CLARKE; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 107; ; Ripiey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 302; Nooresoom; FI. Males. I 8?
(1977) 244; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 269; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 137.

Symplocos fasciculata ZoLL.; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 107;
Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 301; CorNngr, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 622;
Noortesoom; FI. Males. I 8? (1977) 259; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978)
270; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 718; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 137.

Symplocos lucida (THuns.) S. & Z.; NooTEBOOM; FI. Males. I 8* (1977) 264; —
S. ridleyi KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 302; — Symplocos sp.
“Donoon”; Rip_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 108.

Symplocos odoratissima (BL.) CHorsy ex ZOLL.; K&G 233; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 299: NooreBoom; FI. Males. I 8? (1977) 266; KocHumMgEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 272; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 137; — S. pulverulenta K.
& G.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 300.

Symplocos rubiginosa WALL. ex DC.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
107; Riwvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 306; Nootesoom; FI. Males. I 8? (1977) 271;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 273; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 137.

TACCACEAE

Tacca integrifolia KER-GAWL.; DRENTH, Fl. Males. 17(4) 811, Kenc, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 40 (1987) 121, —T. cristata Jack; RIw_ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
167, Ripi., Riptey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) (1907) 77; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 310; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 187; — T.
chantrieri (non ANDRE) RIpL. RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 309.

Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. KUNTZE; DrenTH, Fl. Males. I 7(4) 809; Kena,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 121, — T. pinnatifida J. R. & G. Forst.; RIDt.,
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) (1907) 76; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
4 (1924) 309; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 36; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 188.

2368

2369

2370

2371

2aFL

2313

2374

2375

2376

2aI7

2378

2379

TETRAMERISTACEAE

Tetramerista glabra Miqg.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 57; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 367; Kena, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 470; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 50.

THEACEAE

Adinandra acuminata KortTu.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 48;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 194; Kena, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 277; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 721; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50.

Adinandra dumosa Jack; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 48; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 194; Kena, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 278; CorNgr, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 721; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50.

Adinandra integerrima T. ANpDgRs. ex Dyer; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924)
196; Kena, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 279; —A. hullettii Kinc; R.ey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 48; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 196; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 50.

Eurya acuminata DC.; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 199; Kena, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 282; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 722; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 50; — E. monticola RiwL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 199.

Gordonia multinervis KiNG; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 203; Kena, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 286; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50.

Gordonia penangensis RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 203; Kena, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 286; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50; — G. excelsa (non
BL.) KinG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 49.

Gordonia singaporiana WALL. ex RIDL.; RIDLEy, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 202;
KENG, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 286; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 723;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50.

Pyrenaria acuminata PLANcH. ex Cuoisy; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 49; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 200; Kena, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978)
290; CorNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 725; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50.

Ternstroemia bancana Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 197; Kena, Tree
Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 293; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50; —Adinandra miquelii
KinG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 48.

Ternstroemia penangiana Cuolsy; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 48,
p.p.; Rww.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 197; Kena, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 295.

Ternstroemia wallichiana (Grirr.) ENGL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 198;
KeEnG, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 295; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 50; — T.
penangiana (non Cuotsy) Dyer; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 48, p.p.

a3

220

2380

2381

2382

2383

- 2384

2385

2386

2387

2388

2389

THY MELAEACEAE

Aquilaria hirta RIDL.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 148; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males.
1 6' (1960) 12; Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 385; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 86; — A. grandiflora; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132.

Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 132;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 147; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 632;
Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6' (1960) 9; Wuirmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 385;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 729; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 86.

Aquilaria microcarpa BatLL.; Dinc Hou, FI. Males. I 6' (1960) 9; Wuirmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 385.

Enkleia malaccensis Grirr.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 147; Dinc Hou, FI.
Males. I 6! (1960) 25; Wuitmoreg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 384; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 86; — Linostoma scandens Kurz; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 133.

Linostoma pauciflorum Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 133;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 146; Dinc Hou, Fl. Males. I 6! (1960) 27;
Wuitmorg, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 384; KEN, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 86.

Wikstroemia ridleyi GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 146; Dinc Hou, FI.
Males. I 6' (1960) 34; Cor.ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 86.

TILIACEAE

Brownlowia argentata Kurz; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 2 (1973) 394;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 732; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 87; —
B. riedelii HEMSL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 84; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 292; Watson, Malay. Forest Rec. 6 (1928) 77; — B. lepidota
Wars.; RIpD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 84 (presumably B. lanceolata
of Riotey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53).

Brownlowia tersa (L.) KosTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 394;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 732; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 87; —
B. lanceolata BENTH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 84; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 291; Watson, Malay. Forest Rec. 6 (1928) 77; SincLair, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 14 (1953) 38; SincLair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 15 (1956) 29.

Corchorus aestuans L.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 43; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 87; — C. acutangulus LaMk.; Riwey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 54; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 306; Cor.etr, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Grewia acuminata Juss.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 397; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 88; — G. umbellata Roxs.; Riwcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 53; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 300.

2390

2391

2392

2393

2394

2395

2396

2397

2398

2399

2400

Microcos blattaefolia (CorNER) Rao; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 48 (1949) 300;
— Grewia latifolia (non MUELL. ex BENTH.) Mast.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 54; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 300; — Grewia blattaefolia CORNER;
KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 399; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
733; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

Microcos hirsutus (KorTH.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin. 9 (1926) 764;
— G. fibrocarpa (non Mast.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 54;
— G. omphacarpa Miq.; RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 301; — Grewia hirsuta
[non VAHL] (KoRTH.) KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 397; KENG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

Pentace triptera Mast.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 53; RIDLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 293; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 407; KeNG, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

Triumfetta pseudo-cana Spr. & Crais; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 304;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 45; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 89.

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacg.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 54;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 303; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 88.

TRIGONIACEAE

Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Miq.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 45;
RIpDLeyY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 142; Burk, Dict. (1935) 2182; VAN STEENIS, FI.
Males. I 47 (1949) 59; Na, Tree Fl. Malaya 1 (1972) 449; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 103.

TRIURIDACEAE

Sciaphila maculata Miers; vAN DE MEERENDONK, FI. Males. I 10' (1984) 113;
KENG, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 115; —S. affinis Becc.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 179; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 126;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 364; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954)
203;

Sciaphila tenella BL.; vAN DE MEERENDONK, FI. Males. I 10! (1984) 113.

TURNERACEAE

Turnera subulata J.E. Smiryu; BAcKER, Fl. Males. I 4° (1951) 236; Cortetrt, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 42; — T. trioniflora Sims;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 838; BurkiLL, Dict. (1935) 2193.

Turnera ulmifolia L.; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 838; BurkmLL, Dict. (1935)
2194; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 169; Backer, Fl. Males. 1 4° (1951)
237; CorLeTT, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 42.

TYPHACEAE

Typha angustifolia L.; Backer, Fl. Males. 14° (1951) 243; Taneral., Gard. Bull.
Sing. 44 (1992) 132. —T. angustata Bory & CHAUBARD; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 211;

221

peed

2401

2402

2403

2404

2405

2406

2407

2408

2409

2410

ULMACEAE

Gironniera hirta RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 321; Soppapmo, Tree FI.
Malaya 2 (1973) 417; SoePApMo, Fl. Males. I. 8(1) 74.

Gironniera nervosa PLANCH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143;
Ripcey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 320; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 688;
SOEPADMO, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 419; SoepApMmo, Fl. Males. I. 8(1) 74;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 736; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 66.

Gironniera parvifolia PLANCH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 321; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 689;
SoOEPADMO, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 419; SoepApMmo, Fl. Males. I. 8(1) 75;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 736; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 66.

Gironniera subaequalis PLANCH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 320; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 690;
SOEPADMO, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 419; Soepapmo, Fl. Males. I. 8(1) 75;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 736; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 66.

Trema angustifolia (PLANCH.) BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 319; SoepApmo, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 421;
SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I. 8(1) 54; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 738; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 66.

Trema cannabina Lour.; SOEPADMO, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 421; SoEPADMo,
Fl. Males. I. 8(1) 50; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 738; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 66; — T. timorensis (DECNE) BL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 143; — T. virgata (PLANCH.) BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 319.

Trema tomentosa (RoxB.) HARA; SOEPADMO, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 423;
SOEPADMO, FI. Males. I. 8(1) 53; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 739; KENG,
Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 66; — T. orientalis (non (L.) BL.) RiDe.; Rwvey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 143; — T. amboinensis (WILLD.) BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
3 (1924) 319.

UMBELLIFERAE

Centella asiatica (L.) Urs.; BUwALDA, Fl. Males. I 4? (1949) 117; Kena, Conc.
Fl. Sing. (1990) 132; — Hydrocotyle asiatica L.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 88; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 869; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 174.

Eryngium foetidum L.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 89; RipLey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 870; Buwa.pa, Fl. Males. I 4* (1949) 126; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 175; Corer, J. Biogeog. (1988) 661; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 132.

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides LAmk.; BUWALDA, FI. Males. 14? (1949) 115; Kena,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 132; — H. rotundifolia Roxs.; Riwvey, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 89; Ripey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 870. |

2411

2412

2413

2414

2415

2416

2417

2418

2419

2420

2421

2422

URTICACEAE

Boehmeria nivea (L.) GAupD.; CHEw, FI. Aust. 3 (1989) 85; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 67.

Laportea interrupta (L.) CHEw; CHEw, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1969) 145; Saw,
Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 473; Cuew, Fl. Aust. 3 (1989) 73; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing.
(1990) 67; — Fleurya interrupta (L.) WicuT; RIpLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 148; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 359; HENpgrRson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 467.

Nothocnide mollissima (BL.) CHEw, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 365; Saw, Tree
Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 473; — Pipturus mollissimus (BL.) WEbD.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 148; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 367; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 468; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 68.

Pellionia repens (Lour.) MErR.; Y AHARA, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III 13 (1984)
485; — P. duveauana N.E. Br.; Riptey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 362; —
Elatostema repens (Lour.) HALL. f.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 470;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 67.

Pilea microphylla (L.) LizesM.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 46;
Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 67; —P. muscosa
LINDL.; Ripey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 148; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3
(1924) 361.

Pipturus argenteus (Forst. f.) WepDp.; SAw, Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 476;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 67.

Poikilospermum cordifolium (BARG.-PETR.) MERR.; CHEW, Gard. Bull. Sing. 20
(1963) 66; — Conocephalus amoenus KiNG ex Hook. f.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. 33 (1900) 148; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 357.

Poikilospermum suaveolens (BL.) MeErRR.; CHEw, Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963)
88; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 68; — Conocephalus suaveolens BL.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 148; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 357.

Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) BENN.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 469;
CuHEw, Fl. Aust. 3 (1989) 86; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 68; — P. indica L.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 148; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 3 (1924) 366.

VERBENACEAE

Callicarpa longifolia Lamx.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 616; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 301;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 192.

Callicarpa maingayi KiInc & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 615;
KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 302.

Clerodendrum deflexum WALL.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 124;
RIpD.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 624 (incl. var. bracteatum RIDL.); KOCHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 304; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 745; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 192.

223

224

2423

2424

2425

2426

bee” 9.5

2428

2429

2430

2431

2432

2433

2434

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) GAerTN.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
123; Ripvey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 624; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959)
385; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 304; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990)
193.

Clerodendrum laevifolium BL.; KocHuMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 305;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 746; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 193; —
C. dispariifolium BL.; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123; Ripey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 625.

Clerodendrum phyllomega Stevup. var. myrmecophilum (RIDL.) MOLDENKE;
KOcHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 304; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 193;
— C. myrmecophilum Rivt.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 124;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 627; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 386.

Clerodendrum villosum BL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 124;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 627; KocHuMMEn, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 304;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 746; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 193.

Duranta erecta L.; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 747; KEeNG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 193.

Gmelina asiatica L.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 622; KocHUMMegn, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 306; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 748; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 193.

Gmelina elliptica J.E. SmirH; KocHumMMen; Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 306;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 748; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 193; —
G. villosa RoxB.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 623.

Gmelina philippinensis CHAM.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 306;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 748; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 194;
G. hystrix SCHULTES; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123; Rm ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 623.

Lantana camara L.; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 122; Cortetr, J.
Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 194; — L. aculeata L.;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 612; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 382.

Lantana indica Roxs.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 122; Rip.ey, FI.
Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 612.

Peronema canescens JAckK; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 (1901) 89; RIDLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 636; KocHUMMEnN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 306; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 749; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 194.

Phyla nodiflora (L.) GREENE; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 298; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 194; — Lippia nodiflora (L.) Micu.; Rw.ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 122; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 612; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 383. |

2435

2436

2437

2438

2439

2440

2441

2442

2443

2444

2445

2446

2447

Premna corymbosa (Bur. f.) RoTtL. & WILLD.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.
33 (1900) 123; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 308; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 194; — P. integrifolia L.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123
(var. angustior CLARKE); RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 619; — P. angustior
(CLARKE) RIDL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 619; — P. littoralis K. & G.;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 618; — P. obtusifolia R. Br.; CORNER, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 750, p.p.

Premna foetida REINw. ex BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 619; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 307; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 194; —P. obtusifolia
R. Br.; CORNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 750, p.p.

Premna parasitica BL.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br.R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 307; Kenc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 194; — P.
trichostoma Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 620.

Premna punctulata CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 620; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 307; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 194.

Premnaridleyi KING & GAMBLE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 621; KocHUMMEN,
Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 307; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 194.

Sphenodesme pentandra Jack; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 124;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 639; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 381;
Munir, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1966) 357; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 194.

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C. Ricu.) VAHL; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14
(1953) 34; Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663.

Stachytarpheta indica (L.) VAHL; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 122;
RIp.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 613; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 383;
Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 195.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) VAHL; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 613;
Cor ett, J. Biogeog. (1988) 663; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 195.

Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacg.) VAHL; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33
(1900) 122; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 613; Kena, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990)
195.

Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (CLARKE) KOSTERM.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree FI.
Malaya 3 (1978) 308; KEeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 195; — Vitex coriacea
CLARKE; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 632; CorNgr, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940)
708; CoRNER, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 753.

Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) BAKH.; KOCHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya
3 (1978) 309; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 195; — Vitex peralata KiNG; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 634; Corner, Ways. Trees Ist ed. (1940) 709; Corner,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 754; — Vitex pteropoda Miq.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2 (1923) 633.

Vitex gamosepala Grirr.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 635; KocHUMMEN, Tree FI. Malaya 3 (1978) 310; CorNgr,
Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 753.

pS he

226

2448

2449

2450

2451

2452

2453

2454

2455

2456

2457

2458

2459

Vitex negundo L.; Riw.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 631; KocHumMen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 311; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 753; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 195.

Vitex pinnata L.; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 311; Kena, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 195; — V. pubescens V AHL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
123; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 632; Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988)
754.

Vitex trifolia L.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123; Ripiey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2 (1923) 630; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 311; Corner, Ways.
Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 755; KeNnG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 195.

Vitex vestita WALL. ex SCHAU.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 123;
RIDLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 635; KocHUMMEN, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 313;
Corner, Ways. Trees, 3rd ed. (1988) 756; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 195.

VIOLACEAE

Rinorea anguifera (Lour.) O.K.; Jacops & Moors, Fl. Males. 17! (1971) 183;
Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 315; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 40; — Alsodeia
echinocarpa KortH.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 43; RIDLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 134;

Rinorea lanceolata (WALL.) O.K.; Jacops & Moore, Fl. Males. 17! (1971) 187;
Ne, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 318; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 40; — Alsodeia
floribunda Kinc; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 44; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 132; —A. grandiflora Rw ., RID.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 132.

VITACEAE

Ampelocissus ascendiflora Latirr; Latirr, Fed. Mus. J.n.s.27 (1982) 87; KENG,
Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 117.

Ampelocissus cinnamomea (WALL.) PLANCH.; LATIFF, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27
(1982) 88; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 117; — Vitis cinnamomea WALL.;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 472.

Ampelocissus elegans (KURZ) GAGNEP.; LATIFF, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27 (1982) 89;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 117; — Vitis elegans Kurz; Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 473; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild
Fl. Dic. (1959) 56.

Ampelocissus gracilis (WALL.) PLANCH.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 117; —
Vitis gracilis WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; RipLey, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 1 (1922) 472; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 55.

Ampelocissus polystachya (WALL.) PLANCH.; LATiFr, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27 (1982)
91; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118; — Vitis polythyrsa Kine; RIw.ey, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; — Vitis polystachya WALL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 473.

Ampelocissus thyrsiflora (BL.) PLANCH.; Latirr, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27 (1982) 90;
KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118.

2460

2461

2462

2463

2464

2465

2466

2467

2468

2469

2470

2471

Cayratia mollissima (WaALL.) GaGnep.; LATiFF, Sains Malaysiana 10 (1981)
136; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118; — Vitis mollissima WALL.; RIDLEY, J. Str.
Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 478.

Cayratia novemfolia (WALL. ex Laws.) Burk.; Latirr, Sains Malaysiana 10
(1981) 138; KeNc, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118; — Vitis novemfolia WaALL.;
Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 479.

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118; — Vitis trifolia
L.; Rw ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65; RmwLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
478; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 57.

Cissus hastata (Mig.) PLANCH.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118; — Vitis
hastata Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 478; HENDERson, Mal. Wild FI. Dic.
(1959) 56.

Cissus nodosa BL.; Latirr, Malay. Nat. J. 42 (1988) 33; — Vitis cerasiformis
TEYSM.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; — Vitis glaberrima WALL;
Rip.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 477;
— Cissus glaberrima (WALL.) PLANCH.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118.

Cissus repens LAmMK.; LatiFr, Malay. Nat. J. 42 (1988) 34; KenG, Conc. Fl. Sing.
(1990) 118; — Vitis repens W. & A.; Rwwiey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
64; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 477; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959)
55; — Vitis diffusa Mig.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 477; — Cissus diffusa
(Mig.) AMSH.; KENG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 118.

Cissus rostrata (Mig.) PLANCH.; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 118; — Vitis
furcata LAws.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 476.

Nothocissus spicifera (Grirr.) LATiFF; LAtirF, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27 (1982) 71;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 118;— Vitis macrostachya Mig.; RDLey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 472.

Pterisanthes cissoides BL.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 482; HENDERSON, Mal.
Wild FI. Dic. (1959) 58; Latirr, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27 (1982) 48; KENG, Conc. FI.
Sing. (1990) 119.

Pterisanthes eriopoda (Miq.) PLANCH.; RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 481;
LatirF, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27 (1982) 57; Kena, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 119.

Pterisanthes polita (Miq.) Laws.; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Dic. (1959) 58;
Latirr, Fed. Mus. J. n.s. 27 (1982) 53; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 119; — P.
coriacea KorTH. ex KING; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 65; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 480.

Tetrastigma curtisii (RIDL.) SEUSSENG.; LaTiFr, Gard. Bull. Sing. 36 (1983) 223;
KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 119; — Vitis curtisii Rwi.; RI ey, Fl. Mal. Pen.
1 (1922) 474.

27

228

2472

2473

2474

2475

2476

2477

2478

2479

2480

2481

2482

Tetrastigma lanceolarium (Roxs.) PLANCH.; Latirr, Gard. Bull. Sing. 36
(1983) 222; KENG, Conc. FI. Sing. (1990) 119; — Vitis kunstleri Kinc; RID.ey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 475; — Vitis lanceolarium (RoxB.) WALL.; RIDLEY, FI.
Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 475.

Tetrastigma lawsoni (KING) Burk.; BuRKILL, Dict. (1935) 2286; Latirr, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 36 (1983) 220; KeNG, Conc. Fl. Sing. (1990) 119; — Vitis lawsoni
KinG; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 64; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922)
474.

XYRIDACEAE

Xyris complanata R. Br.; vAN Royen, Fl. Males. I. 369; HENDERson, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 193; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 126; —X. anceps (non
LAMK.) VAHL; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169.

Xyris pauciflora WILLD.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 112;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 348; van Royen, Fl. Males. I. 371; HENDERSON,
Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 194; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 126; —X.
schoenoides (non Mart.) RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 169.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE

Cymodocea rotundata EHRENB. & Hemp. ex ASCHERS.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 15 (1956) 25; DEN HartToa, The Sea-grasses of the World (1970) 166; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 115.

Cymodocea serrulata (R. Br.) ASCHERS. & MAGNus; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull. Sing.
15 (1956) 27; DEN Hartoc, The Sea-grasses of the World (1970) 171; KENG,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 115.

Halodule pinifolia (Miki) DEN HartoG; DEN HArTOG, The Sea-grasses of the
World (1970) 158.

Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) ASCHERS.; DEN HArtToG, The Sea-grasses of the
World (1970) 147; — H. tridentata F.v.M.; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987)
LYS:

Syringodium isoetifolium (AscHERS.) DANDY; DEN HARTOG, The Sea-grasses of
the World (1970) 177; — Cymodocea isoetifolia ASCHERS.; SINCLAIR, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 15 (1956) 25; Kena, Gard. Bull. Sing. 40 (1987) 115.

ZINGIBERACEAE

Alpinia aquatica (RetTz.) Roscoe; Smiru, Edinb. J. Bot. 47 (1990) 45; — A.
melanocarpa (T. & B.) Riwi. ; Rey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166;
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 48; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
279; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 150; — Languas melanocarpa
(T. & B.) Burx.; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 159.

Alpinia conchigera Grirr.; RIDLEY, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 47;
Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 278; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 142;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 147.

2483

2484

2485

2486

2487

2488

2489
2490

2491

2492

2493

Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.; Ripcey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166; RIDLEY,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 48; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 279;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 150; Smit, Edinb. J. Bot. 47 (1990)
45; — Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz; Ho.trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 157.

Alpinia mutica Roxs.; RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 49; RIDLEY,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 279; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 150; Smrru,
Edinb. J. Bot. 47 (1990) 51; — Catimbium muticum (Roxs.) Hoitr.; HOLTTuM,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 150.

Alpinia rafflesiana WALL. ex BAKER; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
166; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 50; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 281; HoL_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 144; HENDERson, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 148.

Amomum hastilabium RIDL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165:
Rip.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 33; RmpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
266; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 203.

Amomum xanthophlebium Bak.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 31; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 263; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13
(1950) 198; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 159.

Costus globosus BL.; RIpD.ey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RipLey, Mat.
Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 25; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 256;
Ho.ttum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 243; HENDERsoN, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 136.

Costus lucanusianus J. BRAUN & K. Scu.

Costus speciosus (KOENIG) SMITH; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165;
RIp.ey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 24; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
256; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 242; HENDERsoN, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 136.

Elettariopsis curtisii BAk.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 42;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 274; Hottrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 217;
HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 159; — E. /Jatiflora Rwe.; RIDLEY, J.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 91900) 166.

Etlingera littoralis (KONIG) GisEKE; Burtt & Situ, Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb.
43 (1986) 240; — Achasma megalocheilos Grirr.; HoLttuM, Gard. Bull. Sing.
13 (1950) 191; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 157; — Hornstedtia
megalocheilos (GriFr.) RIDL.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 16;
RIDLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 3 (1907)8; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
270.

Etlingera punicea (Roxs.) R.M. Situ, Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 43 (1986)
249; — Hornstedtia macrocheilos (Grirr.) RipL.; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen.
(Monoc.) 2 (1907) 9; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4(1924) 271; —Achasma macrocheilos
GrirF.; Hottrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 188; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild FI.
Monoc. (1954) 157.

229

230

2494

2495

2496

2497

2498

2499

2500

Globba leucantha Mia.; RIDLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RipLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 6; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 238;
Ho.trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 26; HENDERson, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 137; Lim, Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 31 (1972) 267.

Globba pendula Roxs.; Hottrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 29; Lim, Notes
R. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 31 (1972) 264; — G. panicoides Miq.; Rey, J. Str. Br.
R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 4;
RIDLEY, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 235; G. uliginosa Mig.; RIw_ey, J. Str. Br. R.
As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 3; RipLey,
Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 235.

Globba variabilis RipL.; RIpLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 239; HoL_trum, Gard.
Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 37; Lim, Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 31 (1972) 260.

Hornstedtia conica RIDL.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 166; RipDLey,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 37; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 268;
Ho.ttum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 175.

Hornstedtia leonurus (KOENIG) RETZ.; RIDLEY, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
166; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 37; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 269; HoLtrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 177; HENDERSoN, Mal. Wild
Fl. Monoc. (1954) 155.

Hornstedtia scyphifera (KOENIG) STEUD.;HoLtTum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950)
170; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 155; —H. scyphus Retz.; RIDLEY,
J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2
(1907) 35; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 267.

Plagiostachys lateralis (RipDL.) Ripv.; RIDvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900)
166; RipLey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 41; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4
(1924) 273; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 161.

25001 Plagiostachys mucida Hottrum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 162; HENDERSON,

2502

2503

2504

Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc. (1954) 152.

Zingiber griffithii Bax.; RipLey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165; RIDLEy,
Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 29; RipLey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 260;
Ho.trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 60; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 140.

Zingiber puberulum Ripv.; Riptey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165;
Ripey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 29; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924)
261; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13 (1950) 61; HENDERSON, Mal. Wild Fl. Monoc.
(1954) 139.

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smit; Ripvey, J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 33 (1900) 165;
Ripvey, Mat. Fl. Mal. Pen. (Monoc.) 2 (1907) 27; Ho_trum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 13
(1950) 59; — Z. aromaticum quoad Rip.; Rip.ey, Fl. Mal. Pen. 4 (1924) 259,
Pp.

- Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr Hsuan Keng for the prolonged loan of his copy of the Flora of Syonan,

Dr Hugh Tan and Mr Chua Keng Soon for their assistance and Dr Richard Corlett for his
tireless interest in the weeds of Singapore. I am indebted to the Director of the Singapore
Botanic Gardens for allowing me to use the facilities of the Gardens’ Herbarium and Library.
This research was supported by research grant RP 880301 from the National University of
Singapore.

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233

234

APPENDIX A:

Index of the species listed by Ridley (1900 and 1901) for the flora of Singapore, as they appear
(viz. spelling and authorities) in those publications. Numbers represent the taxon in the main
list of the present paper. Letters relate to subsequent appendices whither certain species not
included in the main list are referred. Ridley was unable to name some collections from
Singapore. These he referred to by collection numbers (usually numbers of four digits) or by
brief descriptions. Abbreviated versions of these descriptions have been used for the

unnamed species in the index.

Abrus precatorius L.
Abutilon indicum L.
Acacia pennata Willd.
Acacia pseudo-intsia Miq.
Acalypha indica L.

Acanthospermum xanthoides DC.

Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl
Acanthus volubilis Wall.
Acorus calamus

Acriopsis javanica
Acriopsis ridleyi Hook. f.
Acronychia porteri Hook. f.
Acrostichum aureum L.
Actephila javanica Miq.

Actinodaphne maingayi Hook. f.

Actinodaphne pruinosa Nees
Adenanthera bicolor Moon
Adenanthera pavonina L.
Adenoncos virens Bl.
Adenosacme longifolia Wall.
Adenosma caeruleum
Adenosma capitatum Benth.
Adenosma ovatum Benth.
Adenostemma viscosum Forst.
Adhatoda vasica Nees
Adiantum flabellulatum L.
Adina rubescens Hemst.
Adinandra acuminata Korth.
Adinandra dumosa Jack
Adinandra hullettii King
Adinandra maculosa T. Anders.
Adinandra miquelii King
Adinandra sp.

Aegiceras majus Gaertn.
Aeschynanthus lobbiana Hook.
Aeschynanthus motleyi Clarke
Aeschynanthus radicans Jack
Aeschynanthus wallichii R. Br:
Aeschynomene indica L.

Afzelia retusa Kurz 1315
Aganosma marginata Don B
Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. B
Agelaea hullettii King 592
Agelaea vestita Hook. f. 591
Agelaea wallichii Hook. f. 592
Ageratum conyzoides L. 556
Aglaia cordata Hiern 1469
Aglaia glabriflora Hiern 1472
Aglaia odoratissima Bl. 1474
Aglaia oligophylla Miq. 1475
Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern 1481
Aglaia trichostemon Dec. 1482
Aglaonema minus Hook. f. att
Aglaonema nitidum N.E. Br. 379

Aglaonema oblongifolium Schott 378
Agrostistachys longifolia Benth. var.

malayana 831
Agrostophyllum majus Hook. f. 1735
Agyneia bacciformis Muell. 951
Albizzia lebbek Benth. D
Albizzia littoralis Teysm. 1256
Albizzia lucida Benth. B
Albizzia moluccana 1333
Albizzia odoratissima Benth. D
Albizzia pedicellata Bak. 1255
Alchornea rugosa Muell. 832
Alchornea villosa Muell. 833
Aleurites moluccana Willd. D
Allamanda schottii Pohl D
Allmania nodiflora R. Br. 235
Allophyllus cobbe L. 2246
Alocasia cucullata Schott D
Alocasia denudata Engl. 380
Alocasia indica Schott 381
Alocasia longiloba Miq. C
Alocasia macrorrhizos Schott 381
Alpinia galanga L. 2483
Alpinia melanocarpa Rid. 2481

a

Alpinia rafflesiana Wall.
Alseodaphne costalis Nees
Alseodaphne decipiens Hook. f.
Alseodaphne lucida Nees

Alseodaphne umbelliflora Hook. f.

Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth.
Alsodeia floribunda King
Alsodeia kunstleriana King
Alsodeia membranacea King
Alsophila comosa Hook.
Alsophila latebrosa Hook.
Alsophila ridleyi Bak.
Alstonia angustifolia Wall.
Alstonia grandifolia Miq.
Alstonia scholaris R.Br.
Alstonia spathulata Bl.
Alternanthera sessilis R. Br.
Alysicarpus vaginalis Miq.
Alyxia lucida Wall.
Amaranthus caudatus L.
Amaranthus paniculatus L.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus viridis L.
Amomum hastilabium Ridl.
Amoora aphanamixis Schultes
Amoora cucullata Roxb.
Amoora rubescens Hiern
Amoora rubiginosa Hiern
Amorphophallus prainii Hook. f.
Amorphophallus sp.
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anadendrum medium Schott
Anadendrum montanum Schott
Andropogon aciculatus Retz.
Andropogon contortus L.
Andropogon pseudograya Kth.
Aneilema nudiflorum Br.
Aneilema vaginata Br.
Angiopteris evecta Hoffm.
Anisogonium cordifolium Mett.
Anisomeles ovata R. Br.
Anisophyllea disticha Baill.
Anisophyllea griffithii Oliv.
Anisoptera costata Korth.
Anisoptera glabra Kurz
Anoectochilus geniculatus Ridl.
Anplectrum annulata Triana
Anplectrum glaucum Triana
Anthistiria arguens Willd.

Anthistiria gigantea var. villosa
Antidesma alatum Hook. f.
Antidesma cuspidatum Muell.
Antidesma fallax Meisn.
Antidesma velutinosum Bl.

Antrophyum plantagineum Kaulf.

Antrophyum reticulatum Kaulf.
Aphyllorchis pallida Bl.
Aporusa benthamiana Hook. f.
Aporusa falcifera Hook. f.
Aporusa ficifolia Baill.
Aporusa fruticosa Muell.
Aporusa lunata Benth.
Aporusa maingayi

Aporusa nigricans Hook. f.
Aporusa prainiana King
Aporusa stellifera Hook. f.
Apostasia nuda R. Br.
Appendicula bifaria Lindl.
Appendicula callosa Bl.
Appendicula lewisii Griff.
Appendicula lucida Ridl.
Aquilaria grandiflora
Aquilaria malaccensis
Aquilaria sp.

Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq.
Archytaea vahlii Choisy
Ardisia colorata Roxb.

Ardisia crassa Clarke

Ardisia crenata Roxb.

Ardisia humilis Vahl

Ardisia lanceolata Roxb.
Ardisia odontophylla var. lobbii
Ardisia sp. (6434)

Ardisia sp. (2816)

Ardisia tuberculata Wall.
Ardisia villosa Roxb.

Areca catechu L.

Arenga saccharifera Labill.
Argostemma elatostemma Hook.
Argostemma parvifolium Benn.
Argostemma spinulosum Clarke
Aristolochia unguliflora Mast.
Aromadendron elegans BI.
Artabotrys maingayi Hk. f.
Artabotrys suaveolens Bl.
Artabotrys wrayi King
Artanema angustifolium Benth.
Artemisia vulgaris L.

235

236

Arthrophyllum diversifolium Bl. 411

Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. 1529
Artocarpus kunstleri King | i |
Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. 1520
Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. 1526
Artocarpus lowii King 1527
Artocarpus maingayi King 1528
Artocarpus peduncularis King B
Artocarpus rigidus 1530
Artocarpus scortechinii King 1531
Artocarpus sp. medium sized tree E
Artocarpus sp. Large tree 1519
Arytera littoralis Bl. 2247
Asclepias curassavica L. 422
Aspidium cicutarium Sw. B
Aspidium semibipinnatum Wall. B
Aspidium singaporeanum Wall. 166
Aspidium vastum Bl. B
Aspidium zollingerianum Kze. B
Aspidopterys concava Juss. 1402
Asplenium falcatum Lamk. B
Asplenium longissimum Bl. 15
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. 16
Asplenium squamulatum B1. B
Asplenium tenerum Forst. 20
Asystasia intrusa Bl. 196
Avicennia officinalis Bl. 453
Axonopus cimicinus Beauv. 999
Azolla pinnata R. Br. pA
Baccaurea bracteata Muell. 850
Baccaurea kunstleri King 853
Baccaurea latifolia 855
Baccaurea macrophylla Muell. 856
Baccaurea minor Hook. f. 858
Baccaurea motleyana 859
Baccaurea parviflora Muell. 860
Baccaurea reticulata Hook. f. 863
Baccaurea sp. (6263) E
Baccaurea sp. B 852
Baccaurea symplocoides King 848
Bambusa ridleyi Gamble 1003
Barclaya motleyi Hook. 1703
Barringtonia conoidea Griff. 1238
Barringtonia cylindrostachya Griff. 1239
Barringtonia inclyta Miers 1240
Barringtonia pendulum Miers B
Barringtonia speciosa Forst. 1237
Bassia cuneata Bl. . pe S|
Bassia kingii Stapf 2265

Bassia malaccensis 2269
Bassia motleyana De Vr. 2266
Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. 1265
Beilschmiedia malaccensis Hook. f. 1201
Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. Ze,
Blechnum orientale L. 24
Blechnum serrulatum Rch. 23
Blumea balsamifera DC. 558
Blumea lacera DC. 560
Blumea membranacea DC. 561
Blyxa malaccensis Rid. E
Boerhavia repens L. 1702
Bonnaya brachiata Link 2304
Bonnaya reptans Spreng. 2307
Bonnaya veronicaefolia Spreng. 2302
Borassus flabellifer L. D
Boschia griffithii Mast. 463
Bouea burmanica Griff. 246
Bouea macrophylla Griff. 245
Breynia discigera Muell. 867
Breynia reclinata 868
Breynia rhamnoides Muell. 869
Bridelia pustulata Hook. f. 872
Bridelia tomentosa Bl. 874
Bromheadia alticola Ridl. 1747
Bromheadia aporoides Rchb. f. 1748
Bromheadia palustris Lindl. 1749a
Bromheadia sylvestris Ridl. 1749b
Brownlowia lanceolata Benth. 2387
Brownlowia lepidota R1901 2386
Brownlowia riedelii Hemstl. 2386
Brucea sumatrana Roxb. 2316

Bruguiera caryophylloides Bl. 2063
Bruguiera eriopetala W. & A. 2066
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lmk. 2064
Bruguiera parviflora W. & A. 2065
Buchanania florida Schauwer var. lucida

& var. petiolaris 247
Buchanania sessilifolia Bl. 248
Bulbophyllum adenopetalum Lindl. 1756
Bulbophyllum apodum Hook. f. 1751
Bulbophyllum avicella Ridl. 1762
Bulbophyllum botryophorum Ridl. 1753
Bulbophyllum catenarium Rid. 1764
Bulbophyllum clandestinum Lindl. 1772
Bulbophyllum concinnum Hook. f._ 1755
Bulbophyllum densiflorum Ridl. 1773
Bulbophyllum limbatum Lindl. 1757
Bulbophyllum macranthum Lindl. 1758

Bulbophyllum patens King 1770
Bulbophyllum pileatum Lindl. 1766
Bulbophyllum rugosum Ridl. 1771
Bulbophyllum stella Ridl. 1759
Bulbophyllum striatellum Ridl. 1774
Bulbophyllum trifolium Ridl. 1776
Bulbophyllum vermiculare Hook. f. 1778
Bulbostylis barbata Kunth 643
Bulbostylis puberula Kunth 6-4
Burmannia coelestis Don 477
Burmannia tuberosa Becc. 476
Byttneria maingayi Mast. 2336
Caesalpinia nuga Ait. 1267
Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxb. 1269
Caesulia axillaris Roxb. E
Calamus densiflorus Becc. 1935
Calamus diffusus Becc. C
Calamus insignis Griff. 1938
Calamus javensis Bl. 1939
Calamus lobbianus Becc. 1941
Calamus oxleyanus Teysm. 1944
Calamus pallidulus Becc. 1940
Calamus singaporensis Becc. 1936
Calamus sp. near radulosus E
Calanthe curculigoides Lindl. 1780
Callicarpa longifolia Lamk. 2420
Calophyllum canum Hook. f. B

Calophyllum griffithii T. Anders. 1132
Calophyllum inophylloide King 1131
Calophyllum inophyllum L. 1120
Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook. f.1122
Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. 1123
Calophyllum retusum Wall. 1129/
Calophyllum spectabile Willd. 1127
Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. 1125

Calotropis procera R.Br. D

Calycopteris floribunda Lamk. C

Campnospermum auriculatum Hook. f.
249

Campnospermum griffithii Hook. f. 249
Campnospermum wallichii King 249

Canarium grandiflorum Benn. 484
Canarium kadondon Benn. 487
Canarium nitidum Benn. 483
Canarium pilosum Benn. 484
Canarium planchoni King 492
Canarium purpurascens Benn. 482
Canarium rufum Benn. 482
Canarium secundum Benn. 482

Canavalia obtusifolia DC.
Canavalia turgida DC.
Canna indica L.

Canna warcewiczli
Canthium confertum Korth.
Canthium didymum Roxb.
Canthium glabrum Bl.
Canthium horridum Korth.
Canthium scandens Bl.
Canthium sp. “gading”
Capparis finlaysoniana Wall.
Capsicum frutescens L.
Capsicum grossum Willd.
Capsicum minimum
Carallia scortechinii King
Carapa obovata Bl.

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Carex ‘cyrtostachys’ Brongn.
Careya sp.

Caryota mitis Lour.
Casearia clarkei King
Casearia esculenta Roxb.
Casearia lobbiana Turcz.
Cassia alata L.

Cassia hirsuta L.

Cassia leschenaultiana DC.
Cassia obtusifolia L.

Cassia occidentalis L.
Cassia siamea Lam.
Cassytha filiformis L.
Castanopsis hullettii King
Castanopsis hystrix DC.
Castanopsis javanica DC.
Castanopsis nephelioides King
Castanopsis sp.

Castanopsis sumatrana DC.
Castanopsis wallichii King
Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.
Celastrus championii Benth.
Centipeda orbicularis Lour.
Centotheca lappacea Beauv.
Centrosema plumieri Benth.
Cephaelis griffithii Hook.
Ceratolobus kingianus Becc.
Ceratopteris thalictroides L.
Cerbera lactaria Ham.
Cerbera odollam Gaertn.
Ceriops candolleana Arn.
Chailletia deflexifolia Turcz.

237

238

Champereia griffithiana Planch. 1729

Chasalia curviflora Thw. 2097
Chasalia rostrata Miq. 2193
Cheilanthes tenuifolia Sw. 30

Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern 1485
Chisocheton macrophyllus King 1486

Chisocheton patens Bl. 1487
Chisocheton pauciflorus King 1488
Chloranthus officinalis B1. 528
Chloris barbata Sw. 1012

Choriophyllum malayanum Benth. 849
Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don 2264

Cinnamomum iners Reinw. 1203
Cinnamomum javanicum Bl. 1204
Cinnamomum nitidum Bl. 1203
Cirrhopetalum acuminatum Ridl. 1750
Cirrhopetalum blumei Lindl. F752
Cirrhopetalum citrinum Ridl. 1768

Cirrhopetalum concinnum Hook. f. 1767
Cirrhopetalum linearifolium Ridl. 1750
Cirrhopetalum makoyanum Rchb. f.1760
Cirrhopetalum medusae Lindl. 1761
Cirrhopetalum microbulbon Ridl. 1770
Cirrhopetalum semibifidum R. 1750
Cirrhopetalum vaginatum Lindl. — 1777

Claderia viridiflora Hook. f. 1782
Cladium glomeratum Br. 709
Claoxylon indicum Hassk. 876
Claoxylon longifolium Muell. var.
brachystachys 877
Clausena excavata Burm. 2229
Cleisostoma spicatum Lindl. 1902
Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook. f. 878
Cleistanthus laevis Hook. f. 882
Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hook. f. 879
Cleistanthus myrianthus Kurz 88]
Cleistanthus nitidus Hook. f. c
Cleome aculeatum Jacq. 501
Cleome viscosa L. 505
Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp. C
Clerodendron deflexum Wall. 2422
Clerodendron disparifolium Bl. 2424
Clerodendron fallax Lindl. D
Clerodendron fragrans Vent. D
Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. 2423
Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn. C
Clerodendron ixoraeflorum Hassk. C

Clerodendron myrmecophilum-Ridl.2425
Clerodendron paniculatum L. B

Clerodendron siphonanthus R. Br.

Clerodendron squamatum Vahl
Clerodendron villosum Bl.
Clidemia hirta Don

Clitorea cajanifolia Benth.
Clitorea ternatea L.

Cnestis ramiflora Griff.

Cocos nucifera L.

Coelodepas ferrugineum Hook. f.
Coelogyne cumingii Lindl.
Coelogyne mayeriana Rchb. f.
Coelogyne rochussennii de Vr.
Coelogyne testacea Lindl.
Coelostegia griffithii Benth.
Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Coleus atropurpurea Benth.
Colocasia antiquorum L.
Colubrina asiatica Brongn.
Combretum sundaicum Miq.
Combretum trifoliatum Vent.
Commelina benghalensis L.
Commelina nudiflora L.
Commersonia platyphylla Andr.
Connaropsis macrophylla King
Connarus ellipticus King
Connarus ferrugineus Jack
Connarus grandis Jack
Connarus oligophyllus Wall.
Connarus semidecandrus Jack
Conocephalus amoenus King
Conocephalus scortechinii King
Conocephalus suaveolens Bl.
Conocephalus subtrinervius Miq.
Coptosapelta flavescens Korth.
Corchorus acutangulus Lmk.
Corchorus capsularis L.
Cordia myxa L.

Corymbis longiflora Hook. f.
Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.
Cosmos bipinnatus

Costus globosus

Costus speciosus Sm.
Cotylelobium flavum Pierre
Cratoxylum arborescens Bl.
Cratoxylum formosum Benth.
Cratoxylum polyanthum Korth.
Crinum asiaticum L.
Crotalaria alata Ham.
Crotalaria incana L.

Crotalaria quinquefolia L. 1283
Crotalaria retusa L. 1284
Crotalaria saltiana And. 1282
Croton argyratus Bl. 883
Croton caudatus Geisel 885
Croton griffithii Hook. f. 888
Croton olongifolium Roxb. B
Cryptocarya ferrea Bl. 1207

Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight 1208
Cryptocarya impressa Meissn. 1209

Cryptocoryne ciliata Fisch. 386
Cryptocoryne griffithii Schott 387
Cryptostylis arachnites Bl. 1792
Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliver 638
Curculigo latifolia Dryand. 1165
Curculigo recurvata Dryand. 1166
Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. D
Cyanotis cristata C. B. C. 548
Cyathocalyx maingayi Hk. f. 303
Cyathocalyx virgatus King 299
Cyathostemma hookeri King 278
Cyathostemma scortechinii King 2719
Cyathula prostrata B\. 242
Cycas rumphii Miq. 183
Cyclea peltata Hook. f. var. arnotti Miers
1507
Cyclostemon longifolius Bl. 889
Cymbidium aloifolium Sw. 1794
Cymbidium aloifolium var. pubescens
1793
Cynanchum ovalifolium 423
Cynodon dactylon Pers. 1016
Cynometra cauliflora L. D
Cynometra ramiflora L. 1286
Cyperus bancanus Miq. 676
Cyperus compressus L. 649
Cyperus diffusus vahl 653
Cyperus distans L. 655
Cyperus haspan L. 659
Cyperus iria L. 661
Cyperus malaccensis Lam. 664
Cyperus pilosus Vahl 667
Cyperus radians Nees 670
Cyperus rotundus L. 671
Cyperus stoloniferus Retz. 674
Cyperus zollingeri Steud. 675
Cyrtandra bicolor Jack 991
Cyrtandra pilosa Bl. C

Cyrtandromoea acuminata Benth. C

Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff. 388
Cystorchis variegata Bl. 1795a
Cystorchis variegata var. purpurea\795b
Dacrydium elatum Wall. Cc
Daemonorops accedens Bl. E

Daemonorops angustifolius Mart. 1949
Daemonorops cochleatus Teysm. 1950
Daemonorops crinita Bl. E
Daemonorops didymophylla Becc. 1950
Daemonorops geniculatus Mart. 1951

Daemonorops grandis Mart. 1952
Daemonorops hygrophilus Mart. 1949
Daemonorops hystrix Mart. 1953
Daemonorops intermedius Mart. 1952
Daemonorops leptopus Mart. 1955
Daemonorops longipes Mart. 1957
Daemonorops propinquus Becc. 1955
Dalbergia hullettii Prain 1287
Dalbergia junghuhnii Benth. 1288
Dalbergia pseudosissoo Miq. 1290
Dalbergia torta Grah. 1286
Dalbergia velutina Benth. 1291
Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. 739
Datura fastuosa L. D
Davallia elegans Sw. 40
Davallia triphylla Hook. 42
Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz 1639
Dehaasia microcarpa Bl. 1212
Dendrobium acerosum Lindl. 1796
Dendrobium aciculare Lindl. 1797
Dendrobium atropurpureum Mig. 1800
Dendrobium bifarium Lindl. 1799
Dendrobium callibotrys Rid. 1811
Dendrobium conostalix Rchb. f. 1810
Dendrobium criniferum Lindl. 1852
Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. 1802

Dendrobium dalhousieanum Wall. 1817
Dendrobium eulophotum Lindl. 1806
Dendrobium euphlebium Rchb.f. 1825

Dendrobium flavidulum Rid. 1824
Dendrobium flexile Ridl. 1803
Dendrobium gemellum Lindl. 1819
Dendrobium junceum Lindl. C
Dendrobium kunstleri Hook. f. E
Dendrobium laciniosum Rid. 1854
Dendrobium lamellatum Lindl. 1807
Dendrobium leonis Rchb. f. 1808
Dendrobium lonchophyllum Hook. f.
1851/1855

239

240

Dendrobium longicolle Lindl.
Dendrobium pandaneti Rid.
Dendrobium pensile Ridl.
Dendrobium prostratum Ridl.
Dendrobium pumilum Roxb.
Dendrobium pyropum Rid.
Dendrobium rhizophoreti Rid.
Dendrobium serra Lindl.
Dendrobium sinuatum Lindl.
Dendrobium subulatum Hook. f.
Dendrobium teres Lindl.

Dendrobium tuberiferum Hook. f.

Dendrobium villosulum Wall.
Dendrocolla filiformis Ridl.
Dendrocolla maculata Ridl.
Dendrocolla trichoglottis Ridl.
Dentella repens Forst.

Derris amoena Benth.

Derris malaccensis Prain
Derris oblonga Benth.

Derris scandens Benth.

Derris sinuata Thw.

Derris sp.

Derris thyrsiflora Benth.
Derris uliginosa Benth.
Desmodium heterophyllum DC.
Desmodium polycarpum DC.

1294
1293

E
1295
1296
1300
1299

Desmodium polycarpum var. ovalifolium

Desmodium triflorum DC.
Desmodium umbellatum DC.
Dialium laurinum Bak.
Dialium maingayi Bak.
Dialium wallichii Prain
Dianella ensifolia Red.
Dichopsis bancana Migq.
Dichopsis gutta Benth.
Dichopsis obovata Clarke
Dichopsis rubens Clarke
Dictyopteris barberi Hook.
Dictyopteris difformis Bl.
Didymocarpus platypus Clarke
Didymocarpus sp.
Didymoplexis pallens Griff.
Dillenia indica L.

Dilochia wallichii Lindl.
Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.

Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hook. f.

Dioclea reflexa Hook. f.

1299
1301
1302
1303
1304
1306
1367
2277
2271
2274
2278
162
124
992
993
1830
743
1831
1032
C
1307

Dioscorea alata L.
Dioscorea daemona Roxb.
Dioscorea deflexa Hook. f.
Dioscorea glabra Roxb.
Dioscorea laurifolia Wall.
Dioscorea oppositifolia L.
Dioscorea polyclades Hook. f.
Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth
Dioscorea sativa L.
Diospyros argentea Griff.
Diospyros bilocularis Oliv.
Diospyros clavigera
Diospyros lucida Wall.
Diospyros microphylla Bedd.
Diospyros oblonga Wall.
Diospyros sapotoides Kurz.
Diospyros sp.

Diplazium bantamense Bl.
Diplazium pallidum Bl.
Diplazium porrectum Wall.
Diplazium sorzogonense Presl
Diplazium speciosum Mett.
Diplazium sylvatiucum Presl
Diplazium tomentosum Hook.
Dipodium pictum Rchb. f.
Dipteris horsfieldii Br.
Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco

Dipterocarpus hasseltii Bl.
Dischidia albida Griff.
Dischidia bengalensis Colebr.
Dischidia coccinea Griff.
Dischidia collyris Wall.
Dischidia hirsuta Decne.
Dischidia nummularia R.Br.
Dischidia rafflesiana Wall.
Dischidia wallichii Wight
Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f.
Dissochaeta celebica Bl.
Dissochaeta gracilis Bl.
Dissochaeta intermedia Bl.
Dissochaeta pallida Bl.
Dissochaeta punctulata Hook. f.
Dolichandrone rheedii Seem.
Donax grandis Rid.
Dracaena aurantiacea Wall.
Dracaena gracilis Wall.
Dracaena granulata Hook. f.
Dracaena maingayi Hook. f.

——_—_ a.) =a

Dracaena porteri Bak.
Dracaena singapurensis Ridl.
Dracaena terniflora Roxb.
Dracontomelum mangiferum Bl.
Drepananthus pruniferus Maing.
Drymoglossum piloselloides Pres|
Drynaria linnei Bory
Drynaria quercifolia
Drynaria splendens Hook.
Durio oblongus Mast.
Dyera laxiflora Hook. f.
Dysophylla auricularia Bl.
Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq.
Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern
Dysoxylum costulatum Miq.
Dysoxylum macrothyrsum Miq.
Dysoxylum turbinatum King
Ebermaiera griffithiana Anders.
Ebermaiera setigera Nees
Echinocarpus sp.
Eclipta alba Hassk.
Elaeocarpus apiculatus Mast.
Elaeocarpus griffithii Mast.
Elaeocarpus hullettii King
Elaeocarpus jackianus Wall.
Elaeocarpus mastersii King
Elaeocarpus parvifolius Wall.
Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall.
Elaeocarpus petiolatus Wall.
Elaeocarpus polystachyus Wall.
Elaeocarpus salicifolius King
Elaeocarpus stipularis B1.
Elaphoglossum latifolium Sw.
Elatostema molle Wedd.
Eleocharis capitata Br.
Eleocharis chaetaria Roem.
Eleocharis fistulosa Schult.
Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud.
Eleocharis variegata var. laxiflora
CB.
Elephantopus scaber L.
Elettariopsis latiflora Ridl.
Eleusine aegyptiaca Desv.
Eleusine indica L.
Eleusine indica var. coracana
Ellipanthus griffithii Hook. f.
Ellipeia cuneifolia Hk. f.
Embelia amentacea Clarke
Embelia coriacea DC.

Embelia lampani Scheff. 1633
Embelia lucida Wall. 834
Embelia ribes Burm. 1634
Emilia sonchifolia DC. 569
Endospermum malaccense Muell. 890
Engelhardtia serrata Bl. 1179
Engelhardtia wallichiana Lindl. 1179
Enhalus koenigii Rich. L152
Entada spiralis Rid. 1308
Epipremnum giganteum Schott 389
Eragrostis amabilis Wight 1045
Eragrostis elegantula Steud. 1038
Eragrostis elongata Jacq. 1040
Eragrostis tenella R. & S. 1044
Eranthemum album Nees B
Eranthemum andersoni Masters D
Eria bractescens Lindl. 1834
Eria endymion Ridl. 1836
Eria floribunda Lindl. 1835
Eria longe-repens Ridl. 1838
Eria neglecta Ridl. 1839
Eria nutans Lindl. 1840
Eria obliqua Lindl. 1841
Eria oligantha Hook. f. 1917
Eria pannea Lindl. 1 842
Eria-pudica Ridl. 1844
Eria pulchella Lindl. 845
Eria stellata Lindl. 1837
Eria striolata Rchb. f. 1837
Eria tenuiflora Rid. 1847
Eria velutina Lindl. 1918
Eria vestita Lindl. 1919
Eriachne pallescens Br. | 1047
Erigeron linifolius Willd. 565
Eriocaulon sexangulare L. 824
Eriocaulon truncatum Ham. 825
Erioglossum edule Bl. 2252
Erycibe coriacea Wall. B
Erycibe griffithii Clarke 610/612
Erycibe leucoxyloides King 611
Erycibe malaccensis Clarke 613
Erycibe princei Wall. 614a
Eryngium foetidum Jacq. 2409
Erythropalum scandens Bl. 1710
Erythroxylum burmanicum Griff. — 826
Eugenia acuminatissima Kurz 1647
Eugenia anisosepala Duthie B
Eugenia bracteolata B
Eugenia chlorantha Duthie 644

241

242

Eugenia claviflora Roxb.
Eugenia conglomerata
Eugenia cymosa Lmk.
Eugenia densiflora DC.
Eugenia filiformis Wall.
Eugenia grandis Wight
Eugenia griffithii Duthie
Eugenia helferi Duthie
Eugenia jambolana Lam.
Eugenia laevicaulis Duthie
Eugenia lepidocarpa Wight
Eugenia leptantha Wight
Eugenia lineata Bl.
Eugenia microcalyx Duthie
Eugenia myrtifolia Roxb.
Eugenia nitida non Duthie
Eugenia oblata Roxb.
Eugenia oblongifolia Duthie
Eugenia papillosa Duthie
Eugenia pendens Duthie
Eugenia pyrifolia Wall.
Eugenia scoparia Wall.
Eugenia subdecussata Wall.
Eugenia thumra Roxb.
Eugenia venulosa Wall.
Eugenia zeylanica Wight 1
Eulophia graminea Lindl.
Eulophia squalida Lindl.
Euonymus javanicus Bl.
Euphorbia atoto Forst.
Euphorbia pilulifera L.
Euphorbia thymifolia Benn.
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Eurycles sylvestris Salisb.
Eurycoma longifolia Jack
Euthemis leucocarpa Jack
Euthemis minor Jack
Evodia glabra Bl.

Evodia pedunculosa Hook. f.

Evodia robusta Hook. f.
Evodia roxburghiana Benth.
Evolvulus alsinoides L.
Excoocaria agallocha L.
Fagraea auriculata Jack
Fagraea carnosa Jack
Fagraea fragrans Roxb.
Fagraea ligustrina Bl.
Fagraea morindaefolia Bl.
Fagraea obovata Wall.

Fagraea racemosa Jack
Fagraea speciosa Bl.
Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers
Ficus acamptophylla Miq.
Ficus alba Reinwdt.

Ficus altissima Bl.

Ficus annulata Bl.

Ficus apiocarpa Miq.

Ficus benjamina L.

Ficus binnendykii

Ficus bracteata Wall.

Ficus callicarpa Miq.

Ficus chartacea Wall.

Ficus chrysocarpa Reinw.
Ficus consociata Bl. var. murtoni
Ficus diversifolia Bl.

Ficus fistulosa Reinwdt.
Ficus glabella Bl.

Ficus glandulifera Wall.
Ficus globosa Bl.

Ficus indica var. gelderi
Ficus laevis Bl.

Ficus microstoma Wall.
Ficus miquelii King

Ficus obscura Bl.

Ficus obtusifolia

Ficus pisifera Wall.

Ficus pisocarpa Wall.

Ficus procera Bl.

Ficus punctata Thunb.

Ficus ramentacea

Ficus recurva Bl. var. ribesioides
Ficus religiosa L.

Ficus retusa var. nitida
Ficus ribes Reinwdt.

Ficus sumatrana

Ficus urophylla Wall.

Ficus villosa Bl.

Ficus xylophylla Wall.
Fimbristylis acuminata Vah
Fimbristylis aestivalis Vahl
Fimbristylis asperrima Boeck.
Fimbristylis complanata
Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl
Fimbristylis ferruginea Vahl
Fimbristylis globulosa Kunth
Fimbristylis leptoclada Benth.
Fimbristylis miliacea Vahl
Fimbristylis nutans Vahl

Fimbristylis pauciflora r. 698
Fimbristylis setacea Benth. 684
Fimbristylis spathacea Roth. 686
Fimbristylis tenera var. obtusata 696
Fimbristylis tetragona Br. 701
Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb. D
Flacourtia inermis Cl. B
Flacourtia rukam Zoll. 978
Flagellaria indica L. 985
Flemingia strobilifera R. Br. 1309
Fleurya interrupta Gaud. 2412
Floscopa scandens Lour. 549
Forrestia marginata Hassk. 544
Forrestia mollis Hassk. 543
Freycinetia angustifolia Bl. 1987
Freycinetia gaudichaudi Benn. B
Freycinetia insignis B1.? 1991
Fuirena umbellata Rottb. 703
Gaertnera grisea Hook. f. 2105
Gaertnera koenigii Wight var. oxyphylla

Wall. 2107
Gaertnera obesa Hook. f. 2106
Gaertnera viminea Hook. f. 2108
Gahnia tristis Nees 704
Galearia affinis Benn. 897
Galearia phlebocarpa R.Br. 897
Galearia subulata Muell. 897
Galearia wallichii 897
Galeola altissima Rchb. f. B
Galeola hydra Rchb. f. 1856
Garcinia atroviridis Griff. 1133
Garcinia bancana Miq. 1134
Garcinia cuspidata King B
Garcinia eugeniaefolia Wall. 1135
Garcinia forbesii King 1136
Garcinia griffithii T. Anders. 1137
Garcinia hombroniana Pierre 1138
Garcinia nervosa Miq. 1139
Garcinia nigrolineata Pierre 1140
Garcinia parvifolia Miq. 1141
Garcinia rostrata Benth. 1143
Gardenia griffithii Hook. f. 2109
Gardenia speciosa Hook. C
Gardenia tubifera Wall. 2110
Gardeniopsis longifolia Miq. 2111
Gastrodia javanica Lindl. 1857
Gelonium bifarium Roxb. 950
Gelonium multiflorum Juss. 950
Genianthus maingayi Hook. f. 433

Geophila hirta Miq. 2112
Geophila pilosa Pears. 2112
Geunsia farinosa Bl. B
Geunsia reevesii Wall. D
Gironniera nervosa Planch. 2402
Gironniera parvifolia Planch. 2403
Gironniera subaequalis Planch. 2404
Globba leucantha Miq. 2494
Globba panicoides Miq. 2495
Globba uliginosa Miq. 2495
Glochidion brunneum Hook. f. 899
Glochidion coronatum Hook. f. B
Glochidion desmocarpum Hook. f. 911
Glochidion desmogyne Hook. f. E
Glochidion goniocarpum Hook.f. 899
Glochidion insulare Hook. f. B
Glochidion laevigatum Hook. f. 902
Glochidion leiostylum Kurz 907
Glochidion littorale Bl. 904
Glochidion microbotrys Hook. f. 905
Glochidion superbum Baill. 910
Glycosmis pentaphylla Corr. B
Gmelina hystrix Kurz 2430
Gmelina villosa Roxb. 2429
Gnetum edule Bl. 185
Gnetum funiculare Bl. 186
Gnetum macrostachyum Hook. f. 187
Gnetum neglectum BI. 188
Gomphandra lanceolata Kurz 1168a

Gomphandra penangiana Wall. 168
Gomphia hookeri var. corymbosa 1705
Gomphia hookeri Planch. 1704
Gomphia sumatrana Jack 1708
Goniophlebium verrucosum Wall. 60
Goniothalamus malayanus Hk. f. 295

Goniothalamus ridleyi King 296
Goniothalamus tapis Miq. 297
Gonocaryum longeracemosum King1169
Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f. 995
Gordonia excelsa Bl. 2374
Grammatophyllum speciosum Bl. 1851
Grewia fibrocarpa Mast. B
Grewia latifolia Mast. 2390
Grewia umbellata Roxb. 2389
Guettarda speciosa L. 2113
Guioa pleuropteris Radlk. 2250
Guioa pubescens Radlk. 2251
Guioa squamosa Radl. B

Gymnogramme calomelanos 121

243

244

Gymnopteris presliana Hook.
Gymnopteris subrepanda Hook.
Gymnosiphon borneense Becc.
Gynochthodes coriacea Miq.
Gynochthodes sublanceolata Miq.
Gynotroches axillaris Mig.
Gynura pseudochina DC.
Gynura sarmentosa DC.
Habenaria lacertifera Benth.
Habenaria maingayi King
Habenaria singapurensis Rid].
Halophila ovata Gaud.
Hedyotis auricularia L.
Hedyotis capitellata Wall.
Hedyotis congesta Br.

Hedyotis pinifolia Wall.
Hedyotis vestita R. Br.

Helicia excelsa Bl.

Helicia petiolaris Benn.
Heliotropium indicum L.
Henslowia buxifolia Bl.
Henslowia lobbiana DC.
Heptapleurum avene Seem.
Heptapleurum cephalotes Clarke
Heptapleurum ellipticum Seem.
Heptapleurum hullettii King
Heptapleurum ridleyi King
Heptapleurum subulatum Seem.
Heritiera fomes Buch.Ham.
Heritiera littoralis Dryand.
Heritiera sp.

Herpestis monnieri H. Bk.
Hetaeria obliqua Bl.

Hibiscus surattensis L.
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Hippocratea cumingi Laws.
Hippocratea indica L.

Hiptage sericea Hook. f.
Homalium grandiflorum Benth.
Homalomena coerulescens Jungh.
Homalomena griffithii Hook. f.
Homalomena kingii Hook. f.
Homalomena ovata Hook. f.
Homalomena paludosa Hook. f.
Homalomena pumila Hook. f.
Homalomena sagittifolia Jungh.
Homalomena singaporensis Regel.
Homolanthus populifolius Grah.
Hopea griffithii Kurz

B
28
478
2114
2115
2069
373
574
1890
1890
1859
1155
2116
2119
2120
22D
B
2051
2052
473
2243
2244
415
412
E
414
417
416
B
2340
2339
2294
1861
1407
1408
517
521
1403
979
393
39]
391
391
394
392
395

770

Hopea mengarawan

Hopea micrantha Hook. f.
Hopea pierrei Hance
Hornstedtia conica Ridl.
Hornstedtia leonurus Retz.
Hornstedtia megalochilus Ridl.
Hornstedtia scyphus Retz.
Hoya coriacea Bl.

Hoya coronaria Bl.

Hoya diversifolia Bl.

Hoya finlaysonii Wall.

Hoya lacunosa Bl.

Hoya latifolia Don

Hoya obtusifolia Wight

Hoya parasitica Wall.

Hoya revoluta Wight

Humata angustata Wall.
Humata heterophylla Wall.
Humata parallela Wall.
Humata pedata Sw.

Humata sessilifolia Bl.
Hydnophytum formicarium Jack
Hydrilla verticillata Casp.
Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb.
Hygrophila quadrivalvis Nees
Hygrophila salicifolia Nees
Hylophila mollis Lindl.
Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.
Hymenophyllum neesti Hook.
Hymenophyllum polyanthos
Hymenophyllum sp. (8938)
Hypericum japonicum L.
Hypolytrum latifolium Rich.
Hypolytrum proliferum Boeck.
Hypserpa triflora Miers

Hyptis brevipes Pott.

Hyptis suaveolens Poit.
Iguanura geonomaeformis Becc.
Iguanura malaccensis Becc.
Iguanura wallichiana Hook. f.
Ilex cymosa Bl.

Ilex macrophylla Wall.

Illigera appendiculata Bl.
Imperata arundinacea Cyrill.
Imperata exaltata Brngn.
Indigofera hirsuta L.

lodes oblonga Planch.

Todes velutina King

Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq.
Ipomoea aqautica Forsk.
Ipomoea batatus L.
Ipomoea biloba Forsk.
Ipomoea chryseides Ker.
Ipomoea coccinea

Ipomoea denticulata Chois.
Ipomoea digitata L.
Ipomoea linifolia B1.
Ipomoea palmata Forsk.
Ipomoea quamoclit L.
Ipomoea sepiaria Koen.
Ipomoea tridentata Roth.
Irvingia malayana Oliv.
Isachne australis R. Br.
Isachne kunthiana Wt.
Isachne miliacea Roth.
Ischaemum ciliare Retz.
Ischaemum macrurum
Ischaemum magnum Rendle
Ischaemum muticum L.
Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.
Ischaemum timorense Kth.
Ixonanthes icosandra Jack
Ixonanthes reticulata Jack
Ixora amoena Vahl

Ixora concinna R.Br.

Ixora congesta Roxb.

Ixora fulgens Roxb.

Ixora opaca R. Br.

Ixora parviflora Vahl

Ixora pendula Jack

Jackia ornata Wall.
Jasminum bifarium Wall.
Jasminum griffithii Clarke
Jussiaea angustifolia Lmk.
Jussiaea repens L.

Jussiaea suffruticosa L.
Justicia andrographioides Clarke
Justicia gendarussa L.
Kadsura cauliflora Bl.
Kadsura scandens Bl.
Kibessa acuminata Decne.
Kibessa echinata Jack
Kokoona littoralis Laws.
Koompassia malaccensis Maing.
Kopsia macrophylla
Korthalsia echinometra Becc.
Korthalsia flagellaris Miq.

Korthalsia polystachya Mart.
Korthalsia scaphigera Matt.
Kunstleria ridleyi Prain
Kurrimia paniculata Wall.
Kurrimia pulcherrima Wall.
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.
Kyllinga cylindrica Nees
Kyllinga melanosperma Nees
Kyllinga monocephala Rottb.
Labisia pothoina Lindl.
Lantana camara L.

Lantana indica Roxb.

Lasia heterophylla Schott
Lasianthera secundiflora Miq.
Lasianthus appressus Hook. f.
Lasianthus crinitus Hook. f.
Lasianthus cyanocarpus
Lasianthus densifolius Miq.
Lasianthus ellipticus Wight
Lasianthus griffithii Wight
Lasianthus maingayi Hook. f.

Lasianthus pterospermus Wight

Lasianthus stipularis 81.
Lastrea appendiculata
Lastrea crassifolia Bl.
Lastrea fuscipes Wall.
Lecananthus erubescens Jack
Lecanopteris carnosa Bl.
Lecanorchis malaccensis Ridl.
Leea angulata Korth.

Leea javanica Bl.

Leea robusta Roxb.

Leea rubra Bl.

Leea sambucina Willd.
Leersia hexandra Sw.
Lemna paucicostata Hegelm.
Lemna polyrhiza

Lemna sp.

Leonotis nepetaefolia R. Br.
Leonurus sibiricus L.
Lepionurus sylvestris Bl.
Lepironia mucronata Rich.
Leptadenia reticulata Wight
Leptaspis urceolata R. Br.
Lettsomia tomentosa

Leucas linifolia Spr.

Leucas zeylanica R. Br.
Leuconotis griffithii Hook. f.
Leuconotis maingayi Dyer

245

246

Leucopogon malayanus Jack 819
Leucostegia parvula Wall. 66
Licuala acutifida Mart. C
Licuala ferruginea Becc. 1968
Licuala spinosa Wurmb 1969
Licuala triphylla Griff. 1970
Limacia kunstleri King 1505
Limacia velutina Miers 1511
Limnanthemum indicum Thw. 986
Limnophila conferta Benth. B
Limnophila pulcherrima Hook. f. 2300
Lindera malaccensis Hook. f. £243
Lindera sp. E
Lindsaya borneensis Hook. 80
Lindsaya divergens Wall. 82
Lindsaya lancea 83
Lindsaya lanuginosa Wall. 110
Lindsaya repens Thw. 91
Lindsaya rigida Sm. B
Lindsaya trapeziformis Dry. E
Lindsaya walkerae Hook. 92
Linociera pauciflora var. palembanica
1718
Linostoma pauciflorum Griff. 2383
Linostoma scandens King 2382
Liparis disticha Lindl. 1866
Liparis elegans Lindl. 1864
Liparis nervosa Ridl. 1865
Liparis venosa Ridl. 1867
Lipocarpha argentea R. Br. 707
Lipocarpha microcephala Kunth 707
Lippia nodiflora Rich. 2433
Litobrochia incisa Thunb. 63
Litsea amara Bl. 123]
Litsea ferruginea Bl. 1221
Litsea grandis Bl. 1224
Litsea longipes “Meissn.?” E
Litsea myristicaefolia Wall. 1228
Litsea nitida Bl. E
Litsea panamonja Ham. B
Litsea penangiana Hook. f. B
Litsea petiolata Hook. f. 1219
Litsea polyantha Juss. B
Litsea salicifolia Roxb. E
Litsea zeylanica Nees 232
Livistona kingiana Becc. 1977
Lophatherum lehmanni Brngn. 1068
Lophopetalum curtisii King — . B

Lophopetalum fimbriatum Wight 519

Lophopetalum fuscescens Kurz. B
Loranthus albidus Bl. 1385
Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb. 1389
Loranthus coccineus Jack 1387
Loranthus crassus Hook. f. 1384
Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb. 1392
Loranthus lobbii Hook. f. 1382
Loranthus longiflorus Dest. 1383
Loranthus maingayi Hook. f. 1386
Loranthus pentandrus L. 1384
Loranthus retusus Jack 1390
Lucaena glauca Benth. 1318
Lucinaea morinda DC. 2156
Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. 1727
Lumnitzera coccinea W. & A. S37
Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. 538
Luvunga eleutheranthera Dalz. 2235
Luvunga scandens Ham 2235
Lycopodium cernuum L. 94
Lycopodium nummulariifolium Bl. — 70
Lycopodium phlegmaria L. 71
Lycopodium squarrosum Forst. 72
Lycopodium taxifolium Sw. E
Lygodium circinnatum Sw. 95
Lygodium flexuosum L. 96
Lygodium microphyllum R. Br. 99
Maba buxifolia Pers. 795
Macaranga hypoleuca Muell. 921
Macaranga javanica Muell. 918
Macaranga lowii King 922
Macaranga megaphylla Muell. 916
Macaranga populifolia Muell. OFS
Macaranga trichocarpa Muell. 925
Macaranga triloba Muell. 926
Machilus rimosus Bl. B
Macodes petola Lindl. 1869
Maesa indica L. B
Maesa ramentacea DC. 1636
Magnolia maingayi King 1400
Mallotus barbatus Muell. C
Mallotus cochinchinensis Lour. 928
Mallotus macrostachyus Muell. 927
Mallotus penangensis Muell. 929
Mallotus philippinensis Muell. C
Mallotus vernicosus Hook. f. 865
Mangifera foetida Lour. 254
Mangifera kemanga Bl. 253
Mangifera lagenifera Griff. 256
Mangifera odorata Griff. 258

Mangifera sclerophylla Hook. f. 255

Mapania humilis Naves. 709
Mapania longa Clarke 710
Mapania multispicata Clarke 711
Mapania palustris Benth. 714
Mariscus albescens Gaud. 662
Mariscus cyperinus Vahl 651
Mariscus dregeanus Kunth 656
Mariscus microcephalus Presl 648
Mariscus sieberianus Nees 652
Marlea ebenacea C.B. Clarke 229a
Marlea griffithii C.B. Clarke 230
Marlea nobilis C.B. Clarke 231
Marlea sp. 229b
Marumia rhodocarpa Jack 1429
Mastixia junghuhnii Clarke 633
Matthaea sancta BI. $517
Mazus rugosus Lour. 2310
Medinilla hasseltii Bl. 1431
Medinilla macrocarpa Bl. 1432

Medinillopsis sessiliflora Cogn. 1461
Megistostigma malaccense Hook. f. 932
Melaleuca leucadendron L. 1689
Melanochyla auriculata Hook. f. 259
Melanorrhoea maingayi Hook.f. 252

Melastoma decemfidum Jack C
Melastoma molle Wall. }
Melastoma polyanthum 1433
Meliosma elliptica Hook. f. 2241
Meliosma lanceolata Bl. 2239
Meliosma ridleyi King 2240
Melochia corchorifolia L. 2343
Melodinus micranthus Hook. f. 351
Melodinus orientalis B1. B
Melodorum cylindricum Maingay 322
Melodorum elegans Hk. f. 302
Melodorum fulgens Hk. f. 284
Melodorum lanuginosum Hk. f. 285
Melodorum latifolium Hk. f. 286
Melodorum manubriatum Hk. f. 287
Melodorum pisocarpum Hk. f. 302
Melodorum prismaticum Hk. f. 327
Memecylon acuminatum Bl. 1434
Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb. 1435
Memecylon grande Retz. 1451
Memecylon heteropleurum Bl. 1441
Memecylon laevigatum Bl. 1448
Memecylon myrsinoides Bl. 1448

Memecylon pauciflorum Bl. B

Memecylon sp. (3840) E
Memecylon sp. (4436) E
Memecylon sp. (5753) 1443
Memecylon sp. (6788) 1445
Meniscium cuspidatum Bl. 127
Meniscium triphyllum Sw. 129
Metroxylon rumphii Matt. D
Metroxylon sagus Rottb. D
Mezoneuron sumatranum W. & Arn. 268
Mezzettia leptopoda Oliver 300
Microdesmis caseariifolia Planch. 934
Microlepia speluncae L. 105
Micromelum hirsutum Oliv. B
Microsaccus javensis Bl. 1875
Microstylis congesta Rchb. f. 1870
Microstylis micrantha Hook. f. 1871
Mikania scandens Willd. 575
Millettia atropurpurea Benth. 1319
Millettia eriantha Benth. 1320
Millettia maingayi Bak. 1321
Mimosa pudica L. 1325
Mimosa sepiaria Benth. 1322
Mimusops hexandra Roxb. 2276
Mischocarpus fuscescens Bl. 2253
Mischocarpus sundaicus Bl. 2254
Modecca populifolia Bl. E
Modecca singaporeana Mast. 2002
Mollugo stricta L. 226
Monochoria hastaefolia Pres| 2045
Monochoria vaginalis Presl 2046
Monogramme trichoidea Sm. 108
Morinda citrifolia L. 2157
Morinda persicaefolia Ham. E
Morinda sp. 2159
Morinda sp. “sulong akar darat” E
Morinda tinctoria Roxb. B
Morinda umbellata L. 2160
Mucuna biplicata Teysm. B
Mucuna gigantea DC. 1326
Mussaenda glabra Vahl 2161
Mussaenda variabilis Hemsl. E
Myrialepis scortechinii Becc 197]
Myrica nagi Thunb. 1581
Myristica bivalvis Hook. f. 1589
Myristica brachiata King B
Myristica bracteata DC. 1615
Myristica cantleyi Hook. f. 1606
Myristica cinnamomea king 1610
Myristica conferta King 1598

247

248

Myristica crassa King 1610
Myristica crassifolia Hook. f. 1586
Myristica elliptica Wall. 1611
Myristica farquhariana Wall. —1584a,b
Myristica ferruginea Wall. 1583
Myristica forbesii King 1585
Myristica glauca Bl. 1601
Myristica glaucescens Hook. f. 1607
Myristica hookeriana Wall. 1603
Myristica iners Bl. 1612
Myristica intermedia Bl. 1604
Myristica irya Gaertn. 1588
Myristica laurina Bl. 1606
Myristica longifolia Wall. 1600
Myristica lowiana King 1613
Myristica majuscula King 1590b
Myristica oblongifolia King B
Myristica pendulina Hook. D
Myristica polysphaerula Hook. f. 1590a
Myristica succosa King 1593
Myristica superba Hook. f. 1594
Myristica wallichii Hook. f. 1596
Myristica wrayi King 1601
Myrmecodia echinata Jack 2165
Myrsine capitellata Wall. E
Najas minor All. 1696
Neesia synandra Mast. 467
Nenga wendlandiana var. malaccensis
1972
Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ©
Nepenthes ampullaria Jack 1697
Nepenthes gracilis 1698
Nepenthes phyllamphora Willd. 1701
Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack 1700
Nepenthes reinwardtii Miq. B
Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Bl. 1876
Nephelium eriopetalum Miq. 2255
Nephelium glabrum Noronha B
Nephelium lappaceum L. 2256
Nephelium rufescens Hiern 2257
Nephrodium aridum Don 3]
Nephrodium cucullatum Bl. 155
Nephrodium heterocarpon Bl. 153
Nephrodium latebrosum Kze. E
Nephrodium molle Desv. ?? 33
Nephrodium molle Desv. var. procurrens
E

Nephrodium molle Desv. var.
didymosorum aa

Nephrodium molle Desv. var.
amboinense
Nephrodium pennigerum BI.
Nephrodium polycarpum
Nephrodium tectum Wall.
Nephrodium truncatum Presl
Nephrodium unitum L.
Nephrodium urophyllum Wall.
Nephrolepis acuta Pres|
Nephrolepis duffii
Nephrolepis exaltata L.
Nephrolepis volubilis J. Sm.
Neptunia oleracea Lour.
Neuwiedia curtisii Rolfe
Neuwiedia griffithii Rchb. f.
Neuwiedia lindleyi Rolfe
Niphobolus acrostichoides Sw.
Niphobolus adnascens Sw.
Niphobolus penangianus Hook.
Norrisia malaccensis Garden.
Nypa fruticans Wurmb
Oberonia anceps Lindl.
Oberonia ciliolata Hook. f.
Oberonia dissitiflora Rid).
Oberonia lunata Lindl.
Oberonia miniata Lindl.

Ochanostachys amentacea Oliv.

Ochlandra ridleyi Gamble
Ochthocharis borneensis Cogn.
Ochthocharis javanica Bl.

Ochthocharis paniculata Korth.

Ocimum basilicum L.
Oldenlandia corymbosa L.
Oldenlandia dichotoma Retz.
Oldenlandia diffusa L.
Oldenlandia trinervia Retz.
Olea maritima Wall.
Oncosperma horridum Scheff.
Oncosperma tigillarium Griff.
Ophioglossum nudicaule L.
Ophioglossum pendulum L.
Ophiorrhiza harrisiana Heyne
Orania macrocladus Mart.
Ormosia macrodisca Bak.
Ormosia microsperma Bak.
Ormosia parvifolia Bak.
Orophea hastata King
Osmelium maingayi King
Ostodes macrophylla

Ostodes muricata var. minor C
Oxalis corniculata L. 1931
Oxyanthera decurva Hook. f. 1911
Oxyanthera elata Hook. f. 1910
Oxymitra affinis King B
Oxymitra calycina King 290
Pachycentria glauca Triana 1446
Pachycentria macrorhiza Becc. 1459
Pachycentria tuberculata 1459
Pachynocarpus wallichii King 786
Paederia foetida L. 2177
Paederia tomentosa Bl. 2176
Paederia verticillata 2177
Pandanus atrocarpus Griff. 1993
Pandanus fascicularis Lam. 1996
Pandanus houllettei Carr. 1994
Pandanus laevis Rumph D
Pandanus ornatus Kurz 1995
Pandanus parvus 1997
Pandanus sp. “stems slender...” E
Pandanus sp. near P. helicopus E
Pandanus sp. “A tall plant...” E
Panicum auritum Presl 1074
Panicum colonum L. 1033
Panicum crus-galli L. 1034
Panicum distachyum L. 1006
Panicum indicum L. 1094
Panicum latifolium L. 997
Panicum luzonense Presl 1076
Panicum myosuroides Br. 1095
Panicum nodosum Kth. 1073
Panicum ovalifolium Poitr. 1075
Panicum patens L. 1017
Panicum pilipes Nees 1018
Panicum repens L. 1078
Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. 1079
Parameria glandulifera Benth. 325
Parameria polyneura Benth. 354
Paramignya grandiflora Oliv. B

Paramignya longispina Hook.f. 2236
Paranephelium macrophyllum King2259

Parastemon urophyllus DC. $33
Parinarium costatum Bl. 534
Parinarium griffithianum Benth. 332
Parinarium nitidum Hook. f. 531
Parinarium oblongifolium Hook. f. 535
Parishia maingayi Hook. f. 263
Parishia paucijuga Eng]. 264

Parishia pubescens Hook. f. 262

Parkia speciosa Hassk. 1334
Parsonsia spiralis Wall. 355
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 1080
Paspalum distichum Burm. 1085

Paspalum longiflorum Retz. 1026/1031
Paspalum sanguinale Lam. 1023/1029/

1030a,b
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 1084
Passiflora foetida 2003
Passiflora minima 2005
Passiflora quadrangularis D
Passiflora suberosa 2005
Payena costata King E
Payena leerii Benth. 2219
Peliosanthes violacea Wall. 1368
Peliosanthes viridis Rid]. 1368
Pellacalyx axillaris Korth. 2071
Pellacalyx saccardianus Scott. 2072
Pellionia javanica Wedd. C
Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth. 1335
Pemphis acidula Forst. 1397
Pentace triptera Mast. 2391
Pentapetes phoenicea L. D
Pentaphragma begoniaefolium Wall.
2008
Peperomia exigua Miq. 2011
Peristrophe acuminata Nees 206
Peristrophe montana Nees 207
Perotis latifolia Ait 1088
Petunga venulosa Hook. 2130
Phaeanthus lucidus Oliver B
Phaeanthus nutans Hk. f. 305
Philydrum lanuginosum 2009
Phoebe declinata Nees 1235
Phoebe opaca Bl. 1236
Phoebe sumatrana Miq. E
Phoenix sp. E
Phrynium griffithii Bak. 1418
Phyllanthus coriaceus Wall. B
Phyllanthus distichus Muell. D
Phyllanthus madraspatensis L. B
Phyllanthus niruri Wall. 936
Phyllanthus pectinatus Hook. f. 938
Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. D
Physostelma wallichii Wight 434
Phytocrene bracteata Wall. 1172
Phytocrene oblonga Wall. B
Pilea muscosa Lindl. 2415
Pimelandra wallichii DC. 1626

249

250

Pinanga coronata Bl. B
Pinanga disticha Bl. 1978
Pinanga malaiana Scheff. 1980
Pinanga paradoxa Scheff.? B
Pinanga polymorpha Becc. C
Piper caninum Bl. 2012
Piper chaba L. 2013
Piper maingayi Hook. f. 2016
Piper miniatum Bl. 2018
Piper muricatum Bl. 2019
Piper pedicellosum Wall. 2021
Piper porphyrophyllum N.E. Br. — 2022
Piper sarmentosum 2025
Piper sumatrana Cas. 2024
Pipturus mollisimus Wedd. 2413
Pistia stratiotes L. 397

Pithecellobium angulatum Benth. 1259
Pithecellobium bubalinum Benth. B
Pithecellobium clypearia Benth. 1259
Pithecellobium confertum Benth. 1257
Pithecellobium contortum Matt. 1260
Pithecellobium ellipticum Hassk. 1261
Pithecellobium lobatum Benth. 1263
Pithecellobium microcarpum Benth.1264

Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait 2027
Plagiostachys lateralis Ridl. 2500
Plantago major L. 2028
Platycerium biforme Bl. Z2
Platycerium grande Sm. C
Platyclinis longifolia Hemsl. 1829
Plectocomia griffithii Becc. 1984
Pleocnemia gigantea Bl. B
Pleopeltis angustata Sw. 138
Pleopeltis longifolia Mett. 79
Pleopeltis nigrescens Bl. 119
Pleopeltis phymatodes L. 120
Pleopeltis punctata L. 108
Pleopeltis sinuosa Wall. 110
Pleopeltis stenophylla Bl. B
Plocoglottis foetida Ridl. 1892
Plocoglottis javanica Bl. 1893
Plocoglottis porphyrophylla Ridl. 1894
Pluchea indica Less. 577
Plumbago zeylanica L. 2028
Podocarpus neglectus Bl. B
Podocarpus neriifolia Don B
Podochilus microphyllus Lindl. 1895
Pogonanthera reflexa Bl. 1462
Pogonia punctata Bl. Won 7 y.

Pollia sorzogonesis Endl. 552
Polyalthia bullata King 307
Polyalthia macropoda King 315
Polyalthia scortechinii King 316
Polyalthia sumatrana King 318
Polybotrya appendiculata Willd. 26
Polygala brachystachya Bl. 2029
Polygonum barbatum L. 2041
Polygonum flaccidum Meissn. B
Polygonum pedunculare Wall. B
Polyosma fragrans Benn. B
Polyosma ridleyi King 2289
Polypodium adspersum Bl. C
Polypodium decorum Brack. 35
Polypodium setigerum Bl. C
Polypodium streptophyllum Bak. B
Polystachya singapurensis Ridl. 1896
Polytrias praemorsa Hack. 1091
Pometia alnifolia Radlk. 2260
Pometia gracilis King 2260
Pongamia glabra Vent. 1336
Popowia ramosissima Hk. f. 320
Popowia tomentosa Maing. 321
Portulaca oleracea L. 2047
Portulaca quadrifida L. 2049
Pothos curtisii Hook. f. 396
Pouzolzia indica L. 2419
Pouzolzia pentandra Benn. E
Pratia begonifolia Lindl. 498
Premna cordifolia Roxb. B
Premna coriacea Clarke E
Premna corymbosa Roth. 2435
Premna flavescens var. rubens E
Premna integrifolia var. angustior 2435
Premna parasitica Bl. 2437
Prismatomeris albidiflora Thw. 2182
Prosaptia contigua Sw. B
Psilotum complanatum Sw. 130
Psilotum flaccidum Wall. 130
Psychotria angulata Korth. 2183
Psychotria griffithii Hook. f. 2185
Psychotria helferiana Kurz. 2186
Psychotria maingayi Hook. f. 2187
Psychotria malayana Jack 2188
Psychotria montana var. tabacifolia
Wall. B
Psychotria morindaeflora Wall. B
Psychotria ovoidea Wall. 2190

Psychotria polycarpa Miq. 2189

Psychotria sarmentosa Bl.
Psychotria sp. “green flowers”
Psychotria sp. “grey green fruits”
Psychotria stipulacea
Pteleocarpa malaccensis Oliv.
Pteris agilina L.

Pteris ensiformis Burm.

Pteris longifolia L.
Pterisanthes coriacea Korth.
Pternandra capitellata Jack
Pternandra coerulescens Jack
Pternandra paniculata Benth.

Pterospermum blumeanum Korth.

Pterospermum diversifolium Bl.
Ptychopyxis costata Miq.

Ptychoraphis singaporensis Becc.

Pupalia atropurpurea Miq.
Pycreus nitens Nees

Pycreus polystachyus Beauv.
Pygeum lanceolatum Hook. f.
Pygeum maingayi Hook. f.
Pygeum persimile Kurz
Pygeum polystachyum Hook. f.
Pyrenaria acuminata Planch.
Pyrenaria kunstleri King
Quercus bennettii Miq.
Quercus cantleyana

Quercus conocarpa Oudem.
Quercus cyclophora Endl.
Quercus encleisacarpa Korth.
Quercus hystrix Korth.
Quercus lamponga Miq.
Quercus lucida Roxb.
Quercus oidocarpa Korth.
Quercus spicata var. gravipes
Quercus sundaica

Quercus wallichiana Lindl.
Randia angulosa Wall.
Randia anisophylla Jack
Randia densiflora Benth.
Randia fasciculata DC.
Randia longiflora Lam.
Randia macrophylla Br.
Raphidophora gracilipes Hook. f.
Raphidophora lobbii Schott
Raphidophora minor Hook. f.
Raphistemma pulchellum Wall.
Remirea maritima Aubl.
Renanthera alba Ridl.

Renanthera elongata Lindl. 1899
Renanthera maingayi Hook. f. 1744
Renantherella histrionica Ridl. 1900

Rhizophora conjugata L. 2073
Rhizophora mucronata Lmk. 2074
Rhodamnia trinervia Bl. 1690

Rhododendron javanicum vat. tubiflorum
820

Rhododendron lampongum Miq. 820

Rhodomyrtus tomentosus Wight 1691

Rhynchospora glauca var. chinensis 721

Rhynchospora malasica Clarke 719

Rhynchospora wallichiana Kunth 720

Rhynchospra aurea Vahl 718
Rhyncostylis gigantea Rid. 1901
Rottboellia glandulosa Trin. 1070
Roucheria griffithiana Planch. 1369
Rourea acuminata Hook. f. 602
Rourea concolor Bl. 601
Rourea fulgens Planch. 600
Rourea parallela Planch. 601
Rourea pulchella Planch. 602
Rourea rugosa Planch. 603
Rourea similis Bl. 601
Rubus glomeratus Bl. 2080a
Rubus moluccanus L. 2080b
Ruellia repens L. 209
Ryparosa hullettii King 982
Saccolabium perpusillum Hook. f. 1904
Salacia flavescens Kurz 526
Salacia grandiflora Kurz 524
Salacia latifolia Wall. 522
Salacia lobbii Laws. aif
Salacia longiflora Hook. E
Salacia prinoides DC. $22
Salacia sp. 526
Salacia viminea Wall. 527
Salomonia aphylla Griff. B
Salomonia cantoniensis Lour. 2031
Salomonia oblongifolia Dec. B
Sandoricum indicum Lmk. 1499
Sandoricum radiatum King 1499
Santiria apiculata Benn. 488
Santiria laevigata B\. 491
Santiria laxa King 486
Santiria multiflora Benn. 493
Sapium discolor Muell. 945
Sapium indicum Roxb. 946

Saprosma sp. E

251

252

Sarauja tristyla Miq.
Sarcanthus halophilus

Sarcocephalus junghuhnii Miq.

Sarcocephalus maingayi Hav.
Sarcocephalus sp.
Sarcocephalus subditus Miq.
Sarcochilus adnatus Rid.
Sarcochilus caligaris Ridl.
Sarcolobus globosus Wall.
Sauropus albicans Bl.
Scaevola koenigii Vahl
Schismatoglottis longipes Miq.

Schismatoglottis wallichii Hook. f.

Schizaea dichotoma Sw.
Schizaea digitata Sw.
Schizoloma ensifolium Sw.
Schizoloma heterophylla Dry.
Schizoloma lobata Por.
Schizoloma media R. Br.
Schoenus calostachyus Poir.
Sciaphila affinis Becc.
Scindapsus hederaceus Schott
Scindapsus pictus Hassk.
Scirpodendron costatum Kurz
Scirpus grossus L. f.

Scirpus mucronatus L.
Scleria bancana Miq.

Scleria biflora Roxb.

Scleria caricina Benth.
Scleria levis Retz.

Scleria multifoliata Boeck.
Scleria oryzoides Pres|
Scleria radula Hance

Scleria ridleyi Clarke

Scleria sumatrensis Retz.
Scleria zeylanica Poir.

Scleropyrum maingayi Hook. f.

Scolopia rhinanthera Clos.
Scoparia dulcis L.

Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.

723
724
‘ho
729
727
728
732
734
733
737
730
736
Pbk)
2245
984
2312
1713

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn.

Sebastiania chamalaea Muell.
Selaginella atroviridis Spring.
Selaginella plumosa Bak.
Selaginella sp. (6547)
Selaginella trichobasis Bak.
Selaginella willdenowii Bak.
Seliguea membranacea Hook.

2199
948
147

Selliguea feei Hook.
Serianthes grandiflora Benth.
Sesamum indicum L.
Sesbania paludosa Roxb.
Sesuvium portulacastrum L.
Setaria glauca Beauv.
Shorea bracteolata King
Shorea gibbosa Brandis
Shorea gratissima Dyer
Shorea leprosula Migq.
Shorea macroptera Dyer
Shorea parvifolia Dyer
Shorea pauciflora King
Sida carpinifolia L.

Sida rhombifolia L.

Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook.

Sideroxylon maingayi Clarke
Sideroxylon malaccense Clarke
Sindora intermedia Bak.
Sindora wallichiana Benth.
Sloanea javanica Miq.
Sloetia sideroxylon Teysm.
Smilax barbata Wall.

Smilax calophylla Wall.
Smilax megacarpa Roxb.
Smilax myosotiflora A. DC.
Smythea pacifica Seem.
Smythea reticulata King
Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq.
Solanum biflorum Lour.
Solanum melongena L.
Solanum nigrum L.

Solanum sarmentosum Nees
Solanum torvum Sw.

Sonerila heterophylla Herb.
Sonerila moluccana Roxb.
Sonerila obliqua Korth.
Sonneratia acida L.
Sonneratia alba Smith
Sonneratia griffithii Kurz
Spathoglottis plicata Bl.
Spatholobus ferrugineus Benth.
Spatholobus maingayi Prain
Spatholobus ridleyi Prain
Spermacoce hispida L.
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.
Spermacoce scaberrima Bl.
Sphaeranthus africanus L.
Sphaerocaryum elegans Nees

Sphenodesme pentandra Jack 2440
Spilanthes acmella L. 554
Sporobolus indicus L. 1105a
Stachytarpheta indica Vahl 2442
Stachytarpheta mutabilis 2444
Stelechocarpus burahol Hook. f. C
Stemona tuberosa Lout. B
Stenochlaena palustris L. 156
Stephania hernandifolia Wall. B
Stephanotis maingayi Hook. f. 446
Sterculia laevis Wall. 2350
Sterculia macrophylla Vent. 2353
Sterculia parviflora Vent. 2354
Sterculia rubiginosa Vent. 2355
Sterculia scaphigera 2347
Stereospermum chelonoides DC. 461
Stereospermum hyposticta Miq. 459
Streblus asper Lour. B
Streptocaulon wallichii Wight C
Striga lutea Lour. 2314
Strombosia rotundifolia King 1714
Strophanthes brevicaudatus Wight 357
Strophanthes dichotomus DC. 356
Strychnos malaccensis Benth. S77
Strychnos pubescens Clarke E377
Strychnos tieute Bl. 1378
Styrax benzoin Dryand. 2357
Styrax crotonoides Clarke 2359
Susum anthelminticum Bl. 1147
Symplocos adenophylla Wall. 2359
Symplocos celastrifolia Griff. 2361
Symplocos fasciculata Zoll. 2362
Symplocos rigida Clarke 2360
Symplocos rubiginosa Wall. 2365
Symplocos sp. 2363
Symplocos spicata Roxb. B
Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn. 582
Syngramma alismifolia Hook. 157
Syngramma wallichii Hook. 157

Tabernaemontana coronaria Roxb. D
. Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. 358
Tabernaemontana malaccensis Hook. f.

359
Tacca cristata Jack 2366
Taeniophyllum serrula Hook. f. 1909
Taenitis blechnoides Willd. 158
Talauma elegans Miq. 1399
Talauma lanigera Hook. f. 1398
Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. 2341

Tephrosia candida DC. D
Tephrosia hookeriana 1337
Terminalia catappa L. 540
Terminalia phellocarpa King 541

Terminalia subspathulata King 542
Ternstroemia penangiana Choisy 2378/

2378
Tetracera assa Dec. 750
Tetracera assa var. 747
Tetracera euryanda Vah. 748
Tetracera fagifolia Bl. 749
Tetracera macrophylla Wall. 750
Tetramerista glabra Miq. 2368
Thamnopteris nidus L. 17
Thelasis elongata Bl. 1912
Thespesia populnea Corr. 1412
Thismia aseroe Becc. 479
Thismia fumida Ridl. 480
Thoracostachyum bancanum 738
Thottea dependens 420
Thottea grandiflora Rottb. 421

Thrixspermum arachnites Rchb. f. 1915
Thrixspermum calceolus Rchb.f. 1915
Thrixspermum lilacinum Rchb.f. 1914

Thrixspermum notabile Rid. 1913
Thuarea sarmentosa Pers. 1109
Thunbergia alata Bojer. 214
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. 216
Timonius finlaysonianus Wall. 2207
Timonius jambosella Thw. 2208
Timonius rumphii DC. 2209
Tinomiscium petiolare Miers 1513
Tinospora cordifolia Miers B
Torenia mucronulata Benth. E
Torenia polygonoides Benth. 2296
Tournefortia wallichii DC. 475
Toxocarpus griffithii Don 447
Trema angustifolia B1. 2405
Trema orientalis Bl. 2407
Trema timorensis Bl. 2406
Trichomanes digitatum Sw. B
Trichomanes filicula Bory. E
Trichomanes javanicum Bl. 172
Trichomanes maximum Bl. B
Trichomanes motleyi v.d. Bosch 175
Trichomanes muscoides Sw. 173
Trichomanes parviflorum Poir. E
Trichomanes rigidum Sw. 176

Trichosanthes celebica Cogn. 640

253

254

Trichosanthes wallichiana Wight
Trichosanthes wawraei Cogn.
Tridax procumbens L.
Trigonachras acuta Radlk.
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Miq.
Trigonochlamys griffithii Hook. f.
Trigonostemon longifolius Baill.
Triomma malaccensis Griff.
Tristania merguensis Griff.
Tristania whitiana Griff.
Tristellateia australasiae Rich.
Triumfetta pilosa Roth.
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Turpinia pomifera DC.
Tylophora tenuis Wall.
Tylophora wallichii ? Hook. f.
Typhonium roxburghii Schott
Uncaria attenuata Korth.
Uncaria ferrea DC.

Uncaria gambir Roxb.

Uncaria glabrata DC.

Uncaria jasminiflora Wall.
Uncaria ovata Hook. f.

Uncaria pedicellata Roxb.
Uncaria pteropoda Mig.
Uncaria roxburghiana Korth.
Unona dasymaschala Bl.

Unona desmantha Hk. f.

Unona discolor Vahl

Unona dumosa Roxb.

Unona longiflora Roxb.

Unona stenopetala

Uraria crinita Desv.

Urceola brachysepala Hook. f.
Urceola lucida Benth.

Urceola maingayi Hook. f.
Urceola malaccensis Hook. f.
Urceola torulosa Hook. f.
Urena lobata L.

Urophyllum glabrum Bl.
Urophyllum griffithianum Wt.
Urophyllum hirsutum Wt.
Urophyllum streptopodium Wall.
Utricularia affinis var. griffithii
Utricularia bifida L.

Utricularia exoleta Br.
Utricularia flexuosa Vahl
Utricularia racemosa Wall.
Uvaria dulcis Dunal.

641
642
583
2261
2395
490
952
494
1692
1694
1404
E
2394
Zod
450

Uvaria hirsuta Jack aay
Uvaria lobbiana Hk. f. 329
Uvaria macrophylla Roxb. 324
Uvaria ridleyi King 328
Uvaria subrepanda Wall. 329
Vaccinium acuminatissimum Mig. 821
Vaccinium bancanum Mig. 823
Vaccinium malaccense Wight 822
Vallaris maingayi Hook. f. 345
Vandellia crustacea Benth. 2304
Vandellia hirsuta Benth. 2309
Vandellia pedunculata Griff. 2301
Vandellia scabra Benth. 2306
Vanilla griffithii Rchb. f. 1924
Vatica ridleyana Brandis 786/787
Ventilago leiocarpa Benth. 2056
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn. B
Vernonia arborea Ham. 584
Vernonia chinensis L. 586
Vernonia cinerea Less. 585
Vernonia scandens DC. 562
Viburnum sambucinum Reinwardt 506
Vigna retusa Walp. 1354
Vinca rosea L. 342
Viscum articulatum Burm. 1394
Viscum oreientale Willd. 1395
Vitex gamosepala 2447
Vitex negundo L. 2448
Vitex pubescens Vahl 2449
Vitex trifolia L. 2450
Vitex vestita Wall. 2451
Vitis cerasiformis Teysm. 2464
Vitis cinnamomea Wall. 2455
Vitis elegans Kurz 2456
Vitis furcata Laws. 2466
Vitis glaberrima Wall. 2464
Vitis gracilis Wall. 2457
Vitis japonica Thunb. B
Vitis lawsoni King 2473
Vitis macrostachya Miq. 2467
Vitis mollissima Wall. 2460
Vitis novemfolia Wall. 2461
Vitis polythyrsa Migq. 2458
Vitis repens W. & Arn. 2465
Vitis sp. E
Vitis trifolia L. 2462
Vittaria elongata Sw. 181
Vittaria scolopendrina Presl 181
Vrydagzynea albida Bl. 1925

Vrydagzynea lancifolia Ridl.
Vrydagzynea tristriata Ridl.
Webera fragrans Bl.

Webera grandifolia Hook. f.
Webera mollis Wall.

Webera sp. (5961)

Webera sp. (6147)

Wedelia biflora DC.
Wikstroemia indica
Willughbeia coriacea Wall.
Willughbeia firma Bl.
Willughbeia flavescens Dyer
Willughbeia grandiflora Dyer
Willughbeia sp. (6023)
Willughbeia tenuiflora Hook. f.
Wolffia arhiza Wimm.

Wormia pulchella Jack
Wormia scortechinii King
Wormia sp.

Wormia suffruticosa Griff.
Wormia tomentella Bl.
Xanthophyllum affine Korth.
Xanthophyllum ellipticum Korth.
Xanthophyllum kunstleri King
Xanthophyllum obscurum Benn.

746
741
2032
2034
2039
2037

Xanthophyllum palembanicum Migq.2032

Xerospermum muricatum Radlk.
Xerospermum wallichii King
Ximenia americana L.

Xylia dolabriformis Benth.
Xylopia caudata Hk. f.
Xylopia dicarpa Hook. f.
Xylopia ferruginea Hk. f.
Xylopia magna Maingay
Xylopia malayana Hk. f.
Xylopia oxyantha Hk. f.
Xylopia ridleyi King

Xyris anceps Lam.

Xyris schoenoides Matt.
Zalacca conferta Griff.
Zalacca wallichiana Matt.
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight
Zingiber gracile Jack
Zingiber griffithii Bak.
Zingiber puberula Ridl.
Zingiber zerumbet Sm.
Ziziphus calophylla Wall.
Ziziphus elegans Wall.
Ziziphus horsfieldi Miq.

2264
2264
1716
C
331la
335
332a
334
335
332b
215
2474
2475
1961

Ziziphus oenoplia Mill.
Zornia diphylla Pers.
Zoysia pungens Willd.

2060
1356
1114

aan

256

APPENDIX B:

Species included by Ridley (1900) in the Flora of Singapore for which I have been unable to
find any evidence of their occurrence in the wild within the Republic. The majority probably
represent misapplied names rather than poorly localised collections. The name in bold type
is that considered correct. This is preceded by the name used by Ridley, where it is different
from the correct name. The number in square brackets represents the page number on which
the species is found in Ridley (1900). A question mark indicates doubt concerning the species

to which Ridley referred.

Acacia pennata Will. [76] = Acacia
pennata (L.) WILLD., Leguminosae.

Adinandra maculosa T. Anders. [48] =
Adinandra maculosa T. ANDERS. ex DYER,
Theaceae.

Aganosma marginata Don [111] =
Aganosma marginata (Roxs.) G. Don,
Apocynaceae.

Agathis loranthifolia Salisb. [151] =
Agathis borneensis W ars., Araucariaceae.

Albizzia lucida Benth. [76] = Albizia
lucidior (StEuD.) NIELSEN, Leguminosae.

Alsodeia kunstleriana King [44] = Rinorea
horneri (KorTH.) KUNTZE, Violaceae.

Alsodeia membranacea King [44] =
Rinorea macrophylla (DECNE.) KUNTZE,
Violaceae.

Antrophyum plantagineum Kaulf. [194] =
Antrophyum plantagineum KaAuLF.,
Pteridophyta.

Antrophyum reticulatum Kau cr. [194],
Pteridophyta.

Aporusa ficifolia Baill. [137] = Aporusa
pseudo-ficifolia P. & H., Euphorbiaceae.

Aporusa Stellifera Hook. f.[137]=Aporusa
stellifera Hook. f., Euphorbiaceae.

Ardisia humilis V Ani [105], Myrsinaceae.

Artanema angustifolium Benru. [118],
Scrophulariaceae.

Artocarpus peduncularis King [147] =
Artocarpus teysmannii Mig., Moraceae.

Aspidium cicutorium Sw. [191]=Tectaria
coadunata (J. SM.) C. Cur., Pteridophyta.

Aspidium semibipinnatum Wall. [191] =
Tectaria semibipinnatum (WALL. ex
Hook. ) CopeL., Pteridophyta.

Aspidium vastum BI. [191]=Tectaria vasta
(BL.) CopgeL., Pteridophyta.

Aspidium zollingerianum Kze. [191] =
Tectaria brachiata (ZoLL. & Mor.)
Morton, Pteridophyta.

Asplenium falcatum Lam. [191],
Pteridophyta.

Asplenium squamulatum BL. [190],
Pterodophyta.

Barringtonia pendulum Miers [83] = ?
Barringtonia pendula (Grirr.) Kurz,
Lecythidaceae.

Calophyllum canum Hook. f. [47],
Guttiferae.

Cassia siamea Lam. [74] = Senna siamea
(Lam.) IRwin & BARNEBY, Leguminosae.

Celastrus championii Benth. [63] =
Celastrus monospermoides Logs.,
Celastraceae.

Cephaelis griffithii Hook. f. [99],
Rubiaceae.

Ceratolobus kingianus Becc. [176],
Palmae.

Clerodendron paniculatum L. [124] =
Clerodendrum paniculatum L.,
Verbenaceae.

Coelodepas ferrugineum Hook. f. [141] =
Koilodepas ferrugineum Hook. /.,
Euphorbiaceae.

Combretum trifoliatum VENT. [80],
Combretaceae.

Croton olongifolium Roxb. [140]=Croton
oblongifolius Roxs., Euphorbiaceae.

Derris malaccensis PrRAiIn_ [72],
Leguminosae.

Derris oblonga Benth. (6086) [72] =Derris
canarensis (DALz.) BAKER, Leguminosae.

Diplazium pallidum B1.[191]=Diplazium
pallidum (BL.) Moore, Pteridophyta.

Diplazium speciosum Mert. [191],
Pteridophyta.

Dipterocarpus hasseltii BL. [49],
Dipterocarpaceae.

Dracontomelum mangiferum Bl. [68] =
Dracontomelum dao (BLANCO) Merr. &
Ro.re, Anacardiaceae.

Drynaria splendens Hook. [193] =
Aglaomorpha splendens (J.SM.) CopeL.,
Pteridophyta.

Elaeocarpus apiculatus Mast. [55],
Elaocarpaceae.

Elaphoglossum latifolium Sw. [194] =
Elaphoglossum angulatum (BL.) Moore,
Pteridophyta.

Eranthemum album Nees [121] =
Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum (NEEs)
Rip.., Acanthaceae.

Erycibe coriacea Wall. [116] = Erycibe
coriacea WALL. ex CHOIsy,
Convolvulaceae.

Eugenia anisosepala Durtuie [83],
Myrtaceae.

Eugenia bracteolata [82] = Eugenia
fastigiata (BL.) K. & V., Myrtaceae.

Eugenia laevicaulis DuTuie [82],
Myrtaceae.

Eugenia leptantha Wight [82] = Eugenia
claviflora var. leptalea (CRarB) HEND.,
Myrtaceae.

Eugenia thumra Roxb. [82] = Eugenia
thumra Roxs. var. penangiana KING,

Myrtaceae.

Eurycles sylvestris Salisb. [167]=Proiphys
amboinensis (L.) Hers., Amaryllidaceae.

Evodia pedunculosa Hook. f. [56] =
Tetractomia tetrandum (Roxs.) MeErr.,

Rutaceae.

Ficus acamptophylla Mig. [145],
Moraceae.

Ficus altissima BL. [145], Moraceae.

Ficus obtusifolia [145] = ? Ficus curtipes
Corner, Moraceae.

Ficus punctata THuns. [146], Moraceae.

Ficus ribes Reinwdt. [146] = Ficus ribes
ReINw. ex BL., Moraceae.

Ficus sumatrana|[145]=Ficus sumatrana
Mia., Moraceae.

Flacourtia inermis CLARKE [44],
Flacourtiaceae.

Freycinetia gaudichaudii Benn. [172],
Pandanaceae.

Galeola altissima (BL.) Rcus. f. [163],
Orchidaceae.

Garcina cuspidata KING [46], Guttiferae.

Geunsia farinosa Bl. [122] = Geunsia
pentandra (Roxs.) MerR., Verbenaceae.

257

258

Glochidion coronatum Hook. f. [136] =
Glochidion penangense (M.A.) Arry
SHAw, Euphorbiaceae.

Glochidion insulare Hook. f. [136],
Euphorbiaceae.

Glycosmis pentaphylla Corr. [56] =
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Corr.,
Rutaceae.

Grewia fibrocarpa Mast. [54], Tiliaceae.

Guioa squamosa RapDLk. [66],

Sapindaceae.

Gymnopteris presliana Hook. [194],
Pteridophyta.

Hedyotis vestita R. Br. [92] = Hedyotis
vestita R. Br. ex G. Don, Rubiaceae.

Heritiera fomes Bucu.-Ham. [53],
Sterculiaceae.

Homalomena singaporensis REGEL [178],
Araceae.

Hopea micrantha Hook. f. [50],
Dipterocarpaceae.
Hopea pierrei HANCE [50],
Dipterocarpaceae.

Humata sessilifolia B\. [189] = Humata
sessilifolia (BL.) Merr., Pteridophyta.

Lastrea crassifolia Bl. [191] =
Mesophlebion crassifolium (BL.) HoLtr.,
Pteridophyta.

Lecanopteris carnosa Bl. [188] =
Lecanopteris carnosa (REINW.) BL.,
Pteridophyta.

Limnophila conferta Benth. [118] =
Limnophila repens (BENTH.) BENTH.,
Scrophulariaceae.

Lindsaea rigida So. [189], Pteridophyta.

Litsea panamonja Ham. [131] = Litsea
panamanja (NeEs) Hook. f., Lauraceae.

Litsea penangiana Hook. f. [131],
Lauraceae.

Litsea polyantha Juss. [132] = Litsea
monopetala (Roxs.) Pers., Lauraceae.

Lophopetalum curtisii King [62] =
Lophopetalum pallidum _ Laws.,
Celastraceae.

Lophopetalum fuscescens Kurz. [62] =
Lophopetalum javanicum (ZOoLL.) TuRcz.,
Celastraceae.

Machilus rimosus Bl. [131] = Persea
rimosa (BL.) KosTERM., Lauraceae.

Masea indica L. [103], Myrsinaceae.

Melodinus orientalis BL. [109],
Apocynaceae.

Memecylon pauciflorum BL. [86],
Melastomataceae.

Micromelum hirsutum OLtiver [56],
Rutaceae.

Morinda tinctoria Roxb. [97] = Morinda
tomentosa Rotu, Rubiaceae.

Mucuna biplicata Teysm. [71] = Mucuna
biplicata T. & B. ex Kurz, Leguminosae.

Myristica brachiata King [129] =
Horsfieldia brachiata (KING) WaRB.,
Myristicaceae.

Myristica oblongifolia King [129]=Knema
oblongifolia (KING) WARB., Myristicaceae.

Nepenthes reinwardtii Migq. [126] =
Nepenthes' reinwardtiana Muiq.,
Nepenthaceae.

Nephelium glabrum Noronha [66] =
Nephelium maingayi Hiern, Sapindaceae.

Nephrodium pennigerum Bl. [192] =
Sphaerostephanos penniger (HooK.)
Ho tr., Pteridophyta.

ee

Niphobolus penangianus Hook. [193] =
Pyrrosia penangiana (Hoox.) HOoLtr.,
Pteridophyta.

Oxymitra affinis King [40] = Oxymitra
affinis Hook. f. & THoms., Annonaceae.

Paramignya grandiflora Oliv. [57] =
Paramignya grandiflora WALL. ex OLIV.,
Rutaceae.

Phaeanthus lucidus Oliver [41] =
Phaeanthus crassipetalus BeEcc.,
Annonaceae.

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. [135],
Euphorbiaceae.

Phytocrene oblonga Wa tL. [61],
Icacinaceae.

Pinanga coronata Bl. [172] = Pinanga
coronata (BL. ex Mart.) BL., Palmae.

Pinanga paradoxa Scheff. [173]=Pinanga
paradoxa (GriFr.) SCHEFF., Palmae.

Pithecellobium bubalinum Benth. [77] =
Archidendron bubalinum (JAck) NIELSEN,
Leguminosae.

Pleocnemia gigantea Bl. [191] = Tectaria
trimeni (Bepp.) C. Cur., Pteridophyta.

Pleopeltis stenophylla Bl. [193] =
Crypsinus stenophyllus (BL.) Ho tr.,
Pteridophyta.

Podocarpus neglectus Bl. [151] =
Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don,
Podocarpaceae.

Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don [151],
Podocarpaceae.

Polygonum flaccidum Melssn. [126],
Polygonaceae.

Polygonum pedunculare Wa LL. [126],
Polygonaceae.

Polyosma fragrans BeENN. [78],
Saxifragaceae.

259

Polypodium streptophyllum Bak. [192] =
Acrosorus streptophyllus (BAk.) CopEL.,
Pteridophyta.

Premna cordifolia Roxs. [123],
Verbenaceae.

Prosaptia contigua Sw. [189] =
Ctenopteris contigua (G. Forst.) Hottr.,
Pteridophyta.

Psychotria montana var. tabacifolia Wall.
[98] = ? Psychotria montana BL.,
Rubiaceae.

Psychotria morindaeflora Wall. [98] =
Psychotria morindaeflora WALL. ex KING,
Rubiaceae.

Pyrenaria kunstleri Kinc [49], Theaceae.

Quercus oidocarpa Korth. [149]=Quercus
gaharuensis SOEPADMO, Fagaceae.

Randia fasciculata DC. [94] =Fagerlindia
fasciculata (Roxs.) TiRVENG., Rubiaceae.

Rhaphidophora gracilipes Hook.f. [179],
Araceae.

Salomonia aphylla Griff. [45] =
Epirixanthes elongata BL., Polygalaceae.

Salomonia oblongifolia Dec. [45] =
Salomonia ciliata (L.) DC., Polygalaceae.

Seliguea membranacea Hook. [194] =
Colysis membranacea (BL.) PRESL,
Pteridophyta.

Sesbania paludosa Roxb. [71] = Sesbania
roxburghii Merr., Leguminosae.

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. [117] =
Solanum capsicoides ALL., Solanaceae.

Sonerila heterophylla Herb. [84]=Sonerila
heterophylla Jack, Melastomataceae.

Stemona tuberosa Lour., [168],
Stemonaceae.

260

Stephania hernandifolia Wall. [42] =
Stephania japonica (THUNB.) MIERs,
Menispermaceae.

Streblus asper Lour. [143], Moraceae.

Symplocos spicata Roxb. [107] =
Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.
Moore ssp. laurina (RetTz.) Noogte.,
Symplocaceae.

Tinospora cordifolia Miers [42] =
Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) Hook. f. &
TuHoms., Menispermaceae.

Trichomanes digitatum Sw. [188],
Pteridophyta.

Trichomanes maximum BL. [188],
Pteridophyta.

Uncaria ferrea DC. [91] = Uncaria lanosa
WALL. var. ferrea (BL.) Ripsp., Rubiaceae.

Uncaria ovata Hook. f. [91] = Uncaria
canescens KortTu., Rubiaceae.

Unona longiflora Roxb. [39] = Desmos
filipes (RipL.) Rip_., Annonaceae.

Unona stenopetala [40] = Polyalthia
stenopetala (Hook. f. & THoms.) RIDL.,
Annonaceae.

Uvaria dulcis Dunal. [38] =Uvaria javana
DuNAL, Annonaceae.

Ventilago madraspatana GAkERTN. [63],
Rhamnaceae.

Vitis japonica Thunb. [65] = Cayratia
japonica (THUNB.) GAGNEP., Vitaceae.

Zalacca wallichiana Mart. [176] =Salacca
rumphii WALL., Palmae.

Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wicur [56],
Rutaceae.

Zingiber gracile Jack [165],
Zingiberaceae.

APPENDIX C:

Species excluded by Ridley in his flora of Singapore (1900). Ridley corrected a number of
earlier reports. The name in bold type is that considered correct. This is preceded by the name
used by Ridley, where it is different from the correct name. The number in square brackets
represents the page number on which the species is found in Ridley (1900). A question mark
indicates doubt concerning the species to which Ridley referred.

Adhatoda vasica Nees [122] = Justicia
adhatoda L., Acanthaceae.

Alocasia longiloba Mia. [177], Araceae.

Ardisia odontophylla var. lobbii [105] =
Ardisia odontophylla WaLL. ex A. DC.
var. lobbii CLARKE, Myrsinaceae.

Argostemma elatostemma Hook. [92],
Rubiaceae.

Argostemma parvifolium Benn. [92] =
Argostemma hookeri Kina, Rubiaceae.

Argostemma spinulosum CLarKE [92],
Rubiaceae.

Calamus diffusus Becc. [175] = Calamus
oxleyanus T. & B., Palmae.

Calycopteris floribunda Lam. [79] =
Calycopteris floribunda (Roxs.) Lam.,
Combretaceae.

Cleistanthus nitidus Hook. f. [135],
Euphorbiaceae.

Clerodendroncolebrookianum Walp. [124]
= Clerodendrum colebrokianum WALpP.,
Verbenaceae.

Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn. [124]
= Clerodendrum infortunatum L.,
Verbenaceae.

Clerodendron ixoraeflorum Hassk. [124}
=? Clerodendrum colebrokianum WALcp.,
Verbenaceae.

Conocephalus scortechinii King [148] =
Poikilospermum scortechinii (KING apud
Hook. f.) Merr., Urticaceae.

Conocephalus subtrinervius Migq. [148] =
Poikilospermum microstachys (Barc.-
Petr.) Merr., Urticaceae.

Cyrtandra pilosa BL. [120], Gesneriaceae.

Cyrtandromoea acuminata Benth. [120] =
? Cyrtandromoea subsessilis (Miq.) B.L.
Burtt, Scrophulariaceae.

Dacrydium elatum Wall. [150] =
Dacrydium elatum (Roxs.) WALL. ex
Hook., Podocarpaceae.

Dendrobium junceum LINDL. [155],
Orchidaceae.

Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hook.f. [140] =
Trigonostemon capillipes (Hook. /.) Airy
SHAW, Euphorbiaceae.

Elatostema molle Wedd. [148] = ?

Eugenia helferi DuTHiE [81], Myrtaceae.

Gardenia speciosa Hook. [95]= Gardenia
tubifera WALL., Rubiaceae.

Iguanura wallichiana Hook.f. [173] =
Iguanura wallichiana (WALL. ex MART.)
Hook. f., Palmae.

Leptadenia reticulata WicutT [114],
Asclepiadaceae.

Licuala acutifida Marr. [174], Palmae.

261

262

Mallotus barbatus M.A. [141],
Euphorbiaceae.

Mallotus philippinensis Muell. [141] =
Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) M.A.,
Euphorbiaceae.

Melastoma decemfidum Jack [84] =
Melastoma sanguineum SIMS,
Melastomataceae.

Melastoma molle WALL. [83],
Melastomataceae.

Nepenthes albomarginata Loss [126],
Nepenthaceae.

Ostodes muricata var. minor [140] =
Dimorphocalyx muricatus (Hook. f.) Airy
SHAW var. minor (Hook. f.) Airy SHAw,
Euphorbiaceae.

Pellionia javanica Wedd. [148] =
Elatostema latifolium (BL.) H. Scur_t.,
Urticaceae.

Phyllanthus coriaceus Wall. [135] =
Phyllanthus pachyphyllus M.A.,
Euphorbiaceae.

Pinanga polymorpha Becc. [173], Palmae.
Platycerium grande Sm. [194] =
Platycerium grande J. Sm. ex Hook.,
Pteridophyta.

Polypodium adspersum Bl. [192] =
Grammitis adspersa (BL.) BL.,
Pteridophyta.

Polypodium setigerum B\. [192] =?

Pupalia atropurpurea Migq. [126]=Pupalia
lappacea (L.) Juss., Amaranthaceae.

Solanum biflorum Lour. [117] =?
Stelechocarpus burahol Hook.f. [38] =
Stelechocarpus burahol (BL.) Hook. f. &

THoms., Annonaceae.

Streptocaulon wallichii Wicut [111],
Asclepiadaceae. ;

Wikstroemia indica [133] = Wikstroemia
indica (L.) C.A. Mey., Thymelaeaceae.

Xylia dolabriformis Benth. [76] = Xylia
xylocarpa (Roxs.) THEoB., Leguminosae.

APPENDIX D:

Species Ridley (1900) gives as only cultivated in Singapore, or as occasional escapes from
cultivation. The name in bold type is that considered correct. This is preceded by the name
used by Ridley, where it is different from the correct name. The number in square brackets
represents the page number on which the species is found in Ridley (1900). A question mark
indicates doubt concerning the species to which Ridley referred.

Acorus calamus L. [179], Araceae.

Albizzia lebbek Benth. [76] = Albizia
lebbeck (L.) BENtH., Leguminosae.

Albizzia odoratissima Benth. [76]= Albizia
odoratissima (L. f.) BENTH., Leguminosae.

Aleurites moluccana Willd. [139] =
Aleurites moluccana (L.) WILLD.,
Euphorbiaceae.

Allamanda schottii Pohl [110] = ?

Alocasia cucullata Schott [177]= Alocasia
cucullata (Lour.) G. Don, Araceae.

Amaranthus caudatus L. [125],
Amaranthaceae.

Amaranthus paniculatus L. [125] =
Amaranthus hybridus L. ssp. cruentus
(L.) THELL. var. paniculatus (L.) THELL.,
Amaranthaceae.

Amaranthus viridus L. [125] =
Amaranthus gracilis DESF.,
Amaranthaceae.

Areca catechu L. [172], Palmae.

Arenga saccharifera Labill. [174]=Arenga
pinnata (WurMB) Me_rr., Palmae.

Artemisia vulgaris L. [102], Compositae.
Borassus flabellifer L. [176], Palmae.
Calotropis procera R.Br. [111] =

Calotropis procera (Air.) R. Br.,
Asclepiadaceae.

Canna indica L. [166], Cannaceae.

Canna warcewiczii [166] = Canna indica
L., Cannaceae.

Capsicum frutescens L. [117], Solanaceae.

Capsicum grossum Willd. [117] = Capsi-
cum annuum L., Solanaceae.

Capsicum minimum [117] =?

Clerodendron fallax Lindl. [124] =
Clerodendrum speciosissimum vAN
GEERT ex Morren = Clerodendrum
buchananii (Roxs.) WaALp. var. fallax
(LINDL.) BAKH., Verbenaceae.

Clerodendron fragrans Vent. [124] =
Clerodendrum philippinum ScHAUER =
Clerodendrum chinense (OSBECK)
MABBERLEY, Verbenaceae.

Clerodendron siphonanthus R.Br. [124] =
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) KUNTZE,
Verbenaceae.

Clerodendron squamatum Vahl [124] =
Clerodendrum kaempferi (JAcq.) SIs.
ex STEUD., Verbenaceae.

Corchorus capsularis L. [54], Tiliaceae.

Cosmos bipinnatus [102] = Cosmos
bipinatus L., Compositae.

Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. |165]=Curcuma
zedoaria (CHRISTM.) ROSCOE,
Zingiberaceae.

Cynometra cauliflora L. [75],
Leguminosae.

263

264

Datura fastuosa L. [117] = Datura metel
L., Solanaceae.

Dioscorea alata L. [168], Dioscoreaceae.

Eranthemum andersoni Masters [121] =
Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum (NEEs)
Rip.., Acanthaceae.

Eugenia jambolana Lam. [83] = Eugenia
cumini (L.) Druce, Myrtaceae.
Euphorbia tirucalli L. [134],
Euphorbiaceae.

Flacourtia catophracta Roxb. [44] =
Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) RAEUSCH.,
Flacourtiaceae.

Geunsiareevesii Wall. [122]=? Callicarpa
nudiflora Hook. & ARN., Verbenaceae.

Homolanthus populifolius Grah. [142] =
Homolanthus populneus (GEISEL.) PAx,
Euphorbiaceae.

Ipomoea batatus L. [117] = Ipomoea
batatus (L.) Lam., Convolvulaceae.

Ipomoea coccinea [117] = Ipomoea
hederifolia L., Convolvulaceae.

Ipomoea quamoclit L. [117],
Convolvulaceae.

Justicia gendarussa L. [122]=Gendarussa
vulgaris Nees, Acanthaceae.

Metroxylon rumphii Mart. [176]
Metroxylon sagu Rorts., Palmae.

Metroxylon sagus Rottb. [176] =
Metroxylon sagu Rorts., Palmae.

Myristica pendulina Hook. [130]
Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtr.) Wars.,
Myristicaceae.

Pandanus laevis Rumph[171]=Pandanus
tectorius PARKINSON ex “Z” var. laevis
Wars., Pandanaceae.

Passiflora quadrangularis L. [87],
Passifloraceae.

Pentapetes phoenicea L. [53],
Sterculiaceae.

Phyllanthus distichus Muell. [136] =
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) SKEELS,
Euphorbiaceae.

Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. [135] =
Phyllanthus pulcher WALL. ex M.A.,
Euphorbiaceae.

Raphistemma pulchellum Wall. [112] =
Raphistemma pulchellum (Roxs.) WALL.,
Asclepiadaceae.

Solanum melongena L. [117], Solanaceae.
Tabernaemontana coronaria Roxb. [110]
= Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.

Br. ex R. & S., Apocynaceae.

Tephrosia candida DC. [71] = Tephrosia
candida (Roxs.) DC., Leguminosae.

APPENDIX E

Species given in Ridley (1900) that I have been unable to identify. Ridley was unable to name
some collections from Singapore. These he referred to by collection numbers (usually
numbers of four digits) or by brief descriptions. Abbreviated versions of these descriptions
have been used for the unnamed species in the index.The number in square brackets
represents the page number on which the species is found in Ridley (1900).

Acanthospermum xanthoides DC. [102]
Adinandra sp. (4004) “Mongol” [48]
Alstonia grandifolia Miq. doubtful [110]
Amorphophallus sp. [177]

Aquilaria sp. [132]

Ardisia sp. (6434) [105]

Artocarpus sp. “medium sized tree” small
leaves small green fruits, Botanic Gardens’
Jungle [148]

Baccaurea sp. (6263), Botanic Gardens’
Jungle [139]

Blyxa malaccensis Ridl. [152]
Caesulia axillaris Roxb. [101]
Canthium sp. (6506) [96]
Castanopsis hystrix DC. [150]
Castanopsis sp. like hullettii [150]
Daemonorops accedens Bl. [176]
Daemonorops crinita Bl. [176]
Dendrobium kunstleri Hook. f. [155]
Derris sp. (6087) [72]

Diospyros sapotoides Kurz [107]
Dischidia wallichii Wight [113]
Glochidion desmogyne Hook. f. [136]
Heptapleurum ellipticum Seem. [89]
Hymenophyllum sp. (8938) [188]
Ixora amoena Vahl [97]

Ixora parviflora Vahl [97]
Lasianthus crinitus Hook. f. [99]
Lastrea appendiculata [191]
Lastrea fuscipes Wall. [191]
Lindera sp. [132]

Lindsaya trapeziformis Dry. [189]
Litsea longipes Meissn. [131]

Litsea nitida Bl. [132]

Litsea salicifolia Roxb. [132]
Lycopodium taxifolium Sw. [185]
Memecylon sp. (3840) [86]

Memecylon sp. (4436) [86]
Modecca populifolia Ham. [87]
Morinda persicaefolia Ham. [97]
Morinda sp. [97]

Mussaenda variabilis Hemsl. [93]
Myrsine capitellata Wall. [104]
Nephrodium latebrosum Kze. [192]

Nephrodium molle Desv. var. procurrens
[192]

Nephrolepis duffii [192]

Pandanus sp. (stems slender) [172]
Pandanus sp. near P. helicopus [172]
Pandanus sp. “a tall plant” [172]
Payena costata King [106]

Phoebe sumatrana Mig. (1811) [131]
Phoenix sp. [174]

Pouzolzia pentandra Benn. [148]
Premna coriacea Clarke [123]
Premna flavescens var. rubens [123]
Psychotria sp. “greenflowers” [98]
Psychotria sp. “grey-green fruits” [98]
Randia angulosa Wall. [94]

Salacia longiflora Hook. buff flowers [63]
Saprosma sp. [99]

Sarcocephalus sp. (6381) [90]
Schizoloma media R. Br. [190]
Selaginella plumosa Bak. [195]
Selaginella sp. (6547) [196]
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. [100]
Torenia mucronulata Benth. [118]
Trichomanes filicula Bory [188]
Trichomanes parviflorum Poir. [188]
Triumfetta pilosa Roth. [54]

Vitis sp. [65]

Webera sp. (5961) [94]

Wormia sp. [37]

265

266

APPENDIX F:

Index of the native and naturalized species included in the Flora of Syonan. Numbers refer
to the taxa in the main text. The names appear, as in the original typescript, without
authorities. The Flora of Syonan also included commonly cultivated species which have been

omitted from Appendix F.

Abacopteris menisciicarpa
Abacopteris triphylla
Abacopteris urophylla
Abrus precatorius
Abutilon indicum

Acacia auriculiformis
Acacia pseudo-intsia
Acalypha indica

Acanthospermum brasilium

Achyranthes aspera
AcriopSsis Javanica
Acriopsis ridleyi
Acroceras ridleyi
Acroceras sparsum
Acronychia porteri
Acrostichum aureum
Acrosticum speciosum
Actephila excelsa
Actephila javanica
Actinodaphne glomerata
Actinodaphne hullettii
Actinodaphne maingayi
Actinodaphne malaccensis
Actinodaphne pruinosa
Adenanthera bicolor
Adenanthera pavonina
Adenia singaporeana
Adenoncos sumatrana
Adenosacme malayana
Adenosma caeruleum
Adenosma capitatum
Adenosma inopinatum
Adenosma ovatum
Adenostemma viscosum
Adiantum capillus-veneris
Adiantum hispidulum
Adiantum stenochlamys
Adina rubescens
Adinandra acuminata

Adinandra dumosa
Adinandra hullettii
Adinobotrys erianthus
Aegiceras corniculatum
Aeschynanthus parvifolia
Aeschynanthus purpurascens
Aeschynanthus radicans
Aeschynanthus wallichii
Aeschynomene indica
Agelaea hullettii

Agelaea vestita

Agelaea wallichii
Ageratum conyzoides
Aglaia cordata

Aglaia glabriflora

Aglaia odoratissima
Aglaia oligophylla
Aglaia palembanica
Aglaia trichostemon
Aglaonema angustifolium
Aglaonema griffithii
Aglaonema oblongifolium
Aglaonema pictum
Aglaonema schottianum
Agrostistachys gaudichaudii
Agrostistachys sessilifolia
Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum
Agrostophyllum majus
Agyneia bacciformis
Alangium lamarckii
Alangium nobile
Alangium ridleyi
Alangium tutela

Albizia falcata

Albizia littoralis

Albizia pedicellata
Alchornea javensis
Alchornea villosa
Allmania nodiflora

2370
2371
1320
1616
987
988
989
990
1254
592
591
592
556
1469
1472
1474
1475
1476
1482
379
376
378
377
379
830
831
1734
1735
951
233
231
232
228b
1333
1256
1255
832
833
235

Allophyllus cobbe
Alloteropsis cimicina
Alocasia denudata
Alocasia macrorhiza
Alpinia conchigera
Alpinia galanga

Alpinia melanocarpa
Alpinia mutica

Alpinia rafflesiana
Alseodaphne bancana
Alstonia angustifolia
Alstonia angustiloba
Alstonia spathulata
Alternanthera sessilis
Alysicarpus nummularifolius
Alysicarpus vaginalis
Alyxia lucida
Amaranthus spinosus
Ambullia sessiliflora
Amomum hastilabium
Amomum xanthophlebium
Amoora cucullata
Amoora rubescens
Amoora rubiginosa
Amorphophallus prainii
Amylotheca duthieana
Anacardium occidentale
Anadendrum montanum
Anaxagorea javanica
Ancistrocladus pinangianus
Aneilema nudiflorum
Aneilema vaginata
Angelesia nitida
Angiopteris evecta
Anisomeles ovata
Anisophyllea disticha
Anisophyllea griffithii
Anisoptera costata
Anisoptera laevis
Anisoptera megistocarpa
Anodendron candolleanum
Anoectochilus geniculatus
Anplectrum glaucum
Anplectrum pallens
Antiaris toxicaria
Antidesma alatum
Antidesma coriaceum
Antidesma cuspidatum
Antidesma velutinosum

2246
999
380
381

2482

2483

2481

2484

2485

1197
336
337
338
238

1258

1258

340a
240

2299

2486

2487

1470

1478

1479
382

1381
244
384

268a

2266
550
551
531

12

1180

2061

2062
762
763
764
340

1736

1420

1422

1518
836
834
835
837

Aphanamixis rohituka
Aphyllorchis pallida
Aporusa benthamiana
Aporusa bracteosa
Aporusa confusa
Aporusa falcifera
Aporusa frutescens
Aporusa lunata
Aporusa maingayi
Aporusa nervosa
Aporusa nigricans
Aporusa prainiana
Aporusa symplocoides
Apostasia nuda
Appendicula anceps
Appendicula cornuta
Appendicula lucida
Aquilaria hirta
Aquilaria malaccensis
Arachnis hookeriana
Arachnis maingayi
Archytaea vahlii
Ardisia colorata
Ardisia crassa

Ardisia elliptica
Ardisia lanceolata
Ardisia ridleyi

Ardisia singaporensis
Ardisia teysmanniana
Ardisia tuberculata
Ardisia villosa
Aristolochia unguliflora
Aromadendron elegans
Artabotrys costatus
Artabotrys crassifolius
Artabotrys maingayi
Artabotrys suaveolens
Artabotrys wrayi
Arthrophyllum diversifolium
Artocarpus bracteatus
Artocarpus dadah
Artocarpus elasticus
Artocarpus forbesii
Artocarpus gomezianus
Artocarpus kemando
Artocarpus lanceifolius
Artocarpus lowii
Artocarpus maingayi
Artocarpus rigidus

1483
1737
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
1738
1739
1740
1741
2380
2381
1743
1744
468
1617
1618
1620
1621
1623
1625
1626
1627
1628
419
1399
269
270
271
272
243
411
1578
1520
1521
579
1529
1526
1526
1527
1528
1530

267

268

Artocarpus scortechinii
Artocarpus superbus
Arundina graminifolia
Arytera littoralis
Asclepias curassavica
Aspidopterys concava
Asplenium batuense
Asplenium glaucophyllum
Asplenium longissimum
Asplenium macrophyllum
Asplenium nidus
Asplenium phyllitidus
Asplenium tenerum
Asystasia coromandeliana
Asystasia intrusa
Athyrium cordifolium
Athyrium crenatoserratum
Athyrium esculentum
Athyrium malaccense
Athyrium pinnatum
Athyrium prescottianum
Athyrium riparium
Athyrium sorzogonense
Athyrium tomentosum
Avicennia alba
Avicennia lanata
Avicennia officinalis
Axonopus compressus
Azolla pinnata
Baccaurea bracteata
Baccaurea griffithii
Baccaurea hookeri
Baccaurea kingii
Baccaurea kunstleri
Baccaurea lanceolata
Baccaurea macrophylla
Baccaurea maingayi
Baccaurea minor
Baccaurea motleyana
Baccaurea parviflora
Baccaurea pyriformis
Baccaurea reticulata
Baccaurea wallichii
Bambusa vulgaris
Barathranthus ascanthus
Barclaya motleyi
Barringtonia asiatica
Barringtonia conoidea

Barringtonia macrostachya

1531
1519
1745
2247
422
1402
14
18
15
16
17
19
20
125
196
45
46
47
48
52
50
51
53
54
451
454
453
1001
21
850
851
852
864
853
854
856
857
858
859
860
861
863
862
1004
1382
1703
1237
1238
1239

Barringtonia racemosa
Barringtonia sumatrana
Bauhinia semibifida
Beilschmiedia kunstleri
Beilschmiedia malaccensis
Bidens pilosa

Blechnum finlaysonianum
Blechnum indicum
Blechnum orientale
Blumea balsamifera
Blumea chinensis

Blumea lacera

Blumea membranacea
Blumeodendron elateriospermum
Blumeodendron tokbrai
Blyxa malayana
Boehmeria nivea
Boerhavia diffusa
Bolbitis diversifolia
Bolbitis heteroclita
Bonnaya brachiata
Bonnaya reptans
Bonnaya veronicaefolia
Borreria hispida
Borreria laevicaulis
Borreria latifolia
Borreria setidens

Bouea macrophylla
Bouea microphylla
Brachiaria distachya
Brachiaria mutica
Breynia coronata
Breynia discigera
Breynia reclinata
Breynia rhamnoides
Bridelia pustulata
Bridelia stipularis
Bridelia tomentosa
Bromheadia alticola
Bromheadia aporoides
Bromheadia finlaysoniana
Brownlowia argentata
Brownlowia lanceolata
Brownlowia riedelii
Brucea amarissima
Bruguiera caryophylloides
Bruguiera eriopetala
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Bruguiera parviflora

1240
1241
1265
1200
1201

557

558
562
560
561
865
865
1151
2411
1702
28
27
2304
2307
2302
2084
2085
2083
2088
245
246
1006
1007
866
867
868
869
872
873
874
1747
1748
1749
2386
2387
2386
2316
2063
2066
2064
2065

Bryophyllum calycinum
Buchanania lucida
Buchanania sessilifolia
Bulbophyllum acuminatum
Bulbophyllum adenopetalum
Bulbophyllum apodum
Bulbophyllum blumei
Bulbophyllum botryophorum
Bulbophyllum cleistogamum
Bulbophyllum concinnum
Bulbophyllum corneri
Bulbophyllum limbatum
Bulbophyllum macranthum
Bulbophyllum makoyanum
Bulbophyllum medusae
Bulbophyllum membranaceum
Bulbophyllum microbulbon
Bulbophyllum patens
Bulbophyllum pileatum
Bulbophyllum pulchellum
Bulbophyllum purpurascens
Bulbophyllum rugosum
Bulbophyllum sessile
Bulbophyllum singaporeanum
Bulbophyllum stella
Bulbophyllum striatellum
Bulbophyllum tenuifolium
Bulbophyllum trifolium
Bulbophyllum vaginatum
Bulbophyllum vermiculare
Bulbostylis barbata
Bulbostylis puberula
Burmannia coelestis
Burmannia tuberosa
Byttneria maingayi
Caesalpinia bonduc
Caesalpinia bonducella
Caesalpinia nuga

Calamus aquatilis

Calamus densiflorus
Calamus diepenhorstii
Calamus insignis

Calamus javensis

Calamus laxiflorus
Calamus lobbianus
Calamus ornatus

Calamus oxleyanus
Calamus pallidulus
Calamus ridleyanus

634

247

248
1750
1756
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1779
EI97
1758
1760
1761
1762
1770
1765
1766
1767
1768
1771
1772
1773
1759
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778

643

644

477

476
2336
1266
1266
1267
1937
1935
1936
1938
1939
1942
1941
1943
1944
1940
1945

Calanthe pulchra
Callicarpa longifolia
Calophanoides quadrifaria
Calophyllum ferrugineum
Calophyllum floribundum
Calophyllum foetidum
Calophyllum griffithii
Calophyllum inophylloide
Calophyllum inophyllum
Calophyllum macrocarpum
Calophyllum praineanum
Calophyllum pulcherrimum
Calophyllum retusum
Calophyllum spectabile
Calophyllum wallichianum
Camarotis adnata
Campnosperma auriculatum
Campnosperma minor
Canarium grandiflorum
Canarium kadondon
Canarium patentinervium
Canarium pilosum
Canarium purpurascens
Canarium rufum
Canarium secundum
Canavalia obtusifolia
Canavalia turgida
Cansjera zyzyphifolia
Canthium confertum
Canthium didymum
Canthium glabrum
Canthium horridum
Canthium molle

Capparis finlaysoniana
Carallia lucida

Carallia scortechinii
Carapa granatum

Carapa moluccensis
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Carex cryptostachys
Caryota mitis

Casearia clarkei

Casearia coriacea
Casearia lobbiana

Cassia alata

Cassia hirsuta

Cassia mimosoides

Cassia obtusifolia

Cassia occidentalis

1780
2420
195
1119
1130
1130
1132
1131
1120
1122
1130
1123
1119
1127
1125
1781
249
251
484
487
483
484
482
482
482
1272
1271
1728
2091
2195
2092
2093
2094
450
2067
2067
1502
1503
2248
645
1946
975
977
976
1339
1240
1276
1341
1342

269

270

Cassia tora 1343 Cleome ciliata 503
Cassytha filiformis 1202 Cleome viscosa 505
Castanopsis andersonii 959 Clerodendrum inerme 2423
Castanopsis hullettii 955 Clerodendrum laevifolium 2424
Castanopsis inermis 953 Clerodendrum myrmecophilum 2425
Castanopsis malaccensis 956 Clerodendrum villosum 2426
Castanopsis megacarpa OST Clidemia hirta 1419
Castanopsis nephelioides 958 Clitoria cajanifolia 1277
Castanopsis wallichii 960 Clitoria ternatea 1278
Casuarina equisetifolia 508 Cnestis ramiflora 593
Celosia argentea 241 Cocculus ovalifolius 1505
Centella asiatica 2408 Cocos nucifera 1947
Centella rotundifolia 2409 Coelodepas glanduligerum 913
Centipeda orbicularis 563 Coelogyne cumingii 1785
Centotheca lappacea 1010 Coelogyne foerstermanii 1786
Centranthera humifusa 2295 Coelogyne mayeriana 1787
Ceratopteris thalictroides 29 Coelogyne rochussennii 1788
Cerbera manghas 343 Coelogyne testacea 1789
Cerbera odollam 344 Coelorachis glandulosa 1070
Ceriops candolleana 2068 Coelospermum scandens 2089
Chamaeanthus laciniatus 1746 Coelostegia griffithii 462
Champereia manillana 1729 Coix lacryma-jobi 1014
Chassalia chartacea 2095 Coleus atropurpurea 1191
Chassalia pubescens 2097 Colocasia antiquorum 385
Cheilanthes tenuifolia 30 Colubrina asiatica 2054
Cheirorchis filiformis 1790 Combretum sundaicum 536
Chisocheton divergens 1487 Commelina attenuata 545
Chisocheton erythrocarpus 1485 Commelina beghalensis 546
Chisocheton macrophyllus 1486 Commelina nudiflora 547
Chisocheton pauciflorus 1488 Commersonia bartramia 2337
Chisocheton spicatus 1489 Connaropsis griffithii 1933
Chloranthus officinalis 528 Connaropsis macrophylla 1934
Chloris barbata 1012 Connarus ellipticus 595
Chrysophyllum roxburghii 2264 Connarus ferrugineus 594
Chrysopogon aciculatus 1013 Connarus grandis 597
Cinnamomum iners 1203 Connarus oligophyllus 596
Cinnamomum javanicum 1204 Connarus semidecandrus 598
Cinnamomum ridleyi 1205 Conocephalus amoenus 2417
Claderia viridiflora 1782 Conocephalus suaveolens 2418
Cladium glomeratum 709 Coptosapelta flavescens 2100
Claoxylon indicum 876 Coptosapelta griffithii 2098
Claoxylon longifolium 877 Coptosapelta parviflora 2099
Clausena excavata 2229 Corchorus acutangulus 2388
Cleistanthus heterophyllus 882 Cordia cylindristachya 470
Cleistanthus hirsutulus 878 Cordia obliqua 471
Cleistanthus macrophyllus 879 Corymbis veratrifolia 1791
Cleistanthus malaccensis 880 Coscinium wallichianum 1506
Cleistanthus myrianthus 881 Costus globosus 2488

Cleome aculeata 501 Costus lucanusianus 2489

Costus speciosus
Cratoxylum arborescens
Cratoxylum formosum
Cratoxylum ligustrinum
Crepis japonica

Crinum asiaticum
Crotalaria alata
Crotalaria quinquefolia
Crotalaria retusa
Crotalaria saltiana
Croton argyratus

Croton caudatus

Croton confusus

Croton griffithii

Croton heteropetalum
Crypteronia griffithii
Cryptocarya caesia
Cryptocarya ferrea
Cryptocarya griffithiana
Cryptocarya impressa
Cryptocarya kurzii
Cryptocoryne ciliata
Cryptocoryne griffithii
Cryptostylis arachnites
Curculigo latifolia
Curculigo recurvata
Cuscuta hygrophilae
Cyanotis barbata
Cyathea glabra

Cyathea latebrosa
Cyathea squamulata
Cyathocalyx virgatus
Cyathostemma hookeri
Cyathostemma viridiflorum
Cyclea laxiflora
Cyclophorus acrostichoides
Cyclophorus adnascens
Cyclophorus angustata
Cyclophorus varius
Cyclosorus aridus
Cyclosorus extensus
Cyclosorus gongylodes
Cyclosorus heterocarpus
Cyclosorus parasiticus
Cyclosorus subpubescens
Cyclosorus sumatranus
Cyclosorus truncatus
Cyclosorus unitus
Cymbidium finlaysonianum

2490
1160
1162
1161
590
243
1279
1283
1284
1282
883
885
888
888
886
637
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
386
387
1792
1165
1166
607
548
36
37
38
299
278
279
1507
140
139
138
139
31
10
39
153
33
34
34
126
155
1794

Cymbidium pubescens
Cynanchum ovalifolium
Cynodon dactylon
Cynometra ramiflora
Cyperus diffusus

Cyperus distans

Cyperus haspan

Cyperus iria

Cyperus malaccensis
Cyperus pilosus

Cyperus radians

Cyperus rotundifolius
Cyperus stoloniferus
Cyperus uncinatus
Cyperus zollingeri
Cyrtandra pendula
Cyrtococcum accrescens
Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum
Cyrtosperma lasioides
Cyrtostachys lakka
Cystorchis variegata
Dacryodes laxa
Dacryodes rostrata
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Daemonorops angustifolia
Daemonorops carcharodon
Daemonorops didymophylla
Daemonorops grandis
Daemonorops hystrix
Daemonorops leptopus
Daemonorops longipes
Daemonorops micrantha
Daemonorops periacantha
Dalbergia hullettii
Dalbergia parviflora
Dalbergia rostrata
Dalbergia scortechinii
Dalbergia stercoracea
Dalbergia torta
Dalbergia velutina
Dapania scandens
Daphniphyllum laurinum
Davallia denticulata
Davallia solida
Decaspermum fruticosum
Dehaasia microcarpa
Dehaasia nigrescens
Dendrobium acerosum
Dendrobium aloifolium

1793
423
1016
1286
656
655
659
661
664
667
670
671
674
650
675
991
1017
1018
388
1948
1795
486
487
1019
1949
1949
1949
1952
1953
1955
1957
1958
1959
1287
1289
1290
1288
1288
1286
1291
1929
739
40
4]
1639
1212
1199
1796
1798

271

D2

Dendrobium bifarium 1799 Dialium maingayi 1304
Dendrobium callibotrys 1811 Dialium patens 1305
Dendrobium carnosum 1800 Dialium wallichii 1306
Dendrobium comatum 1852 Dianella ensifolia 1367
Dendrobium crocatum 1801 Dictyopteris irregularis 124
Dendrobium crumenatum 1802 Didymocarpus perdita 993
Dendrobium flabellum 1853 Didymocarpus platypus 992
Dendrobium flexile 1803 Didymoplexis pallens 1830 |
Dendrobium grande 1803 Digitaria caespitosa 1026 |
Dendrobium indivisum 1806 Digitaria chinensis 1031
Dendrobium kelsallii 1850 Digitaria longiflora 1026
Dendrobium laciniosum 1854 Digitaria marginata 1023/1029/1030
Dendrobium lamellatum 1807 Dillenia grandifolia 742
Dendrobium leonis 1808 Dillenia indica 743
Dendrobium lobatum 1809 Dillenia reticulata 745
Dendrobium lobbii 1810 Dilochia wallichii 1832
Dendrobium longicolle 1810 Dimeria ornithopoda 1031
Dendrobium pandaneti 1813 Dioclea reflexa 1307
Dendrobium pensile 1814 Diodia sarmentosa 2103
Dendrobium planibulbe 1815 Dioscorea bulbifera Tz
Dendrobium prostratum 1816 Dioscorea glabra 799
Dendrobium pumilum 1812 Dioscorea hispida 754
Dendrobium revolutum 1818 Dioscorea laurifolia 755
Dendrobium salaccense 1819 Dioscorea polyclades 756
Dendrobium secundum 1820 Dioscorea prainiana 757
Dendrobium setifolium 1821 Dioscorea pyrifolia 758
Dendrobium sinuatum 1823 Dioscorea stenomeriflora 760
Dendrobium spurium 1825 Diospyros argentea 789
Dendrobium subulatum 1826 Diospyros bilocularis 798
Dendrobium teres 1822 Diospyros clavigera 791
Dendrochilum ellipticum 1828 Diospyros lucida 796
Dendrochilum longifolium 1829 Diospyros microphylla 790
Dendrophthoe pentandra 1384 Diospyros oblonga 799
Dentella repens 2101 Diospyros pyrifera 794
Deplanchea bancana 456 Diospyros styraciformis 801
Derris amoena 1292 Diplospora malaccensis 2104
Derris scandens 1294 Dipodium pictum 1833
Derris sinuata 1293 Dipteris conjugata a
Derris thyrsiflora 1295 Dipterocarpus cornutus 767
Derris uliginosa 1296 Dipterocarpus penangianus 766
Desmodium heterophyllum 1300 Dischidia albida 424
Desmodium ovalifolium 1299 Dischidia bengalensis 426
Desmodium polycarpum 1299 Dischidia coccinea 427
Desmodium triflorum 1301 Dischidia collyris 425
Desmodium umbellatum 1302 Dischidia gaudichaudii 430
Desmos chinensis 280 Dischidia hirsuta 428
Desmos dasymaschala 281 Dischidia rafflesiana 427729
Desmos dumosus 282 Dischidia singaporensis 431

Dialium laurinum 1303 Dissochaeta annulata 1423

Dissochaeta celebica
Dissochaeta gracilis
Dissochaeta intermedia
Dissochaeta pallida
Dissochaeta punctulata
Dolichandrone spathacea
Donax grandis

Dracaena aurantiacea
Dracaena brachystachys
Dracaena elliptica
Dracaena granulata
Dracaena maingayi
Dracaena porteri
Dracaena singapurensis
Dracaena umbratica
Drepananthus pruniferus
Drepananthus ramuliflorus

Drymoglossum piloselloides

Drynaria sparsisora
Drypetes pendula
Duranta repens

Durio griffithii

Durio oblongus

Dyera costulata
Dysophylla auricularia
Dysoxylum acutangulum
Dysoxylum alliaceum
Dysoxylum cauliflorum
Dysoxylum costulatum
Dysoxylum flavescens
Dysoxylum macrothyrsum
Dysoxylum thyrsoideum
Dysoxylum turbinatum
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli
Eclipta alba

Egenolfia appendiculata
Eichhornia crassipes
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus
Elaeocarpus floribundus
Elaeocarpus griffithii
Elaeocarpus hullettii
Elaeocarpus littoralis
Elaeocarpus mastersii
Elaeocarpus nitidus
Elaeocarpus pedunculatus
Elaeocarpus petiolatus
Elaeocarpus polystachyus
Elaeocarpus salicifolius

1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
457
1414
219
220
221
222
9)
224
225
226
274
274
141
57
889
2427
463
464
346
1192
1490
1491
1492
1491
1496
1492
1491
1495
1033
1034
567
26
2044
805
806
807
811
808
809
810a
812
813
814
810b

Elaeocarpus stipularis
Elaeodendron subrotundum
Eleocharis capitata
Eleocharis chaetaria
Eleocharis ochrostachys
Eleocharis plantaginea
Eleocharis variegata
Elephantopus scaber
Elettariopsis curtisii
Eleusine coracana
Eleusine indica
Ellipanthus griffithii
Ellipeia cuneifolia
Elytranthe albida
Elytranthe arnottiana
Embelia amentacea
Embelia canescens
Embelia coriacea
Embelia garcinifolia
Embelia lampani
Embelia ridleyi
Emblica officinalis
Emilia sonchifolia
Endopogon ridleyi
Endospermum malaccense
Engelhardtia nudiflora
Enhalus koenigii
Enhydra fluctuans
Enhydrias angustipetala
Enkleia malaccensis
Entada spiralis
Epipremnopsis media
Epipremnum giganteum
Epipremnum mirabile
Eragrostis amabilis
Eragrostis elegantula
Eragrostis elongata
Eragrostis malayana
Eragrostis pilosa
Eragrostis tenella
Eragrostis viscosa
Erechtites hieracifolia
Erechtites valerianifolia
Eria bractescens

Eria floribunda

Eria gracilis

Eria hyacinthoides

Eria javanica

Eria longe-repens

816
512
680
682
681
679
681
568
2491
1036
1037
599
283
1385
1386
1629
1630
1631
1634
1633
1582
938
570
25
890
1179
1152
570
1150
2383
1308
383
389
390
1045
1038
1040
1042
1043
1044
1046
572
573
1834
1835
1920
1836
1837
1838

273

274

Eria neglecta

Eria nutans

Eria obliqua

Eria pannea

Eria pudica

Eria pulchella

Eria robusta

Eria tenuiflora

Eria teretifolia

Eria velutina

Eria vestita

Eriachne pallescens
Erigeron sumatrense
Eriocaulon sexangulare
Eriocaulon truncatum
Erioglossum rubiginosum
Erycibe festiva

Erycibe griffithii
Erycibe leucoxyloides
Erycibe malaccensis
Erycibe princei
Eryngium foetidum
Erythropalum scandens
Erythroxylum cuneatum
Eugenia acuminatissima
Eugenia caudata
Eugenia chlorantha
Eugenia claviflora
Eugenia conglomerata
Eugenia crenulata
Eugenia cymosa
Eugenia densiflora
Eugenia duthieana
Eugenia filiformis
Eugenia glauca
Eugenia goodenovii
Eugenia grandis
Eugenia griffithii
Eugenia linocieroidea
Eugenia longiflora
Eugenia microcalyx
Eugenia myrtifolia
Eugenia ngadimaniana
Eugenia nigricans
Eugenia oblongifolia
Eugenia pachyphylla
Eugenia palembanica
Eugenia papillosa
Eugenia penangiana

1843
1844
1841
1842
1844
1845
1846
1847
1843
1921
1922
1047
565
824
825
2252
609
610/612
611
613
614a
2409
1710
826
1647
1642
1644
1645
1646
1675
1686
1648
1649
1650
1652
1680
1653
1654
1659
1660
1661
1668
1664
1665
1667
1669
1670
1671
1640

Eugenia polyantha
Eugenia pseudoformosa
Eugenia pseudosubtilis
Eugenia punctulata
Eugenia pustulata
Eugenia ridleyi
Eugenia rugosa
Eugenia scoparia
Eugenia spicata
Eugenia subdecussata
Eugenia subrufa
Eugenia tumida
Eugenia urceolata
Eugenia venulosa
Eulalia praemorsa
Eulophia graminea
Eulophia squalida
Euonymus jJavanicus
Euphorbia atoto
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia hirta
Euphorbia thymifolia
Eurya acuminata
Eurycoma longifolia
Euthemis leucocarpa
Euthemis minor
Evodia glabra

Evodia malayana
Evodia robusta
Evolvulus alsinoides
Excoecaria agallocha
Fagraea auriculata
Fagraea fragrans
Fagraea gigantea
Fagraea ligustrina
Fagraea obovata
Fagraea racemosa
Fagraea ridleyi
Fibraurea chloroleuca
Ficus alba

Ficus annulata

Ficus apiocarpa
Ficus benjamina
Ficus binnendykii
Ficus bracteata

Ficus callicarpa
Ficus caulocarpa
Ficus chartacea
Ficus chrysocarpa

1674
1676
1677
1643
1678
1679
1680
1641
1682
1685
1654
1654
1657
1662
1091
1848
1849

319

891

892

893

894
PK
2317
1706
1707
2230
2232
2231

615

895
1371
1372
1373
1374
1370
1374
1375
1508
1552
1533
1534
1537
1538
1540
1535
1541
1542
1536

Ficus consociata
Ficus diversifolia
Ficus dubia

Ficus excavata

Ficus fistulosa

Ficus glandulifera
Ficus globosa

Ficus indica

Ficus laevis

Ficus microstoma
Ficus microsyc

Ficus miquelii

Ficus obscura

Ficus pisifera

Ficus procera

Ficus pumila

Ficus ramentacea
Ficus recurva

Ficus religiosa

Ficus retusa

Ficus rigida

Ficus rostrata

Ficus truncata

Ficus urophylla

Ficus variegata

Ficus vasculosa

Ficus villosa

Ficus xylophylla
Fimbristylis acuminata
Fimbristylis aestivalis
Fimbristylis asperrima
Fimbristylis complanata
Fimbristylis diphylla
Fimbristylis ferruginea
Fimbristylis fusca
Fimbristylis globulosa
Fimbristylis leptoclada
Fimbristylis miliacea
Fimbristylis nutans
Fimbristylis obtusata
Fimbristylis pauciflora
Fimbristylis polytrichoides
Fimbristylis schoenoides
Fimbristylis setacea
Fimbristylis spathacea
Fimbristylis tetragona
Finlaysonia obovata
Flacourtia rukam
Flagellaria indica

1543
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1560/1571
1555
1561
1558
1539
1559
1560
1544
1562
1567
1563
1564
1557
1570
1569
1565
1553
1553
1574
1575
1577
684
692
688
685
687
689
690
691
693
694
695
696
698
699
700
684
686
701
432
978
985

Flemingia strobilifera
Fleurya interrupta
Floscopa scandens
Flueggia virosa
Forrestia gracilis
Forrestia marginata
Freycinetia confusa
Freycinetia lucens
Freycinetia malaccensis
Freycinetia valida
Fuirena umbellata
Gaertnera acuminata
Gaertnera grisea
Gaertnera obesa
Gaertnera viminea
Gahnia tristis
Galearia affinis
Galearia finlaysonii
Galearia fulva
Galearia phlebocarpa
Galearia wallichii
Galeola kuhlii

Ganua motleyana
Garcinia atroviridis
Garcinia bancana
Garcinia eugeniaefolia
Garcinia forbesii
Garcinia gaudichaudii
Garcinia griffithii
Garcinia hombroniana
Garcinia nervosa
Garcinia nigrolineata
Garcinia parvifolia
Garcinia rostrata
Gardenia griffithii
Gardenia tubifera
Gardeniopsis longifolia
Gastrodia javanica
Gelonium glomerulatum
Genianthus maingayi
Geophila pilosa
Gironniera nervosa
Gironniera subaequalis
Girroniera parvifolia
Gleichenia laevigata
Gleichenia linearis
Globba leucantha
Globba pendula
Glochidion brunneum

215

276

Glochidion desmocarpum
Glochidion glomerulatum
Glochidion kunstlerianum
Glochidion laevigatum
Glochidion leiostylum
Glochidion littorale
Glochidion maingayi
Glochidion microbotrys
Glochidion pedunculatum
Glochidion perakense
Glochidion sericeum
Glochidion singaporense
Glochidion superbum
Glochidion trilobum
Glochidion trilobum
Glycosmis citrifolia
Glycosmis malayana
Gmelina asiatica

Gmelina elliptica

Gmelina hystrix
Gomphandra affinis
Gomphia corymbosa
Gomphia hookeri

Gomphia oblongifolia
Gomphia sumatrana
Goniothalamus malayanus
Goniothalamus ridleyi
Goniothalamus tapis
Gonocaryum longeracemosum
Gonystylus maingayi
Gordonia multinervis
Gordonia penangensis
Gordonia singaporeana
Grammatophyllum speciosum
Grewia blattaefolia

Grewia omphacarpa

Grewia umbellata
Guettarda speciosa

Guioa bijuga

Guioa pleuropteris

Guioa pubescens
Gymnacranthera farquhariana
Gymnacranthera forbesii
Gymnacranthera murtoni
Gymnopetalum quinquelobum
Gynandropsis pentaphylla
Gynochthodes coriacea
Gynochthodes sublanceolata
Gynotroches axillaris

Ort
901
903
902
907
904
899
905
899
906
908
909
910
905
Sit
2234
2233
2428
2429
2430
1168
1705
1704
1708
1708
295
296
297
1169
bee
2373
2374
2375
1851
2390
2391
2389
2113
2249
2250
2251
1584a/b
1585
1583
639
502
2114
2115
2069

Gynura sarmentosa
Habenaria lacertifera
Habenaria singapurensis
Halophila ovata
Halophila sp.

Hedyotis auricularia
Hedyotis capitellata
Hedyotis congesta
Hedyotis pinifolia
Hedyotis vestita
Helicia excelsa

Helicia petiolaris
Helicia robusta
Heliotropium indicum
Helixanthera coccineal
Hemigymnia multinodis
Henslowia buxifolia
Henslowia lobbiana
Heritiera elata
Heritiera littoralis
Hernandia peltata
Herpestis monnieri
Hetaeria nitida
Hetaeria obliqua
Heterogonium sagenoides
Heterosmilax indica
Hibiscus surattensis
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Hippocratea indica
Hippocratea macrantha
Hiptage sericea
Histiopteris incisa
Homalium grandiflorum

Homalomena caerulescens

Homalomena griffithii
Homalomena paludosa
Homalomena sagittifolia
Hopea griffithii

Hopea mengarawan
Hornstedtia conica
Hornstedtia leonurus

Hornstedtia megalocheilos

Hornstedtia scyphifera
Horsfieldia amygdalina
Horsfieldia canarioides
Horsfieldia crassifolia
Horsfieldia globularia
Horsfieldia irya
Horsfieldia lehmanniana

574
1890
1859
1155
1154
2116
ZATS
2120
2125
2128
2051
2052
2053

473

387
1073
2243
2244
2339
2340
1148
2284
1860
1861

62
2320
1407
1408

521

518
1403

63

977

393

391

394

395

770

771
2497
2498
2492
2499
1593
1591
1586
1589
1588
1590

Horsfieldia majuscula
Horsfieldia racemosa
Horsfieldia sucosa
Horsfieldia superba
Horsfieldia tomentosa
Horsfieldia wallichii
Hoya coriacea

Hoya coronaria

Hoya diversifolia

Hoya finlaysonii

Hoya lacunosa

Hoya latifolia

Hoya obtusifolia

Hoya parasitica

Hoya revoluta

Hoya ridleyi

Humata angustata
Humata heterophylla
Humata pectinata
Humata repens
Hydnophytum formicarium
Hydrolea zeylanica
Hygrophila meianthos
Hygrophila phlomoides
Hygrophila quadrivalvis
Hygrophila spinosa
Hylophila mollis
Hymenachne myuros
Hymenophyllum blumeanum
Hymenophyllum holochilum
Hymenophyllum neesii
Hymenophyllum serrulatum
Hypericum japonicum
Hypolytrum latifolium
Hypolytrum proliferum
Hypserpa cuspidata
Hyptis brevipes

Hyptis capitata

Hyptis suaveolens
Iguanura geonomaeformis
Ilex cymosa

Ilex macrophylla

Ilex maingayi

Ilex venulosa

Illigera appendiculata
Imperata arundinacea
Imperata exaltata
Indigofera hirsuta
Indigofera tinctoria

1590
1582
1593
1594
1595
1596
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
442
64
65
67
68
2129
1159
201
202
200
203
1862
1052
72
71
70
73
1164
705a
705b
1509
1181
1182
1183
1962
373
374
375
374
1149
1054
1053
1310
1313

Intsia bijuga

lodes oblonga

Todes velutina
Ipomoea digitata
Ipomoea littoralis
Ipomoea obscura
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Ipomoea pulchella
Ipomoea sagitaefolia
Irvingia malayana
Tsachne australis
Tsachne miliacea
Isachne semitalis
Ischaemum aristatum
Ischaemum magnum
Ischaemum muticum
Ischaemum rugosum
Ischaemum timorense
Ixonanthes icosandra
Ixonanthes reticulata
Ixora concinna

Ixora congesta

Ixora grandifolia
Ixora lobbii

Ixora pendula

Jackia ornata
Jacobinea coccinea
Jasminum bifarium
Jasminum griffithii
Jasminum longipetalum
Jussiaea erecta
Jussiaea repens
Jussiaea speciosa
Jussiaea suffruticosa
Kadsura cauliflora
Kadsura scandens
Kalanchoe pinnata
Kleinhovia hospita
Knema cantleyi
Knema conferta
Knema curtisii
Knema furfuracea
Knema hookeriana
Knema intermedia
Knema laurina
Knema malayana
Knema missionis
Knema wrayi
Koompassia malaccensis

1315
1170
1171

620

619

621

622

617

624
2318
1055
1057
1056
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1177
1178
2131
2132
2133
2134
2114
A137

204
1719
1720
1721
1725
LI23
1726
1724
2290
2290

633
2342
1606
1598
1599
1600
1603
1604
1606
1607
1603
1601
1316

277

278

Kopsia singaporensis
Korthalsia echinometra
Korthalsia grandis
Korthalsia polystachya
Korthalsia scaphigera

Korthalsia wallichiaefolia

Kunstleria ridleyi
Kurrimia paniculata
Kurrimia robusta
Kyllinga brevifolia
Kyllinga cylindrica
Kyllinga melanosperma
Kyllinga monocephala
Labisia pothoina
Lantana indica

Lasia aculeata
Lasianthus appressus
Lasianthus attenuatus
Lasianthus chryseus
Lasianthus constricta
Lasianthus cyanocarpus
Lasianthus densifolius
Lasianthus ellipticus
Lasianthus griffithii
Lasianthus maingayi
Lasianthus ridleyi
Lasianthus scabridus
Lasianthus singaporensis
Lasianthus stipularis
Lasianthus tomentosus
Lecananthus erubescens
Lecanorchis malaccensis
Leea angulata

Leea robusta

Leea rubra

Leea sambucina
Leersia hexandra
Lemna paucicostata
Lemna polyrhiza
Lemna tenera
Leonurus sibiricus
Lepionurus sylvestris
Lepironia mucronata
Leptaspis urceolata
Leptochloa chinensis
Lettsomia ridleyi
Leucas lavendulifolia
Leucas zeylanica
Leuconotis griffithii

348
1963
1964
1967
1965
1966
1317

510

av

647

677

665

663
1635
2432

396
2138
WE Nes
21393
2140
2141
2142
2143
2145
2146
2149
2150
2149
2A 52
2135
2154
1863
1244
1243
1246
1245
1064
1357
1359
1358
1185
1730

706
1065
1066

605
1186
1187

349

Leuconotis maingayi
Leucopogon malayanus
Leucostegia parvula
Licuala ferruginea
Licuala spinosa
Licuala triphylla
Limacia velutina
Limnanthemum indicum
Limnophila laxa
Limnophila villosa
Lindera lucida
Lindsaya borneensis
Lindsaya nitens
Lindsaya orbiculata
Lindsaya parallelogramma
Lindsaya scandens
Linociera pauciflora
Linostoma pauciflorum
Liparis elegans

Liparis ferruginea
Liparis gibbosa

Liparis tricallosa
Lipocarpha argentea
Lipocarpha microcephala
Lippia nodiflora

Litsea cordata

Litsea ferruginea

Litsea firma

Litsea grandis

Litsea griffithii

Litsea lancifolia

Litsea machilifolia
Litsea megacarpa
Litsea myristicaefolia
Litsea perakensis

Litsea petiolata

Litsea ridleyi

Litsea robusta

Litsea sarawacensis
Litsea singapurensis
Litsea umbellata
Lomariopsis cochinchinensis
Longetia malayana
Lophatherum gracile
Lophopetalum fimbriatum
Lophopetalum littoralis
Lucaena glauca
Lucinaea membranacea
Lucinaea morinda

350
819
66
1968
1969
1970
1511
986
2298
2300
1213
80
81
87
89
83
1718
2384
1864
1865
1866
1867
707
708
2434
1216
1221
1222
1224
1220
1226
1227
1217
1228
1218
1219
1229
1230
1220
1214
123i
Bf
849
1068
519
515
1318
2155
2156

Lucuma maingayi
Lucuma malaccensis
Ludwigia prostrata
Lumnitzera littorea
Lumnitzera racemosa
Lycopodium cernuum
Lycopodium laxum
Lycopodium nummulariifolium
Lycopodium phlegmaria
Lycopodium squarrosum
Lygodium dichotomum
Lygodium flexuosum
Lygodium scandens
Maba buxifolia

Maba venosa
Macaranga cornuta
Macaranga gigantea
Macaranga griffithiana
Macaranga hosei
Macaranga hypoleuca
Macaranga javanica
Macaranga maingayi
Macaranga populifolia
Macaranga puncticulata
Macaranga recurvata
Macaranga trichocarpa
Macaranga triloba
Macodes petola
Macrosolen cochinchinensis
Macrosolen papillosus
Macrosolen retusus
Madhuca kingiana
Madhuca malaccensis
Madhuca sericea
Maesa ramentacea
Magnolia maingayi
Malaxis latifolia
Malaxis micrantha
Mallotus paniculatus
Mangifera caesia
Mangifera foetida
Mangifera lagenifera
Mangifera odorata
Mangifera sclerophylla
Manihot utilissima
Mapania humilis
Mapania longa
Mapania palustris
Mapania triquetra

2283
2285
1727
537
538
94
69
70
sd
2
95
96
100
Ti bs
803
920
916
917
919
O21
918
9272
915
914
924
925
926
1869
1389
1390
1391
2265
2269
2270
1636
1400
1870
1871
928
253
254
256
258
255
930
710
TH
715
710

Mapania valida
Mapania wallichii
Mariscus albescens
Mariscus cyperinus
Mariscus dregeanus
Mariscus microcephalus
Mariscus sieberianus
Marumia nemorosa
Marumia rhodocarpa
Mastixia maingayi
Matthaea sancta

Mazus rugosus
Medinilla crassinervia
Medinilla hasseltii
Medinilla maingayi
Melaleuca leucadendron
Melanochyla auriculata
Melanochyla kunstleri
Melanochyla sp.
Melanorrhoea wallichii

Melanorrhoea woodsiana
Melastoma malabathricum

Meliosma elliptica
Meliosma lanceolata
Meliosma ridleyi
Melochia corchorifolia
Melodinus micranthus
Melodorum cylindricum
Melodorum elegans
Melodorum fulgens

Melodorum latifolium var. ovoidea

Melodorum manubriatum
Melodorum pisocarpum
Melodorum prismaticum
Memecylon amplexicaule
Memecylon cantleyi
Memecylon coeruleum
Memecylon edule
Memecylon garcinioides

Memecylon heteropleurum

Memecylon laevigatum
Memecylon laxiflorum
Memecylon myrsinoides
Memecylon oleifolium
Memecylon ovatum
Memecylon pubescens
Merremia caespitosa
Merremia convolvulacea
Merremia tridentata

712
epiy,
662
651
656
648
652
1430
1429
633
1517
2310
1432
1431
1460
1689
259
261
259
252
252
1433
2241
2239
2240
2343
351
322
302
284
286
287
302
322
1435
1437
1436
1440a
1444
1441
1448
1440b
1448
1451
1440
1455
628
627
629

279

280

Merremia umbellata
Mezoneuron sumatranum
Mezzettia leptopoda
Microcarpa curtisii
Microcarpaea muscosa
Micrococca mercurialis
Microdesmis caseariifolia
Microsaccus ampullaceus
Microsaccus brevifolius
Microsaccus javensis
Mikania scandens
Miliusa longipes

Millettia atropurpurea
Mimosa invisa

Mimosa pudica

Mimosa sepiaria
Mischocarpus sumatranus
Mischocarpus sundaicus
Mollugo pentaphylla
Monochoria hastaefolia
Monochoria vaginalis
Monogramme dareicarpus
Monogramme trichoidea
Morinda citrifolia
Morinda ridleyi

Morinda rigida

Morinda umbellata
Muntingia calabura
Mussaenda glabra
Mussaenda mutabilis
Mussaendopsis beccariana
Myrica farquhariana
Myristica cinnamomea
Myristica crassa
Myristica elliptica
Myristica maingayi
Myristica maxima
Myrmecodia tuberosa
Myrsine avenis

Myrsine porteriana
Myrsine umbellulata
Najas graminea

Najas kingii

Nauclea junghuhnii
Nauclea subdita

Neesia altissima

Nenga wendlandiana
Neonauclea purpurascens
Nepenthes ampullaria

Nepenthes gracilis
Nepenthes rafflesiana
Nepenthes trichocarpa
Nephelaphyllum pulchrum
Nephelium eriopetalum
Nephelium lappaceum
Nephelium mutabile
Nephelium rubescens
Nephrolepis acutifolia
Nephrolepis biserrata
Nephrolepis hirsutula
Nephrolepis radicans
Neptunia oleracea
Nervilia punctata
Neuwiedia curtisii
Neuwiedia griffithii
Neuwiedia lindleyi
Norrisia malaccensis
Nothaphoebe umbelliflora
Nypa fruticans
Oberonia anceps
Oberonia bertoldii
Oberonia ciliolata
Oberonia dissitiflora
Oberonia miniata
Ochanostachys amentacea
Ochrosia borbonica
Ochthocharis borneensis
Ochthocharis javanica
Ochthocharis paniculata
Ocimum americanum
Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum canum

Ocimum sanctum
Oldenlandia corymbosa
Oldenlandia dichotoma
Oldenlandia diffusa
Oldenlandia paniculata
Olea brachiata
Oncosperma horridum
Oncosperma tigillarium

Ophioglossum pedunculosum

Ophioglossum pendulum
Ophiorrhiza singaporensis
Ormosia macrodisca
Ormosia microsperma
Ormosia parvifolia
Orophea hastata

Osmelia maingayi

1698
1700
1701
1876
2299
2256
2258
22a

110

111

113

114
1327
1877
1880
1878
1879
1376
1234
1973
1881
1882
1883
1884
1887
1711

352
1456
1457
1458
1188
1189
1188
1190
2121
2122
2123

ee i:

1722
1974
1975

115/117

116
21
1331
1332
1330

303

980

i

Ostodes macrophylla
Oxalis barrelieri

Oxalis corniculata
Oxalis corymbosa
Oxymitra glauca
Oxymitra latifolia
Pachycentria tuberculata
Padebruggea maingayi
Paederia foetida
Paederia verticillata
Pajanella longifolia
Palaquium bancanum
Palaquium gutta
Palaquium hexandrum
Palaquium microphyllum
Palaquium obovatum
Palaquium oxleyanum
Palaquium ridleyi
Palaquium xanthochymum
Pandanus atrocarpus
Pandanus aurantiacus
Pandanus corneri
Pandanus houllettei
Pandanus militaris
Pandanus ornatus
Pandanus parvus
Pandanus tectorius
Pandanus tetrodon
Panicum auritum
Panicum caesium
Panicum ovalifolium
Panicum repens
Panicum sarmentosum
Parameria glandulifera
Parameria polyneura
Paramignya griffithii
Paramignya longispina
Parartocarpus triandrus
Parastemon urophyllus
Parinarium asperulum
Parinarium corymbosum
Parinarium costatum
Parinarium oblongifolium
Parishia paucijuga
Parishia pubescens
Parkia speciosa
Parsonsia spiralis
Paspalum commersonii
Paspalum conjugatum

896
1930
1931
1932

292

293
1459
1321
2176
2177

458
2277
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2278
1993
1992
1999
1994
2001
1995
1997
1996
2000
1074
1076
1075
1078
1079

353

354
2237
2236
1579

533

529

532

534

535

264

262
1334

353
1084
1080

Paspalum distichum
Paspalum longifolium
Paspalum orbiculare
Passiflora foetida
Passiflora laurifolia
Passiflora quadrangularis
Passiflora suberosa
Pavetta indica

Payena havilandii
Payena lucida

Payena maingayi
Payena sessilis
Peliosanthes violacea
Peliosanthes viridis
Pellacalyx axillaris
Pellacalyx saccardianus
Pellionia daveauana
Peltophorum ferrugineum
Pemphis acidula
Pentace triptera
Pentaphragma ridleyi
Pentaphragma scortechinii
Peperomia pellucida
Peristrophe acuminata
Peristrophe tinctoria
Peronema canescens
Perotis latifolia
Petunga conifera
Phaeanthus nutans
Philydrum lanuginosum
Phoebe declinata
Phoebe grandis

Phoebe opaca
Photinopteris speciosa
Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus urinaria
Physalis minima
Physostelma wallichii
Phytocrene bracteata
Pilea muscosa
Pimeleodendron griffithianum
Pinanga disticha
Pinanga limosa
Pinanga malaiana
Pinanga simplicifrons
Pinanga singaporensis
Pinanga subruminata
Piper caninum

Piper chaba

281

282

Piper flavimarginatum
Piper lanatum

Piper maingayi

Piper miniatum

Piper muricatum

Piper pachyphyllum

Piper pedicellosum

Piper porphyrophyllum
Piper protractum

Piper ribesioides

Piper sarmentosum
Pipturus mollisimus

Pistia stratiotes
Pithecellobium affine
Pithecellobium angulatum
Pithecellobium clypearia
Pithecellobium confertum
Pithecellobium contortum
Pithecellobium ellipticum
Pithecellobium jiringa
Pithecellobium microcarpum
Pittosporum ferrugineum
Pityrogramma calomelanos
Plagiostachys lateralis
Planchonella obovata
Plantago asiatica
Platycerium coronarium
Platycerium ridleyi
Plectocomia griffithii
Plectocomiopsis annulatus
Plectocomiopsis scortechinii
Pleocnemia olivacea
Plethiandra sessiliflora
Plocoglottis gigantea
Plocoglottis javanica
Plocoglottis lowii

Pluchea indica

Plumbago zeylanica
Podochilus microphyllus
Pogonanthera pulverulenta
Polyalthia angustissima
Polyalthia beccarii
Polyalthia cauliflora
Polyalthia desmantha
Polyalthia hypoleuca
Polyalthia lateriflora
Polyalthia macropoda
Polyalthia scortechinii
Polyalthia sumatrana

2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2413
Bi)
1262
1259
1259
EIST
1360
1261
1263
1264
2026
121
2500
2284
2027
122
123
1984
197]
197]
125
1461
1892
1893
1894
577
2028
1895
1462
306
308
308
308
312
314
315
316
318

Polygala brachystachya
Polygonum barbatum
Polyosma conocarpa
Polyosma flavo-virens
Polyosma ridleyi

Polypodium grandidentata

Polypodium moultoni
Polypodium nigrescens
Polypodium phymatodes
Polypodium punctatum
Polypodium revolutum
Polypodium sinuosum
Polypodium verrucosum
Polystachya flavescens
Pomatocalpa latifolium
Pometia alnifolia
Pongamia pinnata
Popowia fusca

Popowia ramosissima
Popowia tomentosa
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca quadrifida
Pothos latifolius
Pouzolzia indica
Premna corymbosa
Premna foetida

Premna punctulata
Premna ridleyi

Premna trichostoma
Prismatomeris tetranda
Pseuderanthemum kingii

Pseudo-eugenia singaporensis

Psilotum complanatum
Psychotria angulata
Psychotria cantleyi
Psychotria griffithii
Psychotria helferiana
Psychotria maingayi
Psychotria malayana
Psychotria obovata
Psychotria ovoidea
Psychotria penangensis
Psychotria ridleyi
Psychotria rostrata
Psychotria sarmentosa
Psychotria stipulacea
Pteleocarpa malaccensis
Pteridium aquilinum
Pteris decussata

2029
2041
2287
2286
2285
163
Be
119
120
106
79
110
60
1896
1897
2260
1336
a19
320
321
2047
2049
398
2419
2435
2436
2438
2439
2437
2182
208
1638
130
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2188
474
132
135

Pteris ensiformis

Pteris tripartita

Pteris vittata
Pterisanthes coriacea
Pternandra coerulescens
Pternandra echinata
Pternandra paniculata
Pterococcus corniculatus

Pterospermum diversifolium

Pterospermum javanicum
Ptychopyxis caput-medusae
Ptychopyxis costata
Ptychoraphis singaporensis
Pycreus nitens

Pycreus polystachyus
Pygeum parviflorum
Pygeum persimile
Pygeum polystachyum
Pyrenaria acuminata
Quercus argentata
Quercus bennettii
Quercus cantleyana
Quercus conocarpa
Quercus cyclophora
Quercus encleisacarpa
Quercus ewyckii
Quercus lamponga
Quercus lucida

Quercus spicata
Quercus wallichiana
Quisqualis indica
Radermachera lobbii
Randia anisophylla
Randia auriculata
Randia clarkei

Randia densiflora
Randia fragrantissima
Randia longiflora
Randia macrophylla
Randia penangiana
Raphidophora korthalsii
Raphidophora lobbii
Raphidophora maingayi
Raphidophora minor
Remirea maritima
Renanthera elongata
Renanthera histrionica
Rhizophora conjugata
Rhizophora mucronata

134
136
137
2470
1463
1464
1465
941
2345
2346
942
943
1985
669
668
2076
2076
2078
2376
973
961
962
963
964
966
967
971
970
965
972
538
459
2179
2080
2175
208 1
2172
2173
2197
2174
399
400
401
402
666
1899
1900
2073
2074

Rhodamnia trinervia
Rhododendron longiflorum
Rhodomyrtus tomentosus
Rhynchospora aurea
Rhynchospora glauca
Rhynchospora malasica
Rhynchospora wallichiana
Rhyncostylis gigantea
Ricinus communis
Rivina humilis
Robiquetia spathulata
Roucheria griffithiana
Rourea acuminata
Rourea concolor

Rourea fulgens

Rourea pulchella
Rourea rugosa

Rourea similis

Rubus angulosus

Rubus moluccanus
Ruellia repens

Ryparosa hullettii
Ryparosa wallichii
Saccharum arundinaceum
Sacciolepis angusta
Sacciolepis myosuroides
Sacciolepis turgida
Salacia flavescens
Salacia grandiflora
Salacia korthalsiana
Salacia latifolia

Salacia prinoides
Salacia rubra

Salacia viminea
Salomonia cantoniensis
Samadera indica
Sandoricum emarginatum
Sandoricum koetjape
Santiria apiculata
Santiria laevigata
Santiria rubiginosa
Sapium discolor
Saprosma glomerulata
Sarcanthus halophilus
Sarcochilus caligaris
Sarcolobus globosus
Sarcostoma javanica
Saurauia tristyla
Sauropus albicans

283

284

Scaevola frutescens
Scaphium affine
Scaphium linearicarpum
Schefflera cephalotes
Schefflera hullettii
Schefflera lanceolata
Schefflera micrantha
Schefflera ridleyi
Schefflera subulata
Schismatoglottis calyptrata
Schismatoglottis wallichii
Schizachryium semiberbe
Schizaea dichotoma
Schizaea digitata
Schizoloma divergens
Schizoloma ensifolium
Schizoloma heterophyllum
Schizoloma walkerae

Schizostachyum chilianthum

Schizostachyum latifolium
Schizostachyum tenue
Schizostchyum zolleringi
Schoenorchis micrantha
Schoenorchis secundiflora
Schoenus calostachyus
Sciaphila affinis
Scindapsus hederaceus
Scindapsus pictus
Scirpodendron costatum
Scirpus grossus

Scirpus mucronatus
Scleria bancana

Scleria biflora

Scleria caricina

Scleria corymbosa
Scleria hebecarpa

Scleria levis

Scleria multifoliata
Scleria oryzoides

Scleria sumatrensis
Scleria zeylanica
Scleropyrum ridleyi
Scolopia rhinanthera
Scoparia dulcis
Scorodocarpus borneensis
Scurrula ferruginea

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

Sebastiania chamalaea
Selaginella atroviridis

996
2348
2347

412

414

415

413

417

416

404

405
1096

143

144

82
84
85
92
1097
1098
1097
1099
1904
1905

722
2396

406

407

723

724

725

129

727

728

730

vas

732

734

733

736

735
2245

984
2312
1713
1392
2199

948

147

Selaginella ciliaris
Selaginella mayeri
Selaginella roxburghii
Selaginella willdenowii
Selliguea heterocarpa
Serianthes grandiflora
Sesamum indicum
Sesuvium portulacastrum
Setaria rubiginosa
Shorea bracteolata
Shorea curtisii

Shorea gibbosa

Shorea gratissima
Shorea leprosula
Shorea macroptera
Shorea ovalis

Shorea parvifolia
Shorea pauciflora
Shorea platycarpa
Sida carpinifolia

Sida cordifolia

Sida rhombifolia
Sigesbeckia orientalis
Sindora intermedia
Sindora wallichii
Sloanea javanica
Sloetia elongata
Smilax barbata

Smilax calophylla
Smilax leucophylla
Smilax megacarpa
Smilax myosotiflora
Smythea pacifica
Solanum ferox
Solanum nigrum
Solanum sarmentosum
Solanum torvum
Sonerila begoniaefolia
Sonerila heterostemon
Sonneratia acida
Sonneratia alba
Sonneratia griffithii
Sparganophorus vaillantii
Spathodea campanulata
Spathodea nilotica
Spathoglottis plicata
Spatholobus ferrugineus
Spatholobus maingayi
Spatholobus ridleyi

146 ©

148
149
151
152
1344
2006
228
1102
774
776
TE
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
1409
1410
1411
79
1346
1346
818
1580
2321
2322
2324
2325
2326
2055
2328
2329
2330
2951
1467
1466
2333
2332
2332
580
460
460
1906
1347
1348
1349

Sphaeranthus africanus
Sphaerocaryum elegans

Sphaerostephanos polycarpus

Sphaerostylis malaccense
Sphenodesme pentandra
Spilanthes acmella
Sporobolus diander
Sporobolus indicus
Stachyphrynium griffithii
Stachyphrynium parvum
Stachytarpheta indica
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Stachytarpheta mutabilis
Staurogyne griffithiana
Staurogyne setigera
Stemonurus Capitatus
Stemonurus scorpioides
Stemonurus secundiflorus
Stenochlaena palustris
Stephanotis maingayi
Sterculia bicolor
Sterculia elongata
Sterculia javanica
Sterculia laevis

Sterculia macrophylla
Sterculia parviflora
Sterculia rubiginosa
Stereospermum chelonoides
Striga hirsuta
Strombosia javanica
Strombosia rotundifolia
Strophanthes brevicaudatus
Strophanthes dichotomus
Strychnos malaccensis
Strychnos ovalifolia
Strychnos pubescens
Strychnos ridleyi

Styrax benzoin

Styrax crotonoides
Susum malayanum
Swintonia schwenkii
Symplocos adenophylla
Symplocos celastrifolia
Symplocos fasciculata
Symplocos odoratissima
Symplocos pulverulenta
Symplocos ridleyi
Symplocos rigida
Symplocos rubiginosa

581
1104

154

932
2440

554
1105
1105
1418
1415
2442
2443
2it+

210

212
1174
1175
1175

156

446
2349
2352
2351
2350
2353
2354
2355

461
2314
1715
1714

357

356
1377
1378
1377
1380
2357
2358
1147

265
2359
2361
2362
2364
2364
2363
2360
2365

Synedrella nodiflora
Syngramma alismifolia

Tabernaemontana corymbosa

Tabernaemontana hirta

Tabernaemontana malaccensis

Tacca chantrieri

Tacca cristata
Taeniophyllum filiforme
Taeniophyllum obtusum
Taenitis blechnoides
Talauma lanigera
Talauma singaporensis
Tarenna adpressa
Tarenna fragrans
Tarenna mollis

Tarenna ridleyi

Tarenna Sstellulata
Tarrietia simplicifolia
Tectaria angulata
Tectaria barberi

Tectaria multicaudata
Tectaria singaporeana
Tephrosia subamoena
Teratophyllum aculeatum
Teratophyllum ludens
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia phellocarpa
Terminalia subspathulata
Ternstroemia bancana
Ternstroemia wallichiana
Tetracera assa

Tetracera fagifolia
Tetracera lucida
Tetracera macrophylla
Tetracera sumatrana
Tetracera sylvestris
Tetramerista glabra
Thelasis carinata
Thelasis micrantha
Thelasis triptera
Thelypteris chlamydophora
Thelypteris motleyi
Themeda arguens
Themeda villosa
Thespesia populnea
Thoracostachyum bancanum
Thottea dependens
Thottea grandiflora

Thrixspermum acuminatissimum

582
157
358
358
359
2366
2366
1908
1909
158
1401
1398
2200
2202
2203
2205
2206
2341
161
162
164
166
1353
167
168
540
541
542
2377
2379
747
749
748
751
749
747
2368
1910
1911
1912
102
103
1108
1109
1412
738
420
421
1913

285

286

Thrixspermum amplexicaule
Thrixspermum arachnites
Thrixspermum calceolus
Thrixspermum ridleyanum
Thrixspermum trichoglottis
Thuarea sarmentosa
Thunbergia alata
Thunbergia fragrans
Thunbergia grandiflora
Timonius finlaysonianus
Timonius flavescens
Timonius wallichianus
Timonius wrayi
Tinomiscium petiolare
Tinospora crispa

Torenia polygonoides
Tournefortia wallichii
Trema angustifolia

Trema orientalis

Trema virgata

Trevesia cheirantha
Trichomanes bimarginatum
Trichomanes christii
Trichomanes humile
Trichomanes jJavanicum
Trichomanes obscurum
Trichomanes pallidum
Trichomanes singaporeanum
Trichomanes sublimbatum
Trichosanthes celebica
Trichosanthes wallichiana
Trichosanthes wawraei
Tridax procumbens
Trigonachras acuta
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum
Trigonochlamys grandifolia
Trigonochlamys griffithii
Trigonostemon longifolius
Triomma malaccensis
Tristania merguensis
Tristania obovata
Tristania sumatrana
Tristellateia australasiae
Triumfetta pseudo-cana
Triumfetta rhomboidea
Tropidia curculigoides
Turnera trioniflora
Turnera ulmifolia

Turpinia latifolia

1914
1916
1915
1917
1919
1110
214
216
aL
2207
2208
2209
2210
1513
1514
2296
475
2405
2407
2406
418
176
170
171
172
176
177
178
179
640
641
642
583
2261
2395
480
4490
952
494
1692
1693
1694
1404
2393
2394
1923
2398
2399
2335

Turpinia laxiflora
Turraea breviflora
Tylophora asthmatica
Tylophora squarrosa
Tylophora tenuis
Tylophora wallichii
Typhonium cuspidatum
Typhonium roxburghii
Uncaria attenuata
Uncaria gambir
Uncaria glabrata
Uncaria jasminiflora
Uncaria ovalifolia
Uncaria pedicellata
Uncaria pteropoda
Uncaria roxburghiana
Uncaria sclerophylla
Uraria crinita

Urceola brachysepala
Urceola lucida
Urceola maingayi
Urceola malaccensis
Urceola torulosa
Urena lobata
Urophyllum glabrum
Urophyllum griffithianum
Urophyllum hirsutum
Urophyllum macrophyllum
Urophyllum streptopodium
Urophyllum trifurcum
Utricularia albina
Utricularia bifida
Utricularia exoleta
Utricularia fluitans
Utricularia griffithii
Uvaria excelsa

Uvaria hirsuta

Uvaria lobbiana
Uvaria macrophylla
Uvaria purpurea
Uvaria ridleyi

Uvaria subrepanda
Vaccinium acuminatissimum
Vaccinium hasseltii
Vaccinium malaccense
Vandellia crustacea
Vandellia elata
Vandellia hirsuta
Vandellia pedunculata

2335
1501
448
449
450
449
408
409
2202
2215
2216
2243
2240
2214
227
2218
2214
1353
360
361
362
363
364
1413
2221
2A2e
2223
2224
2226
2227
1363
1362
1364
1365
1366
7a |
327
329
324
326
328
329
821
823
822
2304
2305
2309
2301

Vanilla griffithii
Vatica maingayi
Vatica ridleyana
Vatica wallichii
Ventilago malaccensis
Vernonia arborea
Vernonia chinensis
Vernonia cinerea
Vernonia javanica
Viburnum sambucinum
Vigna retusa

Viscum articulatum
Viscum orientale
Vitex coriacea

Vitex negundo

Vitex peralata

Vitex pteropoda

Vitex pubescens

Vitex trifolia

Vitex vestita

Vitis cinnamomea
Vitis elegans

Vitis furcata

Vitis glaberrima

Vitis gracilis

Vitis hastata

Vitis lawsoni

Vitis macrostachya
Vitis mollissima

Vitis novemfolia

Vitis repens

Vitis trifolia

Vittaria elongata
Vrydagzynea albida
Vrydagzynea lancifolia
Vrydagzynea tristriata
Wedelia biflora
Wikstroemia ridleyi
Willughbeia coriacea
Willughbeia firma
Willughbeia flavescens
Willughbeia tenuiflora
Wolffia arhiza
Wormia excelsa
Wormia pulchella
Wormia suffruticosa
Xanthium strumarium
Xanthophyllum affine
Xanthophyllum curtisii

1924
785
786
786

2056
584
586
585
584
506

1354

1394

1395

2445

2448

2446

2446

2449

2450

2451

2455

2456

2466

2464

2457

2463

2473

2467

2460

2461

2465

2462
181

1925

1926

1927
587

2385
368
368
365
371

1360
741
744
746
589

2306

2313

Xanthophyllum discolor
Xanthophyllum kingti

Xanthophyllum obscurum
Xanthophyllum palembanicum
Xerospermum intermedium

Xerospermum wallichii
Ximenia americana
Xylopia caudata
Xylopia dicarpa
Xylopia ferruginea
Xylopia fusca
Xylopia malayana
Xylopia oxyantha
Xylopia ridleyi
Xyris anceps

Xyris indica
Zalacca affinis
Zalacca conferta
Zanthoxylum hirtellum
Zeuxine clandestina
Zingiber griffithii
Zingiber puberulum
Zingiber zerumbet
Ziziphus calophylla
Ziziphus elegans
Ziziphus horsfieldii
Ziziphus oenoplia
Zornia diphylla
Zoysia pungens

2033
2034
2037
2035
2264
2264
1716

331

335
332a

333

335
332b

275
2474
2475
1986
1961
2238
1928
2502
2503
2504
2057
2058
2059
2060
1356
1114

287

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Book REVIEWS

1. The Concise Flora of Singapore, Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons.

Hsuan Keng. Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore, Kent ridge,
Singapore 0511. 1990. xxii + 222 pp. + 116 pp. illus. + text illus. ISBN 9971-69-135-3
(Paper), S$42.00

In 1819 when Singapore founded it was almost entirely covered by trees, with about
82% of the vegetation under lowland dipterocarp forest, 13% under mangrove forest and
5% under freshwater swamp forest. By 1884 when the first report on the forests of
Singapore was published, only about 7% of the original dry-land forest remained. This
was a consequence of the rapid development of the colony creating a great demand for
fuelwood and agricultural land. Today most of Singapore’s remaining native forests
occupy about 2800 hectares. About 2000 hectares are gazetted as Nature Reserves,
including less than 100 hectares of “primary” areas.

The National Parks Board of Singapore is entrusted with the care of these Reserves
and is actively managing them for recreation, conservation, research and education. There
is a growing demand in Singapore for outdoor recreation and also an increasing
awareness and appreciation of nature as indicated by the very high visitor numbers to the
Nature Reserves and great enthusiasm for the Nature society (Singapore) activities. There
is also an increasing interest in native species for amenity planting where once fast
growing exotics were preferred. To the managers, members of the public and others
interested in the flora of Singapore, this publication is timely.

According to Keng there are 3 families, 3 genera and 8 species of Gymnosperms, and
125 families, 574 genera and 1,285 species of dicotyledons native to Singapore. All the
families are given a brief description. Genera are not described but all species are with a
useful concise description that also include notes on ecology, occurrence/origin and uses.
Where available, vernacular and Chinese names are given. With exceptions, a herbarium
specimen is cited for each native species.

In addition to the native species, over 650 species of naturalised and cultivated plants
are included in this Flora. The large numbers of such plants included is a distinctive and
valuable feature increasing the usefulness of the book. Plants ranging from Victoria
amazonica, introduced to the Botanic Gardens, to common vegetables like Cucurbits and
Brassicas are found together with ornamentals like Adenium obesum and Ipomoea
quamoclit and fruits such as Manilkara zapota and Artocarpus heteropyllus.

The book is provided with 116 pages of simple line drawings presented four to a
page, mostly by Ro-siu Ling Keng, the author’s wife. Although many of the plates suffer
a loss of detail in the reduction and printing they still serve the very useful function of
providing visual images for many of the species and aiding identification. A list of the
illustrations is provided after the contents page following the phylogenetic order that the
families are arranged in. As the species illustrated are not also included in the index, it is
not easy for the reader to quickly determine if a particular species is illustrate or not.

289

290

Keys to genera or groups of genera (in cases of large families) are provided. Keys to
species have been excluded because of the constraint of space and because, “many useful
keys to species are available in the regional literature” (pg. xxii). This is a pity as keys
specific to the species from Singapore can quickly lead to their identification. Not many
readers will have access to the relevent regional literature and in some cases practical
keys are not even available.

At the back, before the index, Keng has provided separate keys to the families of
Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons. These are useful keys that have been adapted form his
earlier book, “Orders and Families of Malayan Seed Plants” (3rd ed. 1983).

The author and illustrator must be congratulated for putting together this very
practical and useful manual. Users will be looking forward to the companion volume on
the Monocotyledons.

A Flora is a permanent record of plants, and though plant names may change, the
plants do not. This book will remain useful for many years to come and users will refer to
their copies repeatedly. It is indeed a great pity that the printing, binding, cover and
paper used do no justice to the value of the book. The herbarium copy is already battered
and dog-eared, the cover picture fading, the binding becoming lose and pages threatening
to come apart; all through heavy (but normal) use. Let us hope the publishers do a better
job with the companion volume.

2. The Bamboos of Sabah.

Soejatmi Dransfield, 1992, Sabah Forest Records No. 14. Forest Department Sabah,
Malaysia. 94pp. ISBN 983-9554-03-4. M$40, postage extra. Available from, Senior
Research Officer, Forest Research Centre, Sepilok, P.O. Box 1407, 90007 Sandakan,
Sabah, Malaysia.

Bamboos are giant grasses, typically woody and with hollow stems. They are found
throughout the tropical to temperate regions of the world, except Europe and Western
Asia, between 46° north and 47° south, from the lowlands up to 4000 m. The majority
occur in the lowlands in the tropics of Asia and America with very few in Africa. Their
natural range has been greatly extended by cultivation for use as a technological material
and as ornamentals. It is perhaps in Asia that bamboos are put to the greatest use; from
angklungs to house-posts, and windmills to xylophones. The young shoots of many
species are used as food.

In an age of rapid loss of tropical forests, bamboos, fast growing and with multiple
uses, offer a way of producing both food and woody material for technological and
industrial uses. The first stage is the documentation of the species so that users and others
interested can tell one bamboo from another. This book by Soejatmi Dransfield, a leading
bamboo specialist, describes all the bamboos found in Sabah. There are 10 genera (one
still unnamed) and 35 species (4 still unnamed). Most species have a very limited
distribution and the author predicts that more species can be expected to be found. An
introductory part provides an outline of bamboo morphology. This is followed by a key
to the genera. Subsequently, the genera and species are treated alphabetically. Under each
genus there is a key to species. All genera and species are provided with a fairly

es

comprehensive description and additional information is provided under the subheadings:

Distribution, Local names, Uses and Notes.

Thirty-one of the species are illustrated, 30 with a full-page figure each and one with
two full-page figures. The figures are of a good quality, attractive, very clear and show
many of the diagnostic features required for identification.

The book is beautiful and generously produced with the signature well sewn and
bound and the paper of relatively heavy weight and of a good quality.

The few comments offered are with regards to making the book easier to use. As
indicated in the blurb on the dust-jacket and in the preface, this is a practical guide. It is
not written only for other bamboo specialists. As such a slightly expanded section on the
morphology of bamboos with well labelled illustrations would be a great help. In this
book the discussion on morphology is made with some reference to the text figures on
the various species; this method is helpful, but specific, well-labelled illustrations are
necessary to help the non-initiated come to grips with bamboo morphology, irrespective
of whether these may appear repetitive to the specialists or can be found in another book.
In addition, a glossary of terms might also be useful. A guide such as this should always
strive to educate as well as to inform.

The key to genera is essential in the process of identifying a Sabah bamboo. Yet the
average user will most probably be frustrated at the first lead where inflorescence
characters are used, as the user will most likely be confronted with a non-flowering
specimen. In the same key at lead 8, the pair of contrasting statements are not contrasting
enough, viz: .

“sheaths usually covered with dark hairs, blades usually erect
....-... Bambusa

“sheaths usually covered with white or light brown to dark brown hairs, blades
ummNN A CIRM RI 2 nce, OL dea» ole oe cae oF

In practise it may be difficult to differentiate between “dark hairs” and “dark brown
hairs.” Although the clum sheath blades are usually erect in Bambusa, they can, as in B.
blumeana, be “erect first, then spreading...” (pg. 11), as in Fig. 1, where the blade of B.
blumeana is shown to be deflexed.

There comments do not detract from the fact that this is a well produced, attractive
and valuable documentation of all the bamboos of Sabah; the first such account to be
written. The author, the Forestry department of Sabah and the editor have made a very
useful contribution to an important resource

CHIN SEE CHUNG

Herbarium,

Singapore Botanic Gardens,
National Parks Board, Singapore

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The Gardens' Bulletin

Singapore

VOL. 45 (Part 2) Dec 1993 ISSN 0374-7859

NATIONAL PARKS BOARD
Singapore Botanic Gardens Cluny Road Singapore 1025 Tel: 4741165 Telefax: 4754295

THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Chairman: Bernard T.G. Tan, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); D. Phil. (Oxon.)

Members: Syed Yusoff Alsagoff
C.J. Goh, B.Sc.Hons. (Singapore); Ph.D (Newcastle upon Tyne)
Leo W.H. Tan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Singapore)
W.K. Tan, B.A. (Wms Coll., Mass.); M.Sc. (M.S.U., Mich.);
Ph.D. (U.M., FI.)
Lawrence C.C. Leong, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Malaya)
T.W. Foong, B.Sc.Hons., Ph.D. (Cant.)
Jennifer Ng-Lim Cheo Tee, B.Sc., M.A. (Dublin)

Editors : Chin See Chung, B.Sc.Hons (Singapore); M.Sc. (Malaya); M.S.,
M. Phil., Ph.D.(Yale)
S.Y Geh, B.Sc.Hons., M.Sc. (Singapore); Dip.Hort.Sc. (Massey)

Reviewers: R.N. Hilton, Nedlands, WA, Australia
B.S. Parris, Takapuna, New Zealand
H.D. Thiers, San Francisco State University, California, USA
C.B. Wolfe, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, USA

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published twice yearly by the National Parks Board, Singapore.
Neither the National Parks Board nor the Editorial Committee is responsible for the opinions
or conclusions expressed by the contributing authors.

The Gardens’ Bulletin is priced at Singapore $40.00 excluding postage. Overseas
subscribers are required to make payment in the form of bank drafts or international money
orders in Singapore currency payable to the Executive Director, National Parks Board,
Singapore.

Instructions for contributing authors are found behind the Contents Table.

bia 2
0 CT 1 9 4 ORETU

The Gardens"Bulletin

Singapore
VOL. 45(Part 2) Dec 1993 ISSN. 0374-7859
CONTENTS

GAY, H., HENNIPMAN, E., HUXLEY, C.R. & PARROTT, F.J.E.
The Taxonomy, Distribution and Ecology of the Epiphytic Malesian

Ant-Fern Lecanopteris Reinw. (Polypodiaceae) ............ccccccccceeesseceeeeees 293 — 335
CORNER, E.J.H.

Psathyrella (Agaricales) with Ornamented Spores in the

i Sie on Melee esate 5 kel een 0e). Aga co oft ge A ie tae aE 337 —357
WATLING, R.

Observations on Malaysian Bolbitaceae with Records from

UNO UNIO oo atk enc dh ask eh raehig gu ors= Ses eccb angie cenaraceovennsen 359 — 381
TAY, E.P.

Book Review :

Flora of Australia Vol. 50: Oceanic Islands 2 ...............ceceeeeeeeeseteeeeeees 383 — 384

Published by

National Parks Board
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Cluny Road
Singapoe 1025

Printed by Oxford Graphic Printers

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Manuscripts: The Editorial Committee of the Gardens’ Bulletin will be glad to receive and
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Scientific names: The complete scientific name — genus, species, authority, and cultivar
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Abbreviations: Standard chemical symbols may be used in text (e.g. IAA, IBA, ATP), but
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of measurement should be spelled out except when preceded by a numberal where they
should be abbreviated in standard for: g. mg, ml, etc. and not followed by stops.

Literature citations: Citations in the text should take the form: King and Chan (1964). If
several papers by the same author in the same year are cited, they should be lettered in
sequence (1964a), (1964b), etc. When papers are by three or more authors they should be
cited as e.g., Geesink et al. (1981). All references must be placed in alphabetic order
according to the surname of the (first) author and in the following form:

Singh, H. (1976). Sclereids in Fagraea. Gard. Bull. Sing. 22, 193-212.

Abbreviations of titles of journals should be those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals
(4th Edition) or the Selected Abbreviated Titles of Biological Journals (London: Institute of
Biology).

References to books and monographs should be cited according to the following form:
Ridley, H.N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World, L. Reeve; Ashford,
Kent: 242-255.

For literature citations in taxonomic papers the following style is required:
Medinilla alternifolia BI., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. I:2(1849) 19.
Sterculia acuminatissima Merr., Philip. J. Sci. 21 (1922) 524.

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SINGAPORE 1025.

/

|
.
.

THE TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND
ECOLOGY OF THE EPIPHYTIC MALESIAN
ANT-FERN LECANOPTERIS REINW.
(POLYPODIACEAE)

H. Gay!, E. HENNIPMAN’, C. R. Huxtey! & F. J. E. Parrott°.

1: Dept of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, OX1 3RA, U.K.
2: Zweerslaan 34, 3723 HP Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
3: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Whitehall Place, London.
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE : 31 MARCH 1994

Abstract

Lecanopteris comprises 13 epiphytic species with expanded rhizomes which shelter ants in a mutualistic association.
Taxonomic descriptions and a key are given. In subgenus Myrmecopteris, L. sinuosa occurs throughout Malesia, in most
habitats below 800 m a.s.1., especially in the ant-epiphyte communities of dry forest. Lecanopteris crustacea is confined
to Bornean, Sumatran and Malaysian lowland dipterocarp canopies. Its sister species, L. sarcopus occurs in intact and
disturbed forest from 400-1200m in the Philippines and Sulawesi. Lecanopteris mirabilis is found in New Guinea, Ambon
and Seram, and is locally abundant in undisturbed mid-montane forest. Subgenus Lecanopteris consists of three groups,
typified by L. curtisii,L. pumilaand L. darnaedii. Lecanopteris curtisii forms distinct races in New Guinea, the Philippines,
Sumatra, Java and Bomeo. It is arare member of intact or old disturbed hill forest between 400 m and 1200 m. The L. pumila
group contains three endemics of lower montane forest in Sulawesi: L. celebica,L. carnosa and L. balgooyi, and a Philippine
endemic, L. Juzonensis.Lecanopteris pumilais found in mid-montane forest and ridgetops in Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo,
where it forms distinct races. The L. darnaedii group is endemic to Sulawesi; the three species are allopatric and found in
undisturbed mid-montane forest. Myrmeco-epiphytic communities, inhabited by /ridomyrmex cordatus, are found in
Bomean heath forest and New Guinean savannah. The ants contribute to the spread of ant-epiphytes by planting their
propagules in the ant carton surrounding L. sinuosa. The only ecological characteristic common to Lecanopteris apart from
myrmecophytism is heliophily, confining individuals to habitats with open canopies or tree crowns. No preference is
manifested for host species, but Lecanopteris tends to grow on rough-barked trees.

Introduction

The ant-associated fern genus Lecanopteris Reinw. comprises 13 species which
are largely confined to Malesia, and is characterised by a highly modified rhizome
which shelters ants. Despite its remarkable biology and morphology, the genus
remained in relative obscurity for 150 years after its first description by Reinwardt
in 1828. Recently it has been the simultaneous subject of a D. Phil. thesis and a
taxonomic monograph (Gay 1990; E. Hennipman unpub.). This article provides
taxonomic descriptions based on field and herbarium material and a detailed
account of the ecology and distribution of Lecanopteris.

The ant association, rhizome structure and evolution of Lecanopteris have been
described by Gay (1990, 1991, 1993, in press) and Gay & Hensen (1992). Every
member of the genus possesses a hollow or expanded rhizome which is used as a
domatium by ants. Rhizome form varies from a solid, arched domatium (L.
mirabilis (C. Chr.) Copel.) to dimorphism of solid and hollow rhizomes (L. sarcopus

294

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275

Teysm. & Binnend.), a single gallery (L. sinuosa Wall. ex Hook., L. pumila B1.)
or a double gallery (L. darnaedii Hennipman) (Gay 1993). In a given habitat, a
constant ant species from the genera Crematogaster or Iridomyrmex nests, rears
larvae and deposits debris in the rhizome, and may build carton runways and keep
coccids in the vicinity. When the fern’s geographical or altiditudinal range is
wider than that of the ant, another ant species replaces the major inhabitant beyond
the limits of the former’s range, showing that in this mutualism host/ant specificity
is a function of ecology rather than evolution. Ant faeces and debris dumps within
the rhizome provide a source of nutrients for Lecanopteris (Gay in press). The
mutualism is based on acquisition of a nest by the ants, and nutrient uptake
for the ferns.

Materials, Methods and Sources

Ecological data were obtained from field observations in Papua New
Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Sulawesi for eight species of
Lecanopteris (L. mirabilis, L. crustacea, L. pumila, L. curtisiis.1.,L.sarcopus,
L. sinuosa, L. celebica and L. darnaedii). Field sites are listed in Appendix
1 and shown in Fig. 1. Data were recorded using two proformas: the first
described each individual Lecanopteris recorded at a site, and the second
recorded the habitat, following the technique developed by Webb, Tracey and
Williams (1976) for comparative physiognomic analysis of Australian and
New Guinean forest types. Herbarium specimen labels yielded limited
information on habitats; relevant collections are appropriately cited.

Herbarium specimens of all species, and wild and cultivated plants where
possible, were examined for the taxonomic descriptions. Spore, sporangium and
venation characters are from Hetterscheid and Hennipman (1984), Hennipman
(1986) and Hennipman and Verduyn (1987). Other authors are cited where
appropriate. Specimens from the following herbaria were used: Kew (K); the
Natural History Museum (BM); Lae (LAE); Port Moresby (UPNG); Singapore
(SING); Kepong (KEP); Leiden (L); Berlin (B); Utrecht (U); Bogor (BO); New
York (NY); Munich (M) and Michigan (MICH). The distribution maps are based
on herbarium material and are after Hennipman (1986, and unpub.). The following
abbrevations are used in the text: G. = Gunung (mountain); S. = Sungei (river);
Ss. n. = un-numbered herbarium specimen; s. d. = specimen without date.

Taxonomic Account

LECANOPTERIS Reinwardt

Flora 3: 48 (1825); Onychium carnosum Reinwardt, in Syllog. Plantarum 2: 2 (1824), nom illeg. non Kaulfuss
(1820); Copeland, Gen. Fil.: 205 (1947); Holttum, Revised Flora of Malaya Volume 2, Ferns of Malaya: 208
(1955); Hennipman, in Kew Bull. 41: 783 (1986); Hennipman and Verduyn, Blumea 32 : 313 (1987).

296

Type : Lecanopteris carnosa (Reinw.) Blume.

Myrmecophila (Christ) Nakai, in Bot Mag. Tokyo 43: 6 (1929) nom illeg. non Rolfe (1917). Polypodium sect.
Myrmecophila Christ, Farnkr.: 12(1987). Myrmecopteris Pic. Ser., in Webbia 31:239 (1977).

Lectotype : Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel., selected by Pichi Sermolli.

Epiphytic or very rarely epilithic ferns of moderate size. Rhizome forming
a domatium, creeping, much to little-branched; monomorphic, rarely dimorphic
or subdimorphic; hollow with one or two gallery systems, or solid and arched,
pale green, opalescent or glaucous when living, black when dead; glabrous,
spiny, or bearing filamentous hairs or coralloid excrescences (subg.
Lecanopteris) or translucent, dark-centred, circular, dense or sparsely set
peltate scales (subg. Myrmecopteris). Always ant-inhabited. Phyllopodia
usually distinct, hollow and prominent or solid and unprotruding. Stipes
absent to elongate, glabrous, often dark brown. Fronds pale to dark green,
simple to deeply pinnatifid, chartaceous to coriaceous, articulate to phyllopodia,
distichous along rhizome, erect to ascending. Aborted fronds sometimes
present as spines or excrescences in subg. Lecanopteris. Venation a complex
network of areoles with included free veins. Sori rounded, immersed in the
lamina, either in a single row on either side of the midrib and costae (subg.
Myrmecopteris) or on round, oval or boat-shaped extra-marginal projections
(subg. Lecanopteris). Sporangia on triseriate stalk; annulus longitudinal,
interrupted and consisting of c. 13 thickened cells. Usually 64, rarely 16,
spores per sporangium. Spores monolete, orange, smooth and translucent,
filamentous in L. mirabilis.

Subgenus Myrmecopteris: Rhizome hollow or solid, densely covered with
orbicular, dark-centred peltate scales with translucent margins which hide the
rhizome colour. Rhizome does not blacken with age. Sori always immersed on
the lamina. Rhizome usually, but not always, much-branched.

Species: L. mirabilis, L. sarcopus, L. crustacea, L. sinuosa.

Subgenus Lecanopteris: Rhizome always hollow, glabrous, except for an
indumentum of scattered branched hairs and dark brown scales at the apices.
Rhizome bright pale green, opalescent or glaucous when young, blackening
with age. Sori immersed in re-curved extra-marginal lobes, except in L.
spinosa and L. balgooyi, where they are are immersed on the lamina. Rhizome
always much-branched.

Species: L. curtisii, L. pumila, L. celebica, L. carnosa, L. luzonensis, L. balgooyi,
L. spinosa, L. holttumii, L. darnaedii.

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KEY TO THE SPECIES

la. Rhizome with a dense or scattered covering of peltate scales which hide the rhizome colour
a MI aero Raa sacs eave sete easy Evading leak cas ee Soest ecco sce’ vvncndntouncadlosibeten vusbesuosvevndsosedoesss 2

1b. Rhizome macroscopically glabrous, bright green when young, blackening with age (subg. Lecanopteris)..5

2a. Rhizome solid, arched and plate-like; scales thinly scattered over its surface; fronds pinnatifid

SOO teem ene eee ee eeneeeeee

atl tA at Li aa OT STL RETREATED EE CL a Oe ae ee 1. L. mirabilis

2b. Rhizome completely or partly hollow, not arched and plate-like; densely covered with scales; fronds
ee REN PUNT aA bn cro bode SN Sodio dep Sod soc kds Zidusasvovegaes vad Vnsveot tenet adavcdevgsdiecbseaciapveakotlevens 3

3a. Rhizome dimorphic, consisting of solid cylindrical frond-bearing main branches and hollow, ovate,
frondless side branches; peltate scales black-centred. Fronds pinnatifid .................. 2. L. sarcopus

3b. Rhizome monomorphic, hollow except for the apical 2- 3 cm; peltate scales black or brown centred.

Se ePIC RNR MN kT, ee ode oA bd, “Bante ats saa nach cae ch cos soaks fav sascng sdusieudcsizeee A
4a. Peltate scales brown-centred. Fronds pinnate; rhizome much-branched.............. 3. L. crustacea
4b. Peltate scales black-centred. Fronds entire; rhizome much or little-branched......... 4. L. sinuosa

5a. Rhizome with a waxy sheen, glaucous, never spiny; extra-marginal sori boat-shaped

seer

be Le ta Wa NR Bea CNS ay REAM RR tM malty Orie” SOT 8G TPR ALL de dS a eR 5. L. curtisti

5b. Rhizome green, with scattered or dense spines derived from aborted fronds or epidermal
outgrowths, hollow or solid, or with coralloid excrescences derived from aborted phyllopodia,
or spineless but bearing an indumentum of glandular hairs «0.0.0.0... 0c ceceeeeeseeeeeeeteeeeeees 6

6a.

6b.

Spines or excrescences derived from modified undeveloped fronds and replacing some
fronds, in two rows along the rhizome. A single gallery system within rhizome.
PUR OVE TIE ORD UIIG o ioin lon Sep naniryrnerinvas ous scnnysidbnrtvbnsenvenboranstacsiectberanpie Fs

Spines derived from epidermal outgrowths and densely covering rhizome. Two gallery

systems in rhizome. Phyllopodia solid, not protruding .............c:ccesceseeeeesseeeeeeeees 11
7a. Spines hollow. Fronds entire to pinnatifid ................cceceeeeseeeeeees 6. L. balgooyi
7b. Spines solid, or replaced by coralloid excrescences. Fronds pinnatifid............. 8

8a. Rhizome covered with short coralloid excrescences 1-3 cm long, derived from
PGCITISR VII VELOGE SEOMIDS 1.2.52. uenacs asnnde oa svovetsevesspeceneraiasoanes 7. L. carnosa

8b. Rhizome with a more or less dense covering of solid spines, no
ma Tr RIA Re en Sak. boob cpwhapsndirvaGinsinnvildnp bossa nengonsctanssoaskidpaccaaBepags 9

9a. Large stout plants, rhizome diameter 2.5-3.5 cm. Fronds up to | m long.
Spines abundant On ThiZOME ...............0.csscescesssessesecersoeeess 8. L. celebica

9b. Small to moderate sized plants rhizome diameter 1|.5-2.5 cm. Fronds not
more than 45 cm long. Spines very sparse, never abundant .............. 10

10a. Rhizome bearing a dense indumentum of branched hyaline to brown
glandular hairs. LUZOM .........ccssscsssssesesseessensessees 9. L. luzonensis

298

10b. Rhizome apices with an indumentum of scattered brown glandular
hairs and scale. West Malesia .........1.-..ccsseeeee 10. L. pumila

lla. Fronds entire with sori inserted on lamina in two rows on
either side of rachis.........,.<:...1cschueeeeeeee 11. L. spinosa

11b. Fronds pinnatifid with sori immersed on extra-marginal lobes
or sessile on lamina ......:...:0:..«<enesonabenupsene-aeteaema ee 12

12a. Veins strongly sclerified, appearing black.
ik os Saindeias seid daca oxidshcean tas ae eae eae 12. L. darnaedii

12b. Veins slightly sclerified, appearing green.
poe engint can apei be coceaiseovabtccndtek tes ae 13. L. holttumii

Subgenus Myrmecopteris

1. Lecanopteris mirabilis (C. Chr.) Copel. Fig. 2.

Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 16: 123 (1929) (‘mirabile’)., Gen. Fil.: 205 (1947). Myrmecopteris mirabilis (C: Chr.)
Pic. Ser., in Webbia 31; 237 (1977). Polypodium imbricatum Karsten, in Ann. Bot. Jard. Buit. 12: 168 (1895),
nom. illeg. non Liebm. (1849). Polypodium mirabile C. Chr,,., Ind. Fil.: 545 (1906), nom. nov. pro Polypodium
imbricatum Karsten (1895) non Liebm. (1849). Pleopeltis imbricata Alderw., in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neer.
27: 3 (1909), nom. nov. pro Polypodium imbricatum Karsten (1895) non Liebm. (1849). Polypodium ulotheca
Brause, in Bot. Jahrb Syst. 56: 204 (1920). Myrmecophila ulotheca (Brause) Ching, in Sunyatsenia 5(4): 260
(1940). Myrmecopteris ulotheca (Brause) Pic. Ser., in Webbia 31: 237 (1977). Type: Ledermann 12641, New
Guinea (B).

Rhizome solid, arched and plate-like, 10-20 cm wide, forming a domatium
between the dark-coloured rhizome underside and the host tree surface, ant-
inhabited, branching sympodial and occasionally lateral, with scattered dark-
centred, orbicular, peltate scales 1-1.5 mm diam., denser on the rhizome edges and
underside. Phyllopodia solid, not prominent. Stipes dark brown, 10-30 cm long,
basal diameter 2-5 mm. Fronds dark green, deeply pinnatifid, winged at their bases,
10-15 x 30-90 cm, glabrous, coriaceous, monomorphic; apex and lobes rounded,
lobes perpendicular to the rachis, basal lobes narrower than median ones; veins
forming a series of areoles with a freely branching recurrent vein. Sori deeply
immersed on lamina, 2 mm diameter, circular, in a single row on either side of the
the main veins of the lamina lobes, forming projections 1 mm high on the upper
frond surface. Spores filamentous, 75 x 60 Um; filaments 1300-1900 im, 16 spores
per sporangium.

Representative specimens: New Guinea : Croft 539, Bululo-Aseki road, 20 km east
of Aseki, Morobe Province, montane rain forest, 2300 m asl. (LAE); Womersley
NGF 24942, Awande, nr. Okapa, Eastern Highlands Province, Castanopsis rain
forest, 5800 ft asl. (LAE); Gay 960, Mt Mon, Milne Bay Province, mid-montane
rain forest (K).

2. Lecanopteris sarcopus (Teysm. & Binnend.) Copel.

Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16: 123 (1929). Drynaria lomarioides J. Sm., in Hook. J. Bot. 3: 397 (1841), nom. nud,
Polypodium lomarioides Kunze ex Mett., in Ahb. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 2: 102 pl. 2 (1856). Pleopeltis

id .
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es

Fig. 2. Lecanopteris mirabilis

A: mature fertile frond D: peltate scales
B: rhizome E: venation of fertile frond
C: rhizome apex F: venation of sterile frond

Drawing by Jenni Marsh

299

300

lomarioides (Kunze ex Mett.) Copel., in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16: 123 (1929). Myrmecopteris lomarioides
(Kunze ex Mett.) Pic. Ser., in Webbia 31: 240 (1977). Type: Cuming 243, Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon, Philippines
(iso in BM, L, P, US). Polypodium sarcopus Teysm. & Binnend., in Natuurk. Ned. Ind. 29: 241 (1867).
Pleopeltis sarcopus (Teysm. & Binnend.) Alderw., in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neer]. 27: 3 (1909). Myrmecophila
sarcopus (Teysm. & Binnend.) Ching, in Sunyatsenia 5 (4): 259 (1940). Myrmecopteris sarcopus (Teysm. &
Binnend.) Pic. Ser., in Webbia 31: 240 (1977). Type: Teysmann and de Vries 75, Manado, Minahassa,
Sulawesi (iso in BM, K, L). Polypodium sauvinierei Baker, Ann. Bot. (1891), 480. Type: De la Sauviniére 382,
“route de Sukur a Sawan’, Minahassa, Sulawesi (K).

Rhizome creeping, dimorphic, consisting of solid, cylindrical, frond-
bearing rhizomes 1-2 cm diameter which produce hollow, frondless lateral
branches tapering at their apices, 2-3 cm diameter and forming an ant-
inhabited domatium with a dark inner wall, much-branched; densely covered
in translucent, orbicular, dark-centred, peltate scales, 1-2 mm diam.
Phyllopodia solid, prominent, 1-1.5 cm high. Stipes 10-30 cm long, dark
brown. Fronds mid-green, deeply pinnatifid, winged at their bases, 20-140
cm long, glabrous, coriaceous, monomorphic; apex and apices of lobes ovate;
veins forming a series of areoles with a freely branching recurrent vein. Sori
deeply immersed in lamina, 1-2 mm diameter, circular, in a single row on
either side of the rachis and main veins, forming projections on the upper
frond surface. Sporangia c. 500 um long. Spores biconvex.

Representative specimens: Sulawesi: Koorders 17115b, Minahassa (L);
Hennipman 6079, along Malili- Soroako road, nr Wasuponda, S Sulawesi, 440
m asl. (L); Gay 1262, Lake Matano, nr Soroako. Philippines: Cuming 241],
242, Luzon (K).

3. Lecanopteris crustacea Copel.

Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 12: 406 (1931). Polypodium lomarioides Kunze ex Mett., Farng. 1, Polypod. Tab.2, Figs
18-19 (1856). Pleopeltis lomarioides (Kunze ex Mett.) Moore, in Ind. Fil.: 78 (1857). Phymatodes crustacea
(Copel.) Holttum, Ferns of Malaya: 190 (1955). Type: Burchard 158, UC. 391610(UC.).

Rhizome creeping, hollow, forming an ant-inhabited domatium with a dark
inner wall, much-branched, sub-dimorphic, 3-5 cm diameter; thickly covered in
orbicular peltate scales 1-2 mm diameter with ferruginous centres and translucent
edges. Phyllopodia solid, not prominent. Stipes 10-15 cm long, dark brown.
Fronds mid-green, deeply pinnatifid, winged at their bases, 30-60 cm long, lobe
and frond apices rounded, fertile fronds more deeply lobed than sterile fronds;
veins forming a series of areoles with a freely branching recurrent vein. Sori
circular, deeply immersed on lamina in a single row on either side of the rachis
and main veins, forming projections | mm high on the upper lamina surface.
Spores biconvex.

Representative specimens: Sarawak: Richards 2259, Mt Dulit, rain forest, 300 m
asl. (K). Sumatra: de Wilde & de Wilde Duyfjes 19464, G. Leuser Forest Reserve,
Acheh, recently logged forest (L). Kalimantan: Kostermans 9793, Mentawi

NAR, be 3

301

River, Balikpapan Dist., low wetland (BO).

4. Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Fig. 3.

Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 12: 123 (1929). Polypodium sinuosum Wall. ex Hook., Spec. Fil. 5: 61, pl. 284
(1864) Pleopeltis sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Beddome, Ferns of British India pl. 8 (1865); Alderw.,
in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 27: 3 (1909). Phymatodes sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) J. Sm., Ferns
British and Foreign, 2nd ed.: 296 (1877). Myrmecophila sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Nakai ex Ito, in
J. Jap. Bot. 11: 98 (1935). Myrmecopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Pic. Ser., in Webbia 31: 240
(1977). Type: Wallich 2231, (K).

Rhizome hollow, forming an ant-inhabited domatium with a dark inner wall,
stout, creeping, 1-2 cm diameter, little or much-branched, densely covered with
orbicular, dark-centred peltate scales with translucent margins 1-2 mm diam.
Phyllopodia hollow, prominent, 1-1.5 cmhigh. Stipes brown to green, 3-8 cm long.
Fronds mid to pale bright green, entire, occasionally slightly crenate (especially
fertile fronds), winged at their bases, glabrous, 2-3 x 15-30 cm, coriaceous,
monomorphic, apex rounded; veins forming a series of large areoles with a
branching recurrent vein. Sori immersed, circular to rarely elliptical, ina single row
on the lamina on either side of the rachis, 3-5 mm diameter, forming projections on
the upper lamina surface. Sporangia c. 300 um long. Spores biconvex.

Representative specimens: New Guinea: Croft 496, nr Agamoia, Fergusson Is.,
Milne Bay Province, disturbed lowland forest, 50 m asl. (LAE); Howcroft, Lae
64023, Wutung, Vanimo Subdistrict, on hoop pine, 800 m asl. (LAE). Peninsular
Malaysia: Gay /208, banks on S. Tahan, Taman Negara, 30 m asl. (K). Sulawesi:
Darnaedi 1851, Lake Matano area, Soroako, S. Sulawesi (BO,L)

Subg. Lecanopteris.

5. Lecanopteris curtisti Baker Fig. 4.

J. Bot. 19 (n. s.) 10: 366 (1881). Lecanopteris saccata Alderw., in Bull. Jard. Buit. 2 (23): 14(1916). Type:
Curtis, Sumatra, s. n., s. d. (K). Lecanopteris philippinensis Alderw., in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit. 2 (1); 8
(1911). Type: Elmer 10491, Todaya District of Davao, Mt Apo (L, K, P iso). Lecanopteris deparioides
(Ces.) Baker, in J. Bot. 19 n. s. 10: 366 (1881). Polypodium deparioides Christ, Farnkraute der Erde:
116 (1897), nom. illeg. non Baker (1879). Davallia deparioides Ces., Fel. di Bor.: 13 (1876). Lecanopteris
incurvata Baker, in Ann. Bot. 8 (30): 123 (1894). Type: Hancock 88, Between Kroe and Liwa, Barisan
Mts, Sumatra (K). Lecanopteris macleayi Baker, Malesia 2: 244 (1886). Pleopeltis macleayi (Baker)
Alderw., in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 27: 2 (1909). Polypodium barisanicum Alderw., Malayan
Ferns,: 627 (1908), nom. nov. pro Lecanopteris incurvatum Baker (1894) non Polypodium incurvatum
Blume (1828). Polypodium naviculare Alderw., Malayan Ferns,: 627 (1908), nom. nov. pro Lecanopteris
curtisii Baker (1881) non Polypodium curtisii Baker (1881). Polypodium patelliferum Burck., in Ann.
Jard. Bot. Buit. 4: 96. Tab. 7 (1884).

Rhizome creeping, hollow, forming an ant-inhabited domatium with a dark inner
wall, much branched, 2-3 cm diameter, glaucous with a waxy sheen, glabrous
except for a scattering of scales at the apex. Phyllopodia prominent, 1-1.5 cm high,
hollow. Stipes 10-25 cm long, dark brown. Fronds mid-green, 10-20 x 30-70 cm,

302

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Fig. 3. Lecanopteris sinuosa

D: peltate scales
E: venation of sterile frond
F: venation of fertile frond

A: fertile frond
B: rhizome
C: rhizome apex

- Drawing by Jenni Marsh

303

Fig. 4. Lecanopteris curtisii

A: fertile frond D: venation of fertile frond,
B: rhizome showing boat-shaped sori

C: apical rhizome and fronds E: venation of sterile frond

Drawing by Jenni Marsh

304

deeply pinnatifid; winged at bases, apices of lobes rounded, lobed perpendicular to
rachis, basal lobes not reduced, glabrous, chartaceous, glaucous on undersides;
veins forming a series of areoles with freely branching recurrent veins. Sori on
extramarginal teeth, immersed in boat-shaped involucres, each tooth supplied by a
main vein. Spores biconvex.

Representative specimens: New Guinea: Jacobs 9148, 20 km SSW of Lake
Kutubu, Southern Highlands Province, primary forest on limestone (LAE);
Womersley, NGF 13556, Wagau, Hersog Mts, Morobe Province, 3800 ft asl. (LAE).
Java: Docters van Leeuween 11571, ‘by Buitenzorg’(L). Sumatra: Yates 2334,
Toetepan, Tapanoeli (L).

6. Lecanopteris balgooyi Hennipman
Kew Bull. 41: 783 (1986). Type: Hennipman 5650, Sopu Valley, C. Sulawesi (L, holo: BO, K, U iso).

Rhizome creeping, hollow, forming an ant-inhabited domatium with a dark inner
wall, much-branched, 2-3 cm diameter, glabrous, with hollow spines homologous
with undeveloped fronds on the phyllopodia. Phyllopodia hollow, prominent.
Stipes dark brown. Fronds bright green, entire to pinnatifid, winged at their bases,
apices of lobes rounded, 25-45 cm long, glabrous, chartaceous. Sori deeply
immersed on lamina in a single row on either side of rachis or the main vein in
pinnatifid fronds. Sporangia c. 900um long. Spores bi- to planoconvex.

Representative specimens: Sulawesi: Hennipman 5650, Sopu Valley (Type),
Hennipman 6059, Mt Wawonseru, S.W. of Soroako, 1000 m asl (L, BO, K, U).

7. Lecanopteris carnosa (Reinw.) Blume

Enum. FI. Javae Fil. (1829) pl. 94a; Bece., Malesia 2: 224 (1886); C. Chr., Ind. Fil. Suppl. 1: 117 (1913).
Onychium carnosum Reinw., in Syllog. Plant. 2: 3 (1824). Polypodium lecanopteris Mett., in Ann. Mus. Lugd.
Bat. 2: 224 (1886), nom. nov. pro Onychium carnosum non Polypodium carnosum Mett. (1857). Pleopeltis
carnosa (Reinw.) Alderw., in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 27: 3 (1909). Polypodium carnosum H. Christ, in
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel 11: 26, nom. illeg. (1895) non Mett. (1857). Type: Reinwardt s. n., s. d., Minahassa,
Sulawesi (L, holo; BM. iso)

Rhizome creeping, hollow, forming an ant-inhabited domatium with a dark inner
wall, much-branched, 1.5-2.5 cm diameter, covered with an indumentum of
branched gladular hairs. Phyllopodia prominent, hollow, some bearing coralloid
excrescences homologous with undeveloped fronds. Stipes dark brown, 10-20 cm
long. Fronds mid-green, chartaceous, glabrous, deeply pinnatifid, winged at their
bases, apices of lobes rounded, 30-90 cm long. Sori circular, deeply immersed on
orbicular extra-marginal lobes, 2-3 mm long. Sporangiac. 1250 um long. Spores
planoconvex.

Representative specimens: Sulawesi: Alston 15637, G. Mahawu, 900 m asl. (BM);

305

de Vogel & Vermeulen 7141, Bolaang Mongondow, N. Sulawesi (L).

8. Lecanopteris celebica Hennipman

Blumea 32 (2): 313 (1987). Type: Hennipman 5665, nr Biromaru, Central Sulawesi, 1000-1250 m asl.
(L, holo; BM, BO, U, iso).

Rhizome creeping, 2.5-3.5 cm diameter, hollow, forming an ant-inhabited
domatium with a dark inner wall, much-branched, covered with an indumentum of
branched glandular hairs to 1 mm long at the apices, and scattered solid spines
2-3 mm long homologous with undeveloped fronds. Phyllopodia hollow, 1-1.5 cm
high. Stipes dark brown, 10-20cm long. Fronds mid-green, chartaceous, glabrous,
deeply pinnatifid, winged at their bases, apices of lobes rounded, 40-90 cm long;
veins anastomosing, areoles with recurrent free veins. Sori circular, deeply
immersed on orbicular extra-marginal lobes, each lobe supplied by a main vein,
2-3 mm diameter. Sporangia c. 1000 um long. Spores planoconvex.

Representative specimens: Sulawesi: Hennipman 5993, Mt. Wawonseru, nr Soroako
(BO, L, U); Gay 1250, Sopu Valley, 80 km south-east of Palu, 1000 m asl.

9. Lecanopteris luzonensis Hennipman

Blumea 32: 311 (1987). Lecanopteris carnosa auct. non. (Reinw.) Blume; Copeland, Fern Flora of the
Philippines 3: 499 (1960). Type: Hennipman 7820, Quezon Province, nr Real, Luzon (L).

Rhizome creeping, 1.5-2.5 cm diameter, hollow, forming an ant-inhabited
domatium with a dark inner wall, much-branched, apices covered with an indumentum
of branched glandular hairs, and scattered solid spines homologous with undeveloped
fronds. Phyllopodia hollow, prominent, 1-1.5cm high. Stipes dark brown, 5-10 cm
long. Fronds bright green, chartaceous, glabrous, deeply pinnatifid, winged at their
bases, apices of lobes acute to rounded, 12-45 cm long; veins anastomosing, areoles
with recurrent free veins. Sori oval, deeply immersed on reflexed extra-marginal
lobes, each lobe supplied by a main vein, 1.5-2 mm diam.. Sporangia c. 1000 um
long. Spores biconvex.

Representative specimens: Philippines: Whitford 334, Mt Mariveles, Batan
Province (K, Mich, NY, P); Elmer 22092, Camp Stotsenberg, Mt Pinatubo,
Pampanga (BM, K, L, NY); Loher 13430, Paningtingan, Rizal Province (M).

10. Lecanopteris pumila Blume.

Flora Javae Fil., pl. 94b (1829) (sin. desc.). Lecanopteris nieuwenhuisenii Christ., in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit.
20: 127 (1899). Type: Nieuwenhuisen 496, Batoe Lesong, Borneo (K).

Rhizome creeping, hollow, forming an ant-inhabited domatium with a dark inner
wall, much-branched, 1.5-2.5 cm diameter, with scattered scales and branched hairs

306

to 1 mm long at apices but otherwise glabrous. Phyllopodia hollow, prominent,
1-1.5 cm high. Stipes dark brown, 7-10 cm long. Fronds bright green, chartaceous,
glabrous, deeply pinnatifid, winged at their bases, apices of lobes rounded, 4-6 x 20-
40 cm; veins anastomosing, areoles with recurrent free veins. Sori circular, deeply
immersed on orbicular extra-marginal lobes, each lobe supplied by a main vein, 2-
3 mm diameter. Spores biconvex.

Representative specimens: Peninsular Malaysia: Henderson I 1072, Rhododendron
Hill , Cameron Highlands, Pahang, 5200 ft asl. (SING); Gay 1078, G. Beremban,
Cameron Highlands, Pahang, 1600 m asl. (K,); Henderson 11817, G. Hijau, Perak,
4750 ft asl. (SING). Borneo: Jermy 13247, G. Mulu, Sarawak, 1790 m asl. (BM).

11. Lecanopteris spinosa Jermy & Walker

Fern Gaz. 11: 167 (1975). Type: Jermy 7609, Latimojong Mts, South Sulawesi, 1950 m asl. (BM holo; BO,
GH, L iso).

Rhizome creeping, hollow, forming an anti-inhabited domatium with a dark
inner wall, much-branched, 2.5-3.5 cm diamter, densely covered with sharply
pointed spines up to 6 mm long which are epidermal outgrowths. Phyllopodia solid,
not prominent. Stipes short to absent, winged if present. Fronds bright green,
coriaceous, glabrous, lobed to entire and crenate, apices rounded, 20-30 cm long;
veins anastomosing, areoles with included free veinlets. Sori circular, deeply
immersed on lamina, forming projections on its upper surface, 2-3 mm diameter.
Spores monolete.

Representative specimens: Sulawesi: Jermy 7609 (type); Walker T. 12179 (BM),
Latimojong Mts, locality as type.

12. Lecanopteris darnaediti Hennipman

Kew Bull. 41: 785 (1986). Type: Hennipman 5322, Mt Roroka Timbu, Central Sulawesi, 2425 m asl. (L, holo;
BO, K, U, iso).

Rhizome creeping, hollow with two gallery systems, forming an ant-
inhabited domatium with a dark inner wall, much-branched, of massive
construction, 3.5-4.5 cm diam., densely covered with sharply pointed spines
2-3 mm long which are epidermal outgrowths. Phyllopodia solid, not
prominent. Stipes dark brown, 15-25 cm long. Fronds dark green, coriaceous,
glabrous, deeply pinnatifid, winged at their bases, apices of lobes rounded,
20-80 cm long; veins strongly sclerified, appearing black. Sori circular,
immersed on unstalked reflexed extra-marginal lobes, 3 mm diam. Sporangia
c. 900 um long. Spores monolete, 55-65 by 35-45um.

Representative specimens: Sulawesi: Darnaedi 1564 (BO, K, L); Hennipman 5322

307

(type); Gay 1260, all Mt Roroka Timbu, Central Sulawesi, 2300-2500 m asl. (K).

13. Lecanopteris holttumii Hennipman

Blumea 32: 313 (1987). Type: Lack & Grimes 1743, Mt Tambusisi, Morowali Province, East Central
Sulawesi (K).

Rhizome creeping, hollow with two gallery systems, forming an ant-inhabited
domatium with a dark inner wall, much-branched, of massive construction, 3.5-4.5
cm diam., densely covered with sharply pointed spines 2-3 mm long which are
epidermal outgrowths. Phyllopodia solid, not prominent. Stipes dark brown, 15-
25 cm long. Fronds dark green, coriaceous, glabrous, deeply pinnatifid, winged at
their bases, apices of lobes rounded, 20-80 cm long; veins hardly sclerified,
appearing green. Sori circular, immersed on unreflexed, stalked extra-marginal
lobes, 3 mm diam. Sporangia c. 900 um long. Spores monolete.

Representative specimen: Type specimen.
Distribution

Lecanopteris is largely confined to Malesia; only L. sinuosa has a range
extending marginally beyond the borders of this floristic region (Figs 5-8). Wallace’s
Line is a convenient means of demarcation for subg. Myrmecopteris apart from
L. sinuosa; L. mirabilis, L. sarcopus and L. crustacea are allopatric species.
Lecanopteris mirabilis is found east of Wallace’s Line in New Guinea, Ambon and
Seram, L. crustacea to its west, in Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, and
L. sarcopus on either side of this floristic divide. Lecanopteris sarcopus occurs in
Sulawesi, whose biota has Australian affinities, and in the Philippines, where Asian
elements predominate in the flora. Lecanopteris sinuosa is found throughout
Malesia, and extends into southern Taiwan, Queensland (Australia), Vanuatu and
the Solomon Islands (Fig. 5).

Subgenus Lecanopteris consists of three species groups. The L. curtisii group
contains a wide-ranging species, L. curtisii, found in New Guinea, Borneo, Java and
Sumatra, and the Philippines. The New Guinean form of L. curtisii may be given
specific rank. Lecanopteris philippinensis is sunk into L. curtisii (E. Hennipman
unpub.). Here the group is treated as one wide-ranging, disjunct species, L. curtisti
s.1. (Fig. 6).

The L. pumila group outside Sulawesi consists of L. /uzonensis, endemic to the
Philippines, and the wide-ranging L. pumila, which occurs in Peninsular Malaysia,
Borneo and Sumatra. This group is most speciose in Sulawesi, where the endemics
L. balgooyi, L. celebica and L. carnosa are found. Lecanopteris carnosa occurs in
northern Sulawesi. Lecanopteris celebica and L. balgooyi are sympatric at their
only two known localities in central Sulawesi, but seem to be ecologically

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310

L. holttumii

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L. darnaedii

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Fig. 8. The distribution of the Lecanopteris darnaedii group

311

312

Table 1: The physical nature of the field sites.

Climatic data was obtained from “Maps of New Guinea’, an Office of Forests publication for Papua New
Guinea, and from Walter and Leith (1967) for the other sites.

Site abbreviations are given in Appendix 2.

Alt. (m) Rainf. (mm) | Temp. (°C) Soil type No. of plants

20
30

1500

1400-1850
1600
1400
1800
1900

700
600

* = data not available

limestone-
derived, thin

alluvial, coarse
volcanic

silicaceous,
acid, thin

silicaceous

silicaceous
alluvial
alluvial

waterlogged,
over standstone

quartzite and
granite derived

brown loam

brown loam

volcanic

peaty, waterlogged

alluvial
quartzite
dervied, thin
brown loam
brown loam
brown loam
thin, impoverished

brown loam

alluvial

limestone-
derived, thin

brown loam

sandy, alluvial

Pa

313

separated. All other species in the L. pumila group are allopatric (Fig. 7). All three
species comprising the L. darnaedii group are endemic to Sulawesi, known only
from their type locatities, and are allopatric (Fig. 8).

The centre of diversity of Lecanopteris is undoubtedly Sulawesi, where eight of
the 13 species, including six endemics, are found. This is paradoxical in terms of
the pteridophyte biogeography of Malesia. New Guinea has the greatest diversity
of pteridophytes, containing 2000 species compared with 1000 in Borneo (Parris
1985). Three species of Lecanopteris occur in New Guinea: L. mirabilis, L. sinuosa
and L. curtisii; Borneo contains the latter two species, and also L. pumila and L.
crustacea. Allthese species are found in Peninsular Malaysia except for L. mirabilis
and L. curtisii. The Philippines have an endemic, L. /uzonensis, which has strong
affinities with L. pumila; L. sarcopus; the wide-ranging L. sinuosa; and L. curtisii
s. 1. (syn.: L. philippinensis). Lecanopteris is poorly represented on Java, where only
the widespread L. sinuosa and L. curtisii occur. The distribution of Lecanopteris
in relation to its speciation is considered below.

Ecology

The most apparent feature of the ecology of Lecanopteris is its interaction with
ants. This however is only one component of the constraints and requirements
which determine its geographical and environmental distribution.

The abiotic environment

The abiotic environment of epiphytes is partly mediated by their host trees and
may bear little relation to conditions on the forest floor or in the canopy. Table 1
shows physical features of habitats where Lecanopteris was recorded. The ecology
of L. sinuosa (402 plants) and L. pumila (206 plants) has been documented in
greatest detail.

Climate

The only member of Lecanopteris with a range extending into seasonal
habitats is L. sinuosa. It occurs in Southeast Thailand, north of the Kra Isthmus,
which is a major climatic and floristic divide, separating the moist tropics from
seasonal regions. Within the tropics, this species is known from the seasonal
savannahs of Central and Western Provinces, Papua New Guinea, and Bako
heath forest, Sarawak, which have pronounced dry seasons of three to five
months (Paaijmans 1976). Moisture stress in plants is related to the soil’s
capacity to absorb and retain water as well as the amount of precipitation;
although the ridgetop vegetation inhabitated by L. pumila in Malaysia has high
and even rainfall (Table 1), the thin silicaceous soil and steep topography causes
periodic water shortage (Whitmore 1984).

314

Lecanopteris mirabilis is confined to moist, cloudy mid-montane forest, and L.
crustacea to lowland evergreen and swamp forests. All the Sulawesi species are
found in montane environments with a seasonal rainfall, except L. sarcopus, which
inhabits ever-wet lowland and hill areas, as does L. curtisii in Papua New Guinea.

Daytime temperatures are high and equable in the habitats of all species (18 —28°
C). Altitude rather than latitude causes a decrease in temperature in the upper
elevations of the range for L. mirabilis, L. darnaedii and L. pumila (Table 1). Within
the tropics, precipitation is a greater limiting factor than temperature in determining
colonisable habitats.

Soil nutrient status

In certain environments such as savannah, ridge forest and heath forest the
nutrient-poor conditions are a contibributory factor allowing wide-ranging
Lecanopteris species to become locally dominant on the stunted vegetation;
otherwise no Lecanopteris species has its geographical or ecological distribution
curtailed by dependence on presence of an impoverished soil.

Lecanopteris sinuosa is found in a wide range of vegetation types, and its
dominance varies greatly. It is most abundant in fire maintained or oligotrophic
environments such as the savannahs of Western Province, Papua New Guinea and
Bornean heath forest. The preponderance of nutritive myrmecophytism in nutrient-
poor habitats has been described by Janzen (1974) and Thompson (1981), and is
considered in more detail below. Hower L. sinuosa was not universally common
in nutrient-constrained habitats: it was never abundant in peat-swamp forest, which
does not harbour the myrmeco-epiphytic communities of heath forest, and was rare
in the silicaceous-soiled heath forests at Nabawan (Brunei) and G. Panti (Peninsular
Malaysia).

Few other Lecanopteris species occur in nutrient-poor habitats. Lecanopteris
crustacea was collected at Badas swamp forest, Brunei (Gay s. n.), and regularly
inhabits waterlogged forest (Fr. E. Schmutz 4930; Anderson 8544, Borneo).
Lecanopteris pumila is a dominant epiphyte in the stunted vegetation of
impoverished quartzite ridgetop soils in Peninsular Malaysia, but is also
abundant in mid-montane environments. Lecanopteris curtisii has been collected
from limestone ridges around Lake Kutubu, Papua New Guinea (Jacobs 9184),
but again is not restricted to such sites. Lecanopteris sinuosa and L. pumila are
abundant at some oligotrophic sites, but L. crustacea and L. curtisii are scarce.

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Table 2: The range of vegetation types inhabited by Lecanopteris

mee l=
- - ~ - - - - - - -

L. mirabilis

. Sarcopus
. crustacea
. sSinuosa

. curtisii

. pumila

. luzonensis
. balgooyi

. celebica

. carnosa
spinosa

. darnaedii

Pome ere eet Kees te Te ei te ite Ree

. holttumti

Key

1 = lowland rain forest 8 = mangrove swamps

2 = swamp forest 9 = man-disturbed vegetation

3 = lower montane or hill forest 10 = secondary re-growth

4 = mid-montane forest + = recorded from vegetation

5 = summit or ridgetop vegetation - = not recorded

6 = heath forest ? = likely to be present but not recorded

7 = savannah

The biotic environment

Vegetation types inhabited by Lecanopteris

Table 2 shows that the habitats of the entire genus span a wide range of forest
types described by Whitmore (1984). Some species, such as L. darnaedii, are
restricted to a single forest type, and others such as L. sinuosa and L. sarcopus have
a wide ecological tolerance. Formations in which Lecanopteris is rare are described
briefly; for more detailed descriptions, see Whitmore (1984).

Wet lowland forests

Lowland rain forest is not considered an abundant or diverse habitat for ant-

316

epiphytes, although understorey trees such as Aphanamixis myrmecophila
(Meliaceae), Leonardoxa africana (Leguminosae) and Barteria fistulosa
(Passifloraceae) are common. Few ant-epiphytes have been recorded from Malesian
lowland rain forest; only one infrequently collected species of Lecanopteris is
regularly found, L. crustacea, and L. sinuosa have rarely been collected there. The
infrequency of L. crustacea may partly be a function of its inaccessibility in tree
crowns 50 m high. Seventeen fallen rhizomes were found on the forest floor around
Kuala Tahan, Taman Negara, Peninsular Malaysia, indicating that L. crustacea may
be locally common. This forest was dipterocarp-dominated and 35 - 40 m in height.
Canopy epiphytes were abundant, but there were few on trunks and lower branches.
It has also been recorded as a canopy epiphyte from lowland mixed dipterocarp
forest in the Danum Valley, Sabah (Parris 10777).

Freshwater swamp forest is a frequent habitat of L. crustacea (Kostermans
9793). This formation is similar to lowland rain forest, but with some marked
differences: the canopy is lower, and species composition tends towards dominance
by few or a single species (Shorea albida (Dipterocarpaceae) in Borneo;
Campnosperma brevipetiolatum (Lauraceae) in Papua New Guinea). Inundation in
these forests is periodic and usually due to flooding of rivers. The fern Platycerium
ridleyi (Polypodiaceae) has been collected twice in association with L. crustacea
and its ants (Camus 660, Borneo, Franken & Roos 341, Sumatra), and may
participate in a ‘loose’ antplant mutualism, as suggested by the observations of
Paterson (1982). Platycerium ridleyi has no domatium, but produces nectar from
nectaries on its fronds. Lecanopteris sinuosa was infrequently found in freshwater
swamp forest in Western Province, Papua New guinea (Gay s. n.). These are the
only Lecanopteris species recorded from freshwater swamp forest, and are also
known from riverine forest (L. crustacea, Hirano and Hotta 177). Lecanopteris
sinuosa was found on the banks of the Binaturi River, Western Province, Papua New
Guinea, and L. crustacea on the S. Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia (both Gay s. n.).
Such forest is similar to rain forest, but less dense and of lower stature (25 - 35 m).
Epiphytes are abundant on trunks and branches as well as in the crowns.

Moist lowland forest does not contain great abundance or diversity of Lecanopteris
species. Only L. crustacea, which is confined to these formations, and L. sinuosa,
which is infrequently found there as a function of its generalist ecology, are
represented.

Montane forest

The greatest diversity of Lecanopteris is found at altitudes of 1000 - 2000 m: L.
pumila in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo; L. curtisii in New Guinea, Sumatra and
the Philippines; L. mirabilis in New Guinea; L. spinosa, L. darnaedii, L. carnosa,
L. holttumii, L. celebica and L. balgooyi in Sulawesi. The habitats in which they
occur span lower montane forest for L. curtisii, L. celebica and L. balgooyi; mid-

317

montane forest for L. darnaedii, L. holttumii,L. spinosa,L. carnosaand L. mirabilis,
and stunted ridgetop forest for L. pumila.

Lower montane forest is shorter than lowland forest (15 - 35 m), and begins at
800 - 1000 m in mountain ranges. Epiphytes are abundant and there are few big
woody climbers. Lecanopteris curtisii inhabits this formation locally in New
Guinea (e.g. on Mt. Bosavi), as does L. celebica in South Sulawesi (Mt. Wawonseru)
and L. mirabilis in Seram. Individuals seen were usually in tree crowns.

Lecanopteris darnaedii in Sulawesi and L. mirabilis in Papua New Guinea were
found in mid-montane forest (c. 2000 m asl.), with acanopy height of 20 - 25 m. This
forest type was similar to lower montane forest apart from dominance of a few tree
species (Castanopsis acuminatissima in the highlands of New Guinea, Agathis
damar on Mt. Roroka Timbu, Sulawesi), and more abundant epiphytes.

Stunted ridgetop forest inhabited by L. pumila was found at 1500 - 1800 min the
Genting Highlands (G. Bunga Buah), the Cameron Highlands (G. Beremban), and
G. Tahan (all in Peninsular Malaysia). Exposure and moisture stress, rather than the
sole effect of altitude, contribute to nutrient impoverishment and cause stunting of
vegetation. The summit/ridgetop nature of the vegetation was similar at all sites:
the canopy was 5 - 8 m high, tree cover was not continuous, and L. pumila was an
abundant or dominant epiphyte. Ericaceae dominated the tree flora (Vaccinium and
Rhododendron spp.); Dacrydium deccarii (Podocarpaceae) was also common. The
vegetation was microphyllous and sclerophyllous. Ground cover was a dense
thicket of rhizomatous ferns such as Matonia pectinata (Matoniaceae) and Dipteris
conjugata (Polypodiaceae).

Lecanopteris has never been found above the tree line. This may seem self-
evident for an epiphyte, but Myrmecodia lamii grows on the ground at 3600 m on
Doormantop, Irian Jaya (Jebb 1985).

Impoverished or disturbed habitats

Mangrove swamps, forest on limestone, savannah, heath forest and secondary
forest are all either nutrient-poor or have had their structure and species composition
affected by human activity.

Lecanopteris sinuosa and L. mirabilis are the only members of the genus known
from mangrove swamps: L. sinuosa was recorded form Bako, Sarawak, and near
Lae, Papua New Guinea (both Gay s. n.), and L. mirabilis from Air Besar, Seram
(B.S. Parris pers. comm.). Lecanopteris sinuosa was not abundant at either locality,
and absent from mangrove swamps in Madang, where Hydnophytum is found, in
Western Province, Papua New Guinea, and Sungei Buloh, Peninsular Malaysia.

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Lacustrine limestone forest around Lake Kutubu, Papua New Guinea, had
abundant in L. sinuosa, especially at the lake edge. The canopy was 5 - 11 m,
and tree cover was not dense. Epiphytes were abundant, and L. sinuosa
frequently covered branches or entire trees. Limestone forest at Mulu, Sarawak,
yielded no L. sinuosa, which has not been recorded there. Lecanopteris curtisii
has been collected from Nothofagus-dominated limestone ridges at 100 m asl
around Lake Kutubu (Jacobs 9148).

The savannah in Western Province, Papua New Guinea, is referred to by
Whitmore (1984) as monsoon forest, but the locality studied around the Binaturi
River was grassland with trees rather than continuous tree cover. The accepted
origin for the southern savannahs and seasonal forests of New Guinea is that they
result from gradual degradation by burning of pre-existing alluvial forest. Whether
the present cover is treeless grassland, scattered trees or open forest depends on the
frequency and intensity of the burning (Paaijmans 1976). The most striking feature
of these savannahs is the great abundance of myrmeco-epiphytes: Myrmecodia
tuberosa, Hydnophytum mosleyanum, Lecanopteris sinuosa, Dischidia rafflesiana
and D. nummularia. The myrmecophytic aspect of this vegetation is considered
below. Lecanopteris sinuosa is acommon and locally dominant epiphyte. In the
locality studied, tree crowns did not touch one another and trunks were 3-10 m apart.
The dominant tree species were Eucalyptus spp., Melaleuca sp., Banksia dentata,
Tristania spp., Timonius timon and Planchonella sp. Bark was pale and often flaky;
leaves were sclerophyllous, and except for Banksia, microphyllous. There was a
dense, often impeding cover of Kunai grass (Imperata cylindrica). Epiphytes, other
than the abundant myrmecophytes, were rare.

Bornean heath forest rivals New Guinea savannahs in abundance of
myrmeco-epiphytes of related species, except for the replacement of
Hydnophytum mosleyanum by H. formicarum and Dischidia rafflesiana by D.
astephana. This forest type is found on impoverished, siliceous, acidic, often
podsolised soils derived from Quaternary marine deposits (Bruning 1974).
The greatest density of ant-epiphytes occurs in the padang (lit., open space,
field), at Bako National Park, Sarawak, which is a more open formation than
true heath forest or kerangas (lit., where rice will not grow) (Browne 1952).
Tree height in padang was 4 - 10 m, and tree crowns barely touched one
another. Soil was thin and patches of bare rock were visible. Myrtaceae
dominated the tree flora: Tristania sp., Baeckia frutescens and Eugenia
multibracteosa were common species. Other abundant species were Ploiaria
alternifolium, Pternandra coerulescens and Dacrydium beccarii. Although
Janzen (1974) found few individuals of L. sinuosa in his study of myrmeco-
epiphytes at Bako, it was an abundant and apparent member of the ant-
epiphyte community.

a9

The kerangas, or pole forest, had a canopy height of 15 - 20 m at Nabawan and
Badas in Borneo. Tristania obovata and Timonius flavescens were common tree
species. Lecanopteris sinuosa was not abundant in either of these kerangas forests;
nine and 20 plants respectively were recorded.

Peninsular Malaysian heath forests are not as widespread as those in Borneo, but
occur along the east coast on the plateaux of G. Panti, G. Lesong, and G. Janing in
the south of the peninsula, and on the quartzite upper slopes of the anomalous,
isolated mountain G. Jerai in the north. Lecanopteris sinuosa was never common
in Malaysia, only rare scattered individuals being found, in contrast to its abundance
in Borneo and New Guinea. Four individuals were recorded on G. Jerai and three
on G. Panti. It is also reported from the Endau-Rompin heath forests in small
numbers (Wong, Saw & Kochummen 1987; Saw L. G. pers. comm.). Gunung Panti
supported a tree cover similar in density to Bornean kerangas. Canopy height was
20m. Gunung Jerai differed in floristic composition from the mountains in the Main
Range in its possession of a ‘montane myrtaceous flora’ (K. M. Wong unpub.)
between 800m and 1000 m, where L. sinuosa is infrequently found. Canopy cover
was continuous but not closed. Common tree species were Eugenia spicata
(Myrtaceae), Tristania merguensis and Adinandra acuminata. Epiphytes other
than myrmecophytes were uncommon.

Heath forest is interspersed with peat swamp forest in Borneo. This swamp
forest is periodically waterlogged and occurs as lenses around the surrounding
kerangas. Lecanopteris sinuosa (two plants) and L. crustacea (one plant) were
found in a Shorea albida-dominated peat swamp forest at Badas, Brunei, but not in
a similar habitat at Nabawan. Thus these species occur in peat swamp forest but are
not common.

Lecanopteris sinuosa, L. curtisii, L. pumila, L. sarcopus and L. celebica are all
found in disturbed areas or secondary forest, but none are confined to these habitats.
Lecanopteris sinuosa was common on coconut plantations in Madang Province and
locallly in abandoned gardens at Lake Kutubu, Karkar Island and Woodlark Island,
all in Papua New Guinea. Lecanopteris sarcopus, L. celebica and L. pumila were
locally common on roadside trees, and also established on young regeneration in
logged areas, as did L. mirabilis. Lecanopteris curtisii was found in old secondary
forest on Mt. Bosavi, Papua New Ginea.

Lecanopteris as a member of the far-eastern ant-epiphyte communities

The assemblies of ant-epiphytes found in seasonal or disturbed habitats mentioned
above have no parallel with any other plant communities. The abundance of
Myrmecodia, Hydnophytum, Dischidia and Lecanopteris, the low species diversity
of inhabitant ants (Iridomymex cordatus) and host plants, and the paucity of other
epiphyte species are features unique to these habitats.

320

Only widespread species of each ant-epiphyte genus are found in these
communities (L. sinuosa; M. tuberosa; H. formicarum; H. mosleyanum), all of
which appear to be used equally by /. cordatus; single colonies are not species-
specific but nest in all four genera. The range of nests available to the ants derives
froma variety of plant organs: leaves in Dischidia, swollen hypocotyls inMyrmecodia
and Hydnophytum, and Lecanopteris rhizomes.

The benefit gained by the ants is similar in all plant species: a nest site, with
sporadic food from the nectaries of Myrmecodia. Since the same colonies live in
any hollow epiphyte, all the plants receive nutrients from their inhabitants, and
Dischidia may also use ant-derived COz in photosynthesis. The rubiaceous ant-
epiphytes predominate numerically, taxonomically and possess the most complex
modifications: a network of chambers, either smooth or rough-walled, in which
brood and debris are kept respectively (Huxley 1978).

The high abundance and low diversity of these communities corresponds with
a stress-tolerant strategy (Grime 1979). The ant-epiphytes may originally have
become part of these communities by virtue of their ability to withstand the high
insolation, moisture shortage and limited nutrient avialability, but their present
predominance is likely to have been achieved and maintained by the ant association.
Iridomyrmex cordatus plants seeds of Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum in ant carton
and tends juvenile ant-epiphytes surrounding adult plants (Gay in press), thus
contributing to the great abundance of living nests on trees and also to their clumped
distribution. Noticeable features of ant-epiphyte communities are the great numbers
of Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum seedlings in ant carton (which are most abundant
around L. sinuosa because of its linear form) and the disparity between trees bearing
as many as 50 mature Myrecodia and Hydnophytum, festooned with Lecanopteris
and Dischidia, and those with no epiphytes at all.

Ant-epiphyte distribution over area has an ‘all or nothing’ nature; overwhelming
abundance contrasts with complete absence in seemingly similar and neighbouring
areas of savannah in Western Province, Papua New Guninea. The ant-epiphyte
community is self-perpetuating, and is more likely to increase in density than to
spread beyond the range of established or daughter colonies. As an ant colony
grows, it expands into greater numbers of plants on the same or a neighbouring tree.
It reproduces to give daughter colonies which will inhabit more distant ant-
epiphytes. Inter and intraspecific competition amongst the epiphytes for nesting
ants is not likely to be intense; increased numbers of plants of any species will result
in ant colony expansion and a need for more nest sites concomittantly increasing the
abundance of all ant-epiphyte species. In every lowland ant-epiphyte community
where all four genera are found, Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum are more abundant
than Lecanopteris and Dischidia, but the latter two genera are present in the shared
habitats in greater numbers than where they are the sole ant-epiphytes. This
suggests that they benefit from the abundance of /ridomyrmex cordatus, and thus

34

indirectly from the presence of the other genera.

Lecanopteris pumila and Dischidia astephana comprise a less striking ant-
epiphyte community which is found in mid-montane forests and stunted ridgetop
forests of Peninsular Malaysia. This community is less abundant, diverse and
exclusive in terms of ant-epiphytes than that of the savannahs and heath forests, but
these two species, inhabited by the ant Crematogaster treubi, predominate in the
canopy. The mid-montane forest which they inhabit is closed, and L. pumila is
largely confined to the crowns of trees. In the more open ridgetop environment, it
is found equally on trunks and lower branches. Non-ant-epiphytes are as infrequent
in ridgetop forest as they are in savannah or heath forest. Lecanopteris pumila is
more abundant and apparent than D. astephana; single rhizome clumps achieve
lengths of over 80 cm (Gay 1990).

The bulk of an L. pumila rhizome, and its habit of growing on slender
branches on tree crowns, may be an agent of gap formation on a small scale
in montane forests. Large, mature plants on slim branches are common on the
forest floor; the weight of an L. pumila may contribute to branch death or fall.
Having fallen, a small gap results via which light penetrates the canopy and
changes the nature of plant growth (Grubb 1977).

It is uncommon for a guild of mutualists to determine community structure
of their synusium to such an extent as the ant-epiphytes. Lowland ant-
epiphyte communities undoubtedly dominate as a partial result of their
association; plants gaining nutrient source and improved chances of
establshment, and ants a nest.

Lecanopteris on the host tree
Host tree species

Host trees of all Lecanopteris individuals recorded were collected and identified
to discover any host preference in a habitat. Results are tabulated by species of
Lecanopteris in Appendix 2.

No species of Lecanopteris is epilithic as well as epiphytic, unlike members of
the closely related polypodiaceous genera Microsorium and Phymatodes, where the
same species may be terrestrial, epilithic and epiphytic. The label on the unique
existing specimen of L. holttumii describes the plant as epiphytic or epilithic, but this
is more likely to refer to fallen individuals (Lack & Grimes 1743).

Cultivated Artocarpus spp., Theobroma cacao and Cocos nucifera were
common hosts for L. sinuosa in artificial habitats at Lake Kutubu and Karkar Island,
Papua New Guinea. In Western Province, Papua New Guinea, around the Binaturi
River, L. sinuosa occurred 40 out of 121 times on Planchonella sp., and was

322

conspicuously absent from the dominant Eucalyptus and Melaleuca, perhaps
because their peeling bark prevented establishment.

Lecanopteris mirabilis at Roguts, Western Highlands, Papua New Guinea, was
largely found growing on Castanopsis acuminatissima (24 out of 47 individuals).
This tree forms almost pure stands in lower montane forest in New Guinea
(Paaiymans 1976). On Mt. Mon in the Owen Stanley Range, Papua New Guinea,
L. mirabilis was more catholic in host specificity, occuring on C. acuminatissima
only 11 out of 51 times. The other two species found in large numbers, L. pumila
and L. celebica showed no host preference; the high numbers of L. pumila recorded
from Ficus sp. come from a single tree on Fraser’s Hill, Malaysia.

No correlation was found between coccid cultivation by inhabitants of
Lecanopteris and host tree. This was contrary to Janzen’s observations for all
myrmeco-epiphytes in Sarawak (1974) and the work of Weir & Kiew (1986) on
Dischidia and Leptospermum. The lack of selectivity of host tree species by both
Lecanopteris for a substrate and the ants for a nest environment, suggests that both
parties have a wide tolerance of their immediate surroundings.

Host bark type

The nature of the host tree bark was classified into ten categories, following those
of Webb, Tracey and Williams (1976). The bark types and the relative numbers of
individuals of each Lecanopteris species are shown in Table 3.

All species show a marked preference for rough-barked trees (types 3, 4 & 5);
517 out of 798 plants were found on hosts with such bark. Trees with rough, fissured
bark accounted for 190 individuals, and rough bark with dimples, scrolls, craters or
coarse pustules, for a further 327 plants. 156 plants were found on trees with
smooth, finely cracked bark. Poorly represented categories were: upper stem
smooth, lower not; “papery” and “fibrous”. These categories were not abundant in
most vegetation types, rather than being avoided by Lecanopteris, except in the
savannahs of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, where they were common but
did not bear L. sinuosa. The surfaces of many hosts, especially in montane forest,
were covered in moss, but this was not systematically recorded.

The predominance of rough-barked hosts is not surprising; this surface affords
better purchase for epiphytic roots and traps more debris in its ridged surface.
Effects of host bark type can be substantially mediated by the presence of other
epiphytes or mosses on which Lecanopteris may grow, rather than being in direct
contact with the bark.

323

Table 3. Bark types of host trees

10 16 0 0 0 0

0
2 2 3 0
3 0 0 0 0
- 0 0 0 0
5 15 5 8 10
6 9 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0

1) Smooth and glassy. 6) Flaky and scaly.

2) Smooth with fine cracks/pustules. 7) Transverse hoops or ridges.

3) Rough with fissures > 1 cm deep. 8) Papery.

4) Rough with shallow fissures. 9) Fibrous.

5) Rough with crater/scrolls/dimples/coarse pustules. 10) Upper stem glassy smooth, lower not.

Ecological and biogeographical aspects of speciation in Lecanopteris

The two subgenera of Lecanopteris have different distribution patterns
(Figs 2 to5). Subg. Myrmecopteris consists of three allopatric species whose main
distinction lies in their rhizome differentation, L. mirabilis, L. sarcopus and L.
crustacea. It also contains the wide-ranging L. sinuosa. Their speciation, apart
from L. sinuosa, can be envisaged as allopatric, with existing variation in the gene
pools of ecotypes intensifying into specific barriers upon geographical and
ecological isolation. The three species all have distinct habitat requirements: L.
mirabilis inhabits montane forests; L. crustacea is confined to lowland forests,
and L. sarcopus is found in disturbed hill forest. Lecanopteris sarcopus and L.
crustacea are most similar to one another, differing in scale colour, frond texture and
in the dimorphism of the L. sarcopus rhizome.

The total range of the genus is encompassed within that of L. sinuosa. Its
opportunistic ecology and wide geographical range are characteristic of weedy
pioneer species. These are typically variable in form, have high phenotypic
plasticity, but tend not to speciate in the varied environments which they inhabit;
their genotypic or phenotypic flexibility can accommodate a range of conditions.
The wide distribution of L. sinuosa supports its position as a possible ancestral
species in Lecanopteris, but this is countered by its opportunistic ecology. It may
have been able to colonise new habitats as its range expanded, whereas species with

324

more specialised requirements failed to establish.

Distribution patterns in subg. Lecanopteris are distinct from one another, and
from Myrmecopteris. Lecanopteris curtisii s.1. is a wide-ranging species, second
only to L. sinuosa (Figs 5 & 6). On each of the major land masses in the Malesian
Archipelago, it forms more or less distinct races, one of which is currently
recognised as a species (L. philippinensis). It is interesting to note that both L.
sinuosa and L. curtisii, the most wide-ranging species, possess fewest apomorphies
in their subgenera: L. curtisii bears none of the rhizome excrescences which
characterise the L. pumila and L. darnaedii groups; and the external morphology of
L. sinuosa is most similar to a polypodiaceous non-ant-fern. Thus variability in
form, probably resulting from a wide geographical range, is found with a low
number of apomorphies.

The L. pumila group comprises one wide-ranging and morphologically variable
species, L. pumila; one endemic in the Philippines, and three in Sulawesi. Two of
these endemics, L. carnosa and L. celebica, are abundant in Sulawesi and have a
generalist ecology. They are sister species, differing only in the nature of their
aborted phyllopodia: L. carnosa bears excrescences, and L. celebica, spines.
Neither their distribution nor their generalist ecology indicates speciation
resulting from interrupted gene flow caused by the appearance of physical
barriers in a pre-existing population. A mutation isolating the populations and
preventing interbreeding is possible, but there is no evidence for it. The third
Sulawesian species from the L. pumila group, L. balgooyi, is geographically
sympatric with L. celebica, but little is known of its distribution and ecology.

The L. darnaedii group is endemic to Sulawesi and consists of three similar
species, each only known from its type locality (Fig. 8). Speciation in the L.
darnaedii group is more plausibly envisaged as a series of range expansions than as
isolation of existing populations. Founder effects in the colonising populations,
causing genetic revolutions and speciation, are consistent with the small numbers
and narrow distribution of these species.

Discussion

Lecanopteris exhibits a wide variety of geographical range and ecological
tolerance. Lecanopteris sinuosa is found in every habitat within its altitudinal
range save lowland evergreen rain forest, either as a dominant, abundant,
common or (frequently) rare component. This correlates with a geographical
range exceeding that of all other members of the genus; it is the sole
representative beyond the Kra Isthmus, in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, the
Thursday Islands, N. Queensland and Taiwan. Lecanopteris sarcopus is less
wide-ranging and ecologically tolerant than L. sinuosa, but inhabits a yur
of vegetation types in Sulawesi and the Philippines.

325

In contrast, a highly restricted range and tolerance is exhibited by the Sulawesi
endemics L. darnaedii, L. spinosa and L. holttumii, which are only known from their
type localities in montane forest (Fig. 8). Also restricted to Sulawesi but with a
wider ecological tolerance are L. carnosa, L. celebicaand L. balgooyi. Lecanopteris
mirabilis and L. sarcopus both have wide distributions but are ecologically confined
to mid-montane and lowland evergreen forest respectively. The former is locally
abundant, the latter only known from scattered individuals. It should be emphasised
for both these species that their ecological tolerance may be broader than the scope
of fieldwork for this study, indicated by the discovery of L. mirabilis ina mangrove
swamp in Seram (B.S. Parris, pers. comm.).

The L. curtisii complex has a wide and a disjunct distribution, but is local in
occurrence and never abundant. The distribution of L. pumila is similar to that of
L. crustacea but it is far more abundant and inhabits montane forest (Figs 5 & 7).

Thus opportunistic ecology and wide range are positively correlated in L.
sinuosa and to a lesser extent in L. sarcopus, and the reverse is true for the Sulawesi
montane endemics. Lecanopteris pumila, L. celebica, L. mirabilis and L. curtisii
either have wide ranges and limited tolerance, or vice versa.

The distribution of Lecanopteris species contrasts strongly with that of the
rubiaceous ant-epiphytes, but similarities exist at the level of generic distribution.
Both Hydnophytum and Myrmecodia extend beyond Malesia, into Cape York
Peninsula, Australia, and the Solomon Islands. Hydnophytum is also found in the
Andaman Islands, southern Indochina and Fiji (Huxley & Jebb 1991). The wider
range of Hydnophytum compared to Myrmecodia parallels that of subg.
Myrmecopteris relative to subg. Lecanopteris, as do the relative levels of
specialisation for the ant association. The centre of species diversity of
Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum is New Guinea; only four species of
Hydnophytum are found in the rest of Malesia and a few species of Myrmecodia,
including three in Cape York Peninsula (Huxley & Jebb 1991). Dischidia
is most diverse in the Philippines, with double chambered domatia occurring
in the species there (Rintz 1980).

The different centres of diversity in the far-eastern genera of ant-epiphytes:
Sulawesi for Lecanopteris; New Guinea for the Rubiaceae, and the Philippines for
Dischidia, suggest that the combination of unique environmental conditions in
these regions was not the only selective pressure operating during speciation in
these groups. The potential for speciation can be attributed more to intrinsic factors
such as the release of variability, and to stochastic processes, than on external events
dependent on a particular area.

Sympatry is rare in Lecanopteris; where geographical ranges overlap, ecological
isolation occurs. On the two occasions that sympatry has been observed in the field,
L. sinuosa has been found with L. curtisii and L. crustacea (Gay, pers. obs.).

326

No host preferences beyond common tree species were exhibited by any
Lecanopteris species in any habitat, nor was the nature of the host bark an obvious
constraint on colonisation.

Noconstant patterns between the species and their environment emerge from the
ecological data, but the genus shares one unifying characteristic in addition to
myrmecophytism. All species are predominantly found either in disturbed or
stunted vegetation which allow a high level of illumination such as heath forest,
ridgetops or roadsides (L. sinuosa, L. sarcopus), or in taller, closed montane or
lowland forest in the crowns of canopy trees (L. mirabilis, L. crustacea, L.
darnaedii, L. curtisii s.1.). The genus comprises only heliophiles; individuals are
rarely found in deep shade, where they are small and stunted. Lecanopteris pumila
adopts both habits; on ridgetops it grows in any position on scattered trees, and in
closed montane forest it is inaccessible in the crowns of canopy trees.

The stunted forests, in which Lecanopteris species reach their greatest
abundance, lack height and density as a result of nutrient impoverishment and
periodic water stress. Whitmore (1984) emphasised the ecophysiological similarity
between heath forest and upper montane forest; both formations have xerophytic
and oligotrophic characteristics, acidic soils, and share certain disjunct species
such as Baeckia frutescens (Myrtaceae). The vegetation types in which L.
sinuosa and L. pumila are dominant are extreme forms of heath and upper
montane forest: padang and ridgetop habitats. Neither habitat has a continuous
tree cover, and both are oligotrophic.

In heath forest, ridgetops and the fire-maintained savannahs of Western
Province, Papua New Guinea, myrmecophytes are the dominant and practically
the sole epiphytes. No ant-epiphytes are restricted to these habitats, but occur
elsewhere at a lower density. An adaptive explanation for the dominance of
myrmecophytes has been suggested by Janzen (1974); that myrmecophytes, by
virtue of their ant association, utilise nutrients unavailable to other epiphytes. Ant
feeding of host plants has been demonstrated in Myrmecodia sp. (Huxley 1978),
Hydnophytum (Rickson 1976) and Lecanopteris (Gay, in press). However, the
unique exploitation of a resource may be simplistic as a sole explanation for the
dominance of ant-epiphytes in such habitats. The savannahs of New Guinea are
fire-maintained rather than nutritionally impoverished, and the myrmeco-epiphytic
community is as dominant there as in Bornean heath forests. Ant-epiphytes are not
common in peat swamp forest, which is also an oligotrophic environment. Non-ant
epiphytes can flourish in these habitats by colonising the abundant ant carton, as do
Dischidia nummularia (Asclepiadaceae) and Bulbophyllum sp. (Orchidaceae).

Whitmore (1984) noted that it is presently uncertain whether heath forest
is stunted by a deficit of water or of nutrients. All myrmeco-epiphytes are
capable of withstanding desiccation; most have sclerophyllous leaves or

1. a

fronds, and their domatia are fleshy with coriaceous epidermes. Indeed, Yapp
(1902) speculated at length whether the Lecanopteris rhizome arose as a water
storage organ, later exploited by ants. In terms of water conservation,
sclerophylly is an adaptation, but rhizome or tuber form may be an exaptation
(Gould & Vrba 1982), a by-product of domatium elaboration. The ability to
withstand periodic water shortage, especially as epiphytes, must be contributory
to the abundance of myrmeco-epiphytes in these xeric habitats.

Another feature common to all habitats where ant-epiphytes dominate the
epiphyte flora is the open canopy allowing light to reach epiphytes growing
anywhere on the trees, not only in the crowns. A requirement for light as the sole
unifying factor in Lecanopteris ecology has been discussed above, and the highly
insolated environment is another partial explanation for the density of ant-epiphytes,
although not for the absence of other sun epiphytes.

Thus the great abundance of ant-epiphytes in padang, ridgetop and savannah
vegetation is due to an interaction of factors: nutrient shortage, which is only
applicable in the first two habitats; periodic moisture stress, and high insolation,
which are found in all three habitats. The ant association is partially but not
solely responsible for their dominance in these habitats. Lecanopteris is
represented in most other Malesian forest types (Table 2), but is rare or
common, rather than dominant.

Acknowledgements

H.J.G.’s D. Phil. was funded by the Claridge Druce Bequest, Oxford University,
and fieldwork in Malaysia, Borneo and Sulawesi by the Leverhulme Trust. The use
of facilities at the University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea and the
Forest Research Institute, Malaysia is gratefully acknowledged. Dr Helen
Fortune Hopkins, Mrs Lucy Rajoo and Dr Francis Ng were particularly helpful.
Thanks also to Mr Robert Johns, Drs Wong Khoon Meng, Soedarsono Riswan,
and Elisabeth Widjaya, and to Dr Barbara Parris for constructive and detailed
criticism of the manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the kindness
of the keepers of the cited herbaria for putting their collections at their disposal.
Mr Jim Croft provided much useful information on New Guinean species of
Lecanopteris, and Ms. Jenni Marsh drew figures 2, 3 and 4.

328

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Gay, H. J. (1990). The ant association and structural rhizome modifications of the
far-eastern epiphytic fern genus Lecanopteris Reinw. (Polypodiaceae).
Unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

— (1991). Ant houses in the genus Lecanopteris Reinw. (Polypodiaceae): The
rhizome morphology and architecture of L. sarcopus Teijsm. & Binnend. and L.
darnaedii Hennipman. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 106 (3), 199-208.

— (1993). Rhizome structure and evolution in the Malesian epiphytic ant-fern
genus Lecanopteris Reinw. (Polypodiaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc., in press.

— (in press). Animal-fed plants: An investigation into the uptake of ant-derived
nutrients by the far-eastern epiphytic fern Lecanopteris (Polypodiaceae).
Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

— & Hensen R. (1992). Ant specificity and behaviour in mutualism with
epiphytes: The case of Lecanopteris (Polypodiaceae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 47,
261-284.

Gould S. J. & Vrba E. (1982). Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form.
Palaeobiol. 8, 4-15.

Grime J. P. (1979). Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.

Grubb P. J. (1977). The maintenance of species in plant communities: The
importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. 52, 107-145.

Hennipman E. (1986). Notes on the ant-ferns of Lecanopteris sensu lato in
Sulawesi, Indonesia, with the description of two new species. Kew Bull.
41 (4), 783-789.

—(unpub.). A monograph of the ant-fern genus Lecanopteris Reinw.
(Polypodiaceae).

— & Verduyn G. P. (1987). A taxonomic revision of the genus Lecanopteris
(Polypodiaceae) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blumea 32, 313 -319.

329

Hetterscheid W. L. A. & Hennipman E. (1984). Venation patterns, soral
characteristics and shape of the fronds of the Microsorioid Polypodiaceae.
Bot. Jarb. Sys. 105 (1), 11- 47.

Holttum R. E. (1955). A revised flora of Malaya vol. II: Ferns of Malaya.
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Huxley C. R. (1978). The ant-plants Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum (Rubiaccae),
and the relationships between their morphology and occupants, physiology
and ecology. New Phytol. 80 : 231-268.

— & Jebb M. H. P. (1991). The tuberous epiphytes of the Rubiaceae I: A new
subtribe - the Hydnophytinae. B/umea 36, 1- 20.

Janzen D. H. (1974). Epiphytic myrmecophytes in Sarawak: Mutualism through the
feeding of plants by ants. Biotropica 6 (4), 237-259.

Jebb M. H. P. (1985). Taxonomy and tuber morphology of the rubiaceous ant
- epiphytes. Unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

Paaijmans K. (ed.) (1976). New Guinea vegetation. Australian National University
Press, Canberra.

Parris B. S. (1985). Ecological aspects of distribution and speciation in Old World
tropical ferns. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. B, 86, 341-346.

Paterson S. (1982). Observation on ant associations with rain forest ferns in Borneo.
Fern Gaz. 12 (4), 243-245.

Rickson, F. R. (1979). Absorption of animal tissue breakdown products into
a plant stem: the feeding of a plant by ants. Am. J. Bot. 66, 87-90.

Rintz R. E. (1980). The Peninsular Malayan species of Dischidia (Asclepiadaceae).
Blumea 26, 81-126

Thomspon J. N. (1981). Reversed animal-plant interactions: The evolution of
insectivorous and ant-fed plants. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 16, 147-155.

Webb L. J., Tracey J. G. & Williams W. T. (1976). The value of structural features
in tropical forest typology. Aust. J. Ecol. 1, 3-27.

Weir J. S. & Kiew R. (1986). A reassessment of the relations in Malaysia between
ants (Crematogaster) on trees (Leptospermum) and epiphytes of the genus
Dischidia (Asclepiadaceae) including “ant-plants”. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 27,
13-132.

330

Whitmore T. C. (1984). Tropical rain forests of the Far East. Clarena 01 1 ' th
Press, Oxford. :

Wong K. M. (1984). An introduction to the vegetation of Gunong Jerai 7
(Kedah Peak). Unpub.

— & Saw L. G. & Kochummen K. M. (1987). A survey of the forests of the Endau- | a
Rompin area, Peninsular Malaysia: Principal forest types and floristic notes.
Mal. Nat. J. 41, 125-144.

Yapp R. H. (1902). Two Malayan myrmecophilous ferns, Polypodium
(Lecanopteris) carnosum (Blume) and Polypodium sinuosum Wall.
Ann. Bot. 16 (62), 185 - 231.

Appendix 1: Field Sites

Lake Kutubu, 6°30 ‘S, 143°10’E. Southern Highlands Province, Papua New
Guinea (LK).

Binaturi River, between Kunini and Giringarede villages, 9°40’S, 143°E. Western
Province, Papua New Guinea (BR).

Kar Kar Island, 4°40’S, 146°E. Madang Province. Papua New Guinea (KK).

Roguts village, 5°50’S, 144°20’E. Angelimp subdistrict. Western Highlands
Province, Papua New Guinea (R).

Mt. Mon, 9°40’S, 149°40’E. near Bonenau village, Agaun Mission and Mt.
Dayman, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea (MM).

Mt. Bosavi, 6°30’S, 142°55’E. Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea (MB).
Woodlark Island, 9°10’S, 152°30’E. Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea (W).

Varirata National Park, 9°10’S, 152°30’E. Milne Bay Province, Papua New
Guinea (V).

Gunong Bunga Buah, 3°35’N, 101°40’E. Genting Highlands, Selangor State,
Peninsular Malaysia (GBB), literally “the mountain of flowers and fruits”.

Gunong Beremban, 4°20’N, 101°40’E. Cameron Highlands, Pahang State,
Peninsular Malaysia (GB).

Gunong Jasar, 4°20’°N, 101°35’E. Cameron Highlands, Pahang State, Peninsular
Malaysia (GJ).

Maxwell’s Hill, 4°55’N, 100°55’E. Perak State, Peninsular Malaysia (MH).
Fraser’s Hill, 3°45’N, 101°35’E. Selangor State, Peninsular Malaysia (FH).
Cameron Highlands (CH). Pahang State, Peninsular Malaysia.

Gunong Tahan, 4°40’N, 102°20’E. Taman Negara, Peninsular Malaysia (GT).
Sungai Tahan, 4°40’N, 102°30’E. Taman Negara, Peninsular Malaysia (ST).

Batu Ferringhi water catchment area, 5°20’N, 100°20’E. Penang Island, Peninsular
Malaysia (BF).

332

Gunong Jerai, 5°35’N, 100°30’E. Kedah State, Peninsular Malaysia (GJ).

Kota Tinggi, 1°55’N, 103°55’E. Johore State, Peninsular Malaysia (KT).
Gunong Panti, 1°55’N, 103°52’E. Johore State, Peninsular Malaysia (GP).
Bako National Park, 1°40’N, 110°E. Sarawak, East Malaysia (BAK).

Nabawan, 4°30’N, 116°20’E. near Keningau, Sabah, East Malaysia, Borneo (N).
Mt. Kinabalu, 6°10’N, 116°40’E. Sabah, East Malaysia, Borneo (MK).

Badas, 4°40’N, 114°40’E. Brunei, Borneo (BAD).

Bukit Basang, 4°40’N, 114°43’E. Brunei, Borneo (BAS).

Sopu Valley, 2°40’S, 121°10’E. Near Dongi Dongi logging camp, 80 km
South-East of Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (SV).

Mt. Roroka Timbu, 1°10’S, 120°20’E. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (MRT).
Lake Matano, 1°30’S, 102°20’E. Near Soroako, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (LM).

Mt. Wawonseru, 1°30’S, 102°10’E. Near Soroako, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
(MW).

L. sinuosa

Appendix 2 : Hosts of Lecanopteris

Host species

Artocarpus sp. (Mor.)
Pandanus sp. (Pand.)
Sterculia sp. (Sterc.)
Dracaena sp. (Agav.)
Cyathea sp. (Cyath.)
Schefflera sp. (Hed.)

Ficus sp. (Mor.)

Dysoxylon sp. (Mel)
Nauclea orientalis (Rub)
Timonius timon (Rub.)
Planchonella sp. (Sapot.)
Glochidion sp. (Euphorb.)
Eucalyptopsis sp. (Myrtt.)
Dillenia sp. (Dillen.)
Xylocarpus sp. (Mel.)
Banksia dentata (Prot.)
Planchonia sp. (Lecythid.)
Antidesma sp. (Euphorb.)
Theobroma cacao (Sterc.)
Plumeria sp. (Apocyn.)
Cocos nucifera (Palm.)
Toona sp. (Mel)

Casuarina sp. (Cas.)

Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorb.)
Dracaena sp. (Agav.)
Leptospermum flavescens (Myrt.)
Hopea polyalthioides (Dipt.)
Theaceae indet.

Artocarpus sp. (Mor.)
Eugenia syzygioides (Myrt.)
Parinari sp. (Chrysobal.)

Frequency
18

i —
Oommen Oe NY CO KF KB UAW fh Hh KK KK BD

N
oe)

On ek ee KS HN KK NY VD — HP WNW

334

Site Host species Frequency
BAD Agathis borneensis (Arauc.) 1
BAS Casuarina nobilis (Cas.) 3
BAS Gertnera sp. (Rub.) 3
BAS Timonius flavescens (Rub.) 8
BAS Tristania obovata (Myrt.) 3
NAB Vaccinium sp. (Eric.) 1 |
BAK Ixonanthes becarrii (1xon.) 9 .
BAK Casuarina sp. (Cas.) 8
BAK Parastemon spicatum (Chrysobal.) 9
BAK Dacrydium becarrii (Podoc.) 5
BAK Cratoxylum sp. (Guttif.) 1
BAK Baeckia frutescens (Myrt.) 12
BAK Calophyllum austrocoriaceum (Guttif.) 3
BAK Eugenia multibracteosa (Mytt.) 7
BAK Ploiarium alternifolium (Theac.) 6
BAK Mangrove indet. 8

L. pumila

GB Symingtonia populnea (Ham.) 3

GB Garcinia rostrata (Guttif.) 5

U Lithocarpus rassa (Fag.) 26

GB Knema sp. (Myrist.) 2

GB Ardisia sp. (Myrsin.) 6

GB Eugenia attenuata (Myrt.) +

GB Quercus lineata (Fag.) 2

GB Lithocarpus sp. (Fag.) ]

GB Prunus sp. (Ros.) l

GB Cinnamonum scortechnii (Laur.) 2

GB Rhodoleia championii (Ham.) 4
MH Adinandra sp. (Theac.) l

MH Weinmannia blumei (Cunon.) 36
MH Vaccinium sp. (Eric.) ]

MH Ficus chartacea (Motr.) .

GBB Vaccinium bancanum (Eric.) 14

Site Host species

FH Ficus sp. (Mor.)

GT Rhododendron wrayii (Eric.)
GT Vaccinium sp. (Eric.)

K Lithocarpus sp. (Fag.)

U Dead

L. mirabilis

MM Engelhardia rigida (Jug.)

MM Rubiaceae indet.

MM Moraceae indet.

MM Galbulimina belgaveana (Himant.)
MM Planchonella sp. (Sapot.)

MM Nothofagus grandis (Fag.)

U Elaeocarpus culminicola (Elaeoc.)
MM Linociera sp. (Oleac.)

MM Syzgium sp. (Myrt)

U Castanopsis acuminatissima (Fag.)
MM Weinmannia ledermanni (Cunon.)

R Saurauia sp. (Actinid.)

R Leguminosae indet.

R Adenanthera sp. (Leg.)

R Schefflera sp. (Hed.)

R Ardisia sp. (Myrsin.)

R Garcinia sp. (Guttif.)

U Dead

U Indet.

L. crustacea

BAD Shorea albida (Dipt.)
KT Dipterocarpaceae indet.

Frequency

‘n OO NO NO CO ——_—_ —_=

b

NINA NO —& NY — W WN

335

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ay he, bh TL
2 "2; ar md SE
. its = a

7 -

. = ae a
eo) Str zonepbdttt me
ke

Psathyrella (Agaricales) with Ornamented Spores
in the Malay Peninsula.

E.J.H. CoRNER

91 Hinton Way, Great Shelford,
Cambridge CB2 5AH,
England

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE : 31 MARCH 1994
Abstract

Five species are described as new and illustrated. Two have a thin exospore and two have not. The fifth species,
P. flavidifolia, is apparently rare and needs fuller investigation. Sporograph-analysis reveals the smooth spore,
general in Psathyrella, as an endospore.

Introduction

In describing Psathyrella nigeriensis from Africa, Pegler and Young (1992) have
reviewed the position in the genus of the few known species with verrucose or rugulose
spores. I, now, add five, four of which are common in Malayan forest. The fifth, P.
flavidifolia, is imperfectly known from one collection and is included in order that it may
be rediscovered. The robust stature of several, especially P. splendens, suggests that
they should be placed in Lacrymaria Pat. but they do not have the chief qualification
of the spores of that genus nor the inaequihymenium which gives a mottling to the gill-
surface. The spores of Lacrymaria are black or very dark in the mass (Pegler and Young
1971 and 1992, Smith 1972, Singer 1975, Watling 1979). Those of the Malayan species
are fuscous purple or vinaceous brown. Then the spores of Lacrymaria have an apical
germ-pore which is figured by Pegler and Young (1971) as ahole, though itis probably
the thin apical wall without the ornamentation as in the Malayan species. Pegler and
Young (1992) give, also, aggregated pleurocystidia and capitate cheilocysytidia for
Lacrymaria. P. verrucispore, here described, has scattered pleurocystidia and the
cheilocystidia of P. malayana may be more or less capitate. Perhaps the most
remarkable point is the thick veil of P. splendens which forms such a conspicuous
annulus on the stem as to suggest Stropharia. It adds a new feature to Psathyrella, the
concept of which has been based on temperate species.

The occurrence of ornamented spores in a genus regarded as smooth-spored is part of
a wide problem among homobasidiomycetes. In my work on Amauroderma-
Ganoderma (Corner 1983) and the Boletus-spore (Corner 1972) I gave reasons for
regarding the bitunicate spore as the more primitive state leading to the common and
advanced unitunicate and smooth spore; even the amyloid reaction may be a manifestation
(Corner 1989). Thus the ornamented spore turns up in various genera such as Coprinus
(Pegler and Young 1992).

338

The illustrations of spores, given in this article, are enlargements from camera
lucida drawings in order to show as clearly as possible what seems to be their manner
of ornamentation.

Key to Malayan Psathyrella with Ornamented Spores

On macroscopic characters

1. Pileus 5-15 cm wide, fulvous bay, subtomentose then appressedly scaly.Stem 7-18 cm x 5-18 mm, base
bulbous fusiform. Ring pronounced at first, thick, Woolly, White ..............ccccceecceseeeseeesseeeseeeeees P. splendens

1. Pileus not scaly. Ring indistinct or none.

2. Gills pale egg-yellow then vinaceous drab, subdecurrent, crowded, 2-3 mm wide. Pileus - 10 cm wide,
pale ochraceous tan with brown disc. Stem 6.5-14 mm wide. Ring as a floccose zone.
sar dainsew sisaeieialencnalic oesincelous igs: ssmmnuia amputee Cae ert Mca Re do ae P. flavidifolia

2. Gills white then dark brown to purplish fuscous.

3. Gills adnate, not or scarcely crowded, 21-30 primaries 5-9 wide. Smell strong of radish and
isis | a nee wee, ee bk yee eM em es P. verrucispora

3. Gills adnexed, crowded, 40-60 (-80) primaries 2-5 mm wide. Smell faint of mushroom, or none.
4. Pileus ochraceous with ferruginows DSC o2...0025 cece dsckels nvtsaccnsteniotaedtame ap hevaee eee P. retispora
4. Pileus umber with date-Re wa Wage <6: dies eeie-sinces1etne ecards erica P. malayana
On microscopic characters

1. Pileus hymenioderm with a palisade of clavate cells. Pleurocystidia none. Spores with a smooth adaxial patch,
without a hyaline exospore.

2. Spores 9-10.5 x 5-6 um (overall), reticulately marked with wide adaxial patch. Cheilocystidia mostly
CLAVALES 0.....0ccctessonedtbeskedschvesasuserly chaduncagatenbains aptost redeginad yy athe iD Sais de ODP ssn P. retispora

2. Spores 7-9 x 6-6.5 um (overall), with short irregular flanges and small or no adaxial patch. Cheilocystidia
Variable, Often VEMISICOBE «005 s;u00cs4 ase- «a> basen she ¥eleveneneasDnasalibed ad tuckataas Pauline halted; (ante enn P. malayana

1. Pileus not hymenioderm, the surface pseudoparenchymatous (? P. flavidifolia). Spores with hyaline exospore
covering the warts, without adaxial patch.

3. Pleurocystidia present. Spores 9.5-12 XK 6.5-B (0M ss .scsecorscnssevskecsusndv enters P. verrucispora
3. Pleurocystidia absent (? P. flavidifolia).
4. Spores 6.5-7.5 X 5-6 UMM vo. cscissnsies «nsveedssntesnddensvies {p> lnahyains dh euegaiieh: cae P. splendens

4. Spores 10-12 x 6-7 pad eisecsesnesenceescecesonsnesnsescsinttepesers iieshaiesanaiamtaratan tenn P. flavidifolia

339

1. Psathyrella flavidifolia sp. 7.

Pileus 5-10.5cm latus, convexus dein planus, centro aliquando depresso, glaber rugulosus
subhygrophanus subochraceus, disco cinnamomeo-brunneo; margine veli pannis paucis ornato.
Stipes 6-11.5 cm x 6.5-14 mm apicem versus, 5-8 mm basim saepe attenuatum versus, sed apice basique
plus minus dilatato, fistulosus, pallide brunneolus, zona floccosa deformi alba 15-20 mm sub apice,
deorsum furfuraceus, sine annulo. Lamellae subdecurrentes confertissimae angustae, 70-90 primariae
2-3 mm latae, ordinibus 4-6, pallide vitellinae dein sordide vinaceae. Caro 3-6 mm crassa in pilei
centro, firma subhygrophana brunneolo-albida. Sporae 10-12 x 6-7 um, in cumulo vinacei-
cinnamomeae, verruculosae amygdaliformes. Ad terram in silva montana. Malaya, Pahang, Fraser’s
Hill, Corner s.n. 25 Nov 1930; typus, herb. Corner.

Pileus 5-10.5 cm wide, convex to campanulate then plane, disc sometimes
depressed, subhygrophanous, glabrous, irregularly and shallowly rugulose to the
smooth disc, pallid ochraceous tan with the disc rather cinnamon brown; margin
strongly incurved at first, minutely subvillous, with a few evanescent cottony patches
as the remains of the veil. Stem 6-11.6 cm x 6.5-14 mm above, 5-8mm below,
cylindric or attenuate downwards, apex and base more or less dilated, stout, hollow,
pallid tan with a narrow ill-defined whitish floccose zone 15-20 mm below the stem-
apex as the remains of the ring, no ring, subpruinose above the zone, coarsely scurfy
fibrous below, base with short white mycelial strands. Gills subdecurrent, very
crowded, narrow, thin, 79-90 primaries 2-3 mm wide, 4-6 ranks, pale egg-yellow then
vinaceous drab or subfuscous, edge entire. Flesh 3-6 mm thick in the centre of the
pileus, 1-2 mm halfway to the margin, subhygrophanous, firm, pallid tan-white.

On the ground in montane forest. Malaya, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill 1,200 m alt.
November 1930.

Spores 10-12 x 6-7 tum, vinaceous cinnamon in the mass, dark brown s.m.,
verruculose appearing punctate-rough, amygdaliform.

I describe this fungus, even though my notes on microscopic details are so imperfect,
because it indicates an ally of P. splendens. It may be rare because I found it but once
and, then, it puzzled me and became Hebeloma in my notes. Possibly P. rugocephala
(Atk.) A. H. Smith (1972) may be related but the Malayan fungus differs in the yellow
gills and and paler spores.

2. Psathyrella malayana sp. n Figure 1, Plate |

Pileus 1-9 latus, centro ruguloso, saepeumbonatus, glaber striatus, primo badiobrunneus dein
pallidior rufus, ultimo umbrinus centro brunneo. Stipes 4-13.5 cm x 2.5-8 mm ad apicem, 5-11 mm
as basim albivillosum, fistulosus fragilis, saepe obtortus, pruinsovillosus, albus dein brunneolus.
Velum album tenusissimum evanescens. Lamellae adnexae, saepe dente subdecurrentes, ultimo
liberae, confertissimae angustae, 40-80 primariae 1.5-5mm latae, ordinibus 4-6, pallide albae dein
umbrino-chocolatae vel obscure brunneae, acie alba serrulata. Caro in pilei centro 1-3.5 mm crassa,
hygrophana fragilis. Odor fungosus levis. Sporae 7-9 x 6-6.5,.m, in cumulo obscure purpureibrunneae,
ellipsoideae, verrucis purpureibrunneis saepe elongatis irregularibus ornatae, apicibus levibus.
Cheilocystidia 20-65 x 8-16 1m, clavata vel ventricosa, etiam apice subcapitato 6-9 1m lato, ut lamellae
acie sterili. Pleurocystidia nulla. Caulocystidia -70 x 4-7um, cylindrica subclavata flexuosa.
Superficies pilei cellulis clavatis 30-80 x 12-25 um hymeniodermis. Ad terram vel lignum in silva,
etiam in locis graminosis. Peninsula Malayana. Typus, Corner s.n. 23 Oct. 1934, Singapore.

340

Pileus 1-9 cm wide, conico-convex then plane or repand with more or less sinuous
margin, often umbonate, hygrophanous, striate, smooth but with rugulose centre or
occasionally entirely and strongly rugulose, at first deep bay-brown then paler and
rufous, becoming watery livid umber with date-brown disc, drying pale rufous tan or
pinkish tan with fulvous ochraceous to subferruginous disc and minutely atomate;
margin incurved at first. Stem 4-13.5 cm x 2.5-8 mm at the apex, 5-8 mm at the white
villous base, attenuate upwards, stout but very brittle, often twisted, hollow, innately
brownish fibrillose, wholly minutely pruinose villous, pallid white to pale tan. Veil
white, very thin, evanescent. Gills adnexed, often decurrent with a tooth, separating
free, very crowded, rather narrow, 40-80 primaries 1.5-5 mm wide, 4-6 ranks, at first
drab white or clay-white then chocolate umber or fuscous date-brown, sometimes
persistently pale brownish umber or pale brownish white for along time, edge white and
serrulate. Flesh 1-3.5 mm thick in the centre of the pileus, 0.7-1.5 mm halfway to the
margin, thin, hygrophanous, brittle, concolorous, drying pallid white but brownish
beneath the surface of the pileus. Sme// like mushrooms (Agaricus) or gravy,
not strong.

On the ground (? from roots), on wood and on lawns. Malay Peninsula, rather
common.

Spores 7-9 x 6-6.5 um, dark purple brown in the mass, opaque purple brown under
the microscope, ellipsoid, verrucose from irregular and often flange-like purple brown
thickenings of the spore-wall, the ends of the spore smooth, adaxial patch small or none.
Basidia dimorphic, long basidiac. 33 x 11.7 um, short basidia c. 25 x 11.4 um, clavate-
stipitate; sterigmata 4, 3um long. Cheilocystidia 20-65 x 8-16 um, very variable in
shape, cylindric and often flexuous, clavate to more or less ventricose and then often
with subcapitate apex 6-9 lum wide, with transitions to sterile basidia, thin-walled,
colourless, smooth, as a sterile gill-edge. Pleurocystidia none. Caulocystidia -70 x 4-
7 um, cylindric to subclavate, flexuous, thin-walled, smooth, colourless. Pileus
covered with a palisade of thin-walled, smooth, clavate cells 30-80 x 12-25 [1m, the
subterminal 1-2 cells also more or less inflated. Hyphae of the pileus 8-25 {1m wide,
the hypodermal hyphae with thin, pale brown, subannular, placque-like incrustation.
Hyphae of the stem 8-25 um wide, 3-6 Um at the surface.

Note. This common Malayan fungus develops fruit-bodies at all times of the year
after heavy rain-storms. I had always assumed it to be P. trechispora Petch but, on
studying the recent accounts of that fungus by Pegler (1986) and by Pegler and Young
(1992), Ihave decided to describe it as a new species rather than as a variety. The main
distinction lies in the spores which, in P. malayana, do not have the wrinkled
exospore (myxospore) of P. trechispora; the warts of P. malayana are thickenings of
the endospore and coloured in the same way. Then, the cheilocystidia and clavate cells
of the pileus are much larger in P. malayana, and the cheilocystidia are much more
variable in form. The colour of the pileus in P. trechispora is like that of P. retispora
(here described). Certainly the fruit-bodies of the three species are very similar and

341

microscopic study is needed to distinguish them.

In October 1930 I watched the development of some 20 fruit-bodies in the Singapore
Gardens Jungle. The pileus began to open in the morning and was not fully expanded
(5-7 cm wide) until next morning. They remained like this for 2/, - 3 days before
collapsing.

3. Psathyrella retispora sp. n. Figure 1, Plate 2

Pileus 2-8 cm latus, conico-convexus dein planus, umbonatus ruguloso-reticulatus, badiobrunneus vel
badio-subferrugineus, dein ochraceus disco ferrugineo-brunneo; margine glabro. Stipes 3-9 cm x 4-8 mm,
cylindricus fistulosus fragilis, vix fibrillosus, albus. Lamellae adnexae confertae angustae, 42-55 primariae
2.5-4.5 mm latae, ordinibus 4-5, albae dein pallide brunneo-ochraceae, ultimo fuscibrunneae. Sporae 9-10.5
x 5-6 Lim, in cumulo fusci-chocolatae, amygdaliformes reticulatae, apice laevi protruso, macula adaxiali bene
distincta. Cheilocystidia 40-58 x10-18 um, plerumque clavata. Pleurocystidia nulla. Superficies pilei cellulis
clavatis instructa. Ad terram solitaria, gregaria vel subcaespitosa. Peninsula Malayana. Typus, Corner s.n.
13 April. 1941, Johore (alc.form.).

Pileus 2-8 cm wide, conico-convex then plane or concave, umbonate, hygrophanous,
smooth or more or less reticulate towards the disc, not striate or slightly near the margin,
bay brown or dark rich ferruginous bay becoming paler on expansion and ochraceous
with ferruginous brown centre, livid towards the margin; margin incurved at first,
entire, glabrous. Stem 3-9 cm x 4-8 mm, cylindric, stout, fibrous, easily snapping,
hollow, white. Veil fibrillose, very thin, white, evanescent. Gills adnexed, not
ventricose, crowded, narrow, 42-55 primaries 2.5-4.5 mm wide, 4-5 ranks, white then
pale brownish ochraceous, finally date-brown fuscous, paler to the whitish edge. Flesh
rather thick, firm in the pileus, brittle in the stem, white.

On bare ground in forest or plantations, solitary, gregarious or several fruit-bodies
connate at the base. Malay Peninsula.

Spores 9-10.5 x5-6 tum (overall), fuscous chocolate in the mass, amygdaliform,
irregularly reticulate with superficial coloured meshes 0.2-0.5 um high, with smooth
adaxial patch and smooth subacute end. Basidia dimorphic; long basidia 36-43 x
11.3-12.3 um, short basidia 29-35 x 10.3-11.9 um; 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 40-58
x 10-18 um, mostly clavate, obtuse to almost subtruncate, occasionally subvent ricose,
thin-walled, smooth, colourless, contents fairly dense, as a sterile gill-edge.
Pleurocystidia none. Surface of pileus with a palisade of clavate hyphal ends.
Collections — Singapore, Gardens Jungle, Corner s.n. 1 March 1944; Johore, Sungei
Pendas Rubber Estate, Corner s.n. 13 April 1941.

Note. Macroscopically this is almost indistinguishable from P. malayana and is surely
overlooked in consequence but the stem is usually attenuate upwards in P. malayana.

4. Psathyrella splendens sp. n. Figure 1, Plate 3

Pileus 5-15 cm latus, convexus dein fere planus, siccus, primo badiofulvus, minute subtomentosus, dein

342

Figure 1. Spores of Psathyrella retispora (a), P. splendens (b) and P.. malayana (c); x5000.

Figure 2. Spore of Psathyrella verrucispora; x5000.

343

pallide ochraceifulvus, appresse squamulosus, veli pannis fuscis vel pallidis sparsis in zonis concentricis
obtectus, disco castaneo-umbrino subtomentoso. Stipes 7-18 cm x 5-18 mm ad apicem, 6-25 mm ad basim
fusiformi-bulbosum, firmus, solidus vel in aetate fistulosus, albus dein subochraceus vel brunneolus, sub
annulum veli pannis subfuscis peronatus, superne albipruinosus. Annulus crassus lanneus albus, 5-12 mm
sub stipitis apice. Lamellae breviter decurrentes, raro sinuatoadnatae, confertae, 70-100 primariae 3.5-8 mm
latae, ordinibus 4(-5), albae dein subincarnatae, ultimo vinacei-brunneae, acie lacrymanti. Caro 5-11 mm
crassa in pilei centro, firma alba. Odor fragrans, haud fortis. Sporae 6.5-8 x5-7 um, in cumulo alte
vinaceibrummeae, ovoideae verruculosae, verrucis 0.2-0.3 im altis in exosporio inclusis, sine macula
adaxiali. Cheilocystidia 35-70 x 7-14 im, clavata, ut lamellae acie sterili. Pleurocystidia nulla. Superficies
pilei pseudoparenchymatica. Ad terram in silva solitaria vel gregaria. Peninsula Malayana, Borneo. Typus,
Corner s.n. 9 Mar 1930, Singapore.

Pileus 5-15 cm wide, convex then nearly plane, dry, at first deep fulvous bay or
auburn and wholly minutely appressedly subtomentose, becoming paler ochraceous
fulvous with the surface breaking up into small appressed scales with large thin fuscous
or pallid patches of the veil scattered in concentric zones towards the margin, the disc
persistently chestnut umber and subtomentose, no separable pellicle; margin strongly
incurved at first. Stem 7-18 cm x 5-18 mm at the apex, 6-25 mm at the usually bulbous
fusiform base, white discolouring pale ochraceous or brownish, appressedly peronate
with subfuscous fragments of the veil up to the ring, white pruinose scurfy above the
ring, stout, firm, fibrillose, solid then hollowing in age. Ring well-marked, white then
fuscous purplish or vinaceous from the spores, thick and woolly at first but soon
collapsing and membranous, placed 5-12 mm below the stem-apex. Gil/s shortly
decurrent, rarely sinuato-adnate with a decurrent tooth, crowded, thin, c. 70-100
primaries 3.5-8 mm wide, 4(-5) ranks, white then pinkish, finally vinaceous brown;
edge white, sinuate, serrulate, exuding liquid drops (as the stem-spex) when young and
fresh. Flesh 5-11 mm thick in the centre of the pileus, 1-4 mm halfway to the margin,
firm, rather thick, white. Smel// faint, somewhat of almond and caramel, pleasant.

On the ground in forest, singly or in troops, less often subcaespitose, shortly rooting.
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, frequent.

Spores 6.5-8 x 5-7 um, commonly 7.5-6.7 x 6.3 um, deep vinaceous brown orrusset
vinaceous in the mass (not purplish), fuscous purplish under the microscope, broadly
ellipsoid, subacute, punctate verruculose, wholly surrounded with a hyaline, not
gelatinous, exospore c. 0.5 um thick enclosing the warts 0.2-0.3 um high, without
adaxial patch. Basidia dimorphic; long basidia 35-43 x 7.3-9 tum, short basidia 28-34
x 7-9 um; sterigmata 4, 3 um long; paraphyses none. Cheilocystidia 35-70 x 7-14 um
above, 3-4 um at the base, clavate with flexuous stalk, thin-walled, smooth, with cloudy
vacuolate contents, colourless, as asterile gill-edge. Pleurocystidianone. Caulocystidia
clustered on the stem-apex above the ring, as the cheilocystidia but shorter and ofter
cylindric. Hyphae of the pileus colourless, thin-walled, interwoven-radiating with
abundant air-spaces, the cells 50-150x 5-20 um, forming acompact pseudoparenchyma
at the surface with short irregular cells 5-20 um wide, this layer 150-180 tm thick over
the centre of the pileus and thinning off in the peripheral part of the limb to radial and
slightly compacted hyphae with short cells 20-50 x 10-20 um; outer hyphae of the

344

pseudoparenchyma rather narrow with brownish walls giving off the loosely entangled
brown-walled hyphae of the veil 3-8 [um wide; flesh over the gills with cells 20-50 x 10-
30 um, compacted into a turgid pseudoparenchyma. Hyphae of the stem longitudinal,
compact, 8-25 im wide with long cells, 3-6 um wide at the surface and mostly collapsed
with yellowish walls. Gill-trama with descending hyphae 3-12 um wide, long-celled,
3-4 um wide and interwoven in the subhymenium, 12-20 um wide with short cells in
the intermediate layer c. hyphae thick. All septa with clamps.

Collections - Singapore Gardens’ Jungle Sing. F’. N. 5946; Corner s.n. Sept. 1929, Sept.
1930; Bukit Timah, Corner s.n. Sept. Oct. 1929, 1930; Reservoir Jungle, Corner s.n.
9 Feb. 1930.- Johore, Gunong Panti, Corner s.n. March 1930.- Borneo, Mt. Kinabalu,
RSNB 8152.

Note. Among the paintings of Ridley’s collections of fungi from Singapore n. 29, 20
Sept. 1907, is undoubtely P. splendens but the species seems not to have been taken up
by Massee. On this painting Chipp has written ‘= 5946’ which is Sing. F.N. 5946
collected by F. Flippance. Then Chipp (1921) placed this number under Stropharia
umbonata Mass., typified by Ridley n.36J, which is a different species from P.
splendens and with smooth spores may belong in Stropharia. The third collection
cited by Chipp, namely Flippance 6178, seems also to be S$. umbonata.

Development of the fruit-body. In October 1930, I watched the development of 8 fruit-
bodies in the Singapore Gardens Jungle. The pileus expanded and ruptured the veil
during the night. On the previous day the fruit-bodies were 7-11 cm high with unopened
pilei 3.5-5.3 cm wide. On the following night the pilei expanded to full size, 4.5-11.5
cm wide, and lasted for a further 3-4 days. My observations began on 2 October and
the fruit-bodies had evidently developed after the heavy rain which began on 24
September. The unexpanded fruit-bodies could not have been more then 7 days old.
Hence the life of the fruit-body appears to be 13-14 days with nocturnal rupture of the
veil on the 8th night.

5. Psathyrella verrucispora sp. n. Figure 2, Plates 4 and 5

Pileus 1.5-8 cm latus, campanulatus dein convexo-planus, centro subdepresso, glaber hygrophanus
rivuloso-rugosus, primo badiirufus dein umbrinobruneus; margin primo fibrilloso rachnoideo. Stipes 2.5-
11 cm x 1.5-6 mm ad apicem, 2-10 mm ad basim, albivillosus fragilis, albidus dein fuscibrunneus, deorsum
ad medium fibrilloso-subzonatus. Velum arachnoideum evanescens. Lamellae adnatae vel sinuato-adnatae,
vix confertae, latae, 21-30 primariae 5-9 mm latae, ordinibus 3-4, albidae dein pallide purpureofuscae vel
vinaceo-cinnamomeae, acie serrulata albida. Caro 1-1.5 mm crassa in pilei centro, hygrophana. Odor
raphanaceus vel ut foenum-graecum. Sporae 9.5-12 x 6.5-8.m, in cumulo fuscipurpureae, amygdaliformes
verruculosae, apice hyalino laevi, sine macula adaxiali. Cheilocystidia 20-35 x 8-14 Um, clavata vel ventricosa
cum apice subacuto elongato. Pleurocystidia 38-78 x 13-17um, ventricosa, tenuiter tunicata, laevia, etiam
apice elongato. Superficies pilei cellulis irregulariter clavatis 30-70 x 20-60 um, tunicis ochraceibrunneis
laevibus, plus minus hymeniodermia. In humo in silva, gregaria vel subcaespitosa. Peninsula Malayana.
Typus, Corner s.n. Aug. 1929, Johore.

Pileus 1.5-8 cm wide, campanulate then convexo-plane, centre slightly depressed,

345

rivulose-rugose from the disc almost to the margin, at first bay-brown rufous then date-
brown umber, drying rufous fawn to pale fawn tan with bay-brown umber, drying
rufous fawn to pale fawn tan with bay-brown and minutely cracked disc; margin
incurved at first and arachnoid with silky white fibrils (remains of veil). Stem
2.5-11 cm x 1.5-6 mm at the apex, 2-10 mm at the white villous bases, attenuate
upwards, brittle, stuffed then hollow, fibrillose and often with faint zones in the lower
two thirds, whitish to dingy brownish ageing fuscous. Vei/ cortinate, at first rather thick,
evanescent, not forming a ring. Gills sinuate-adnate to broadly adnate, not or scarcely
crowded, broad, thin, 21-30 primaries 5-9 mm wide, 3-4 ranks, pallid white then pale
purplish fuscous or pale vinaceous cinnamon, edge whitish and serrulate. Flesh 1-1.5
mm thick in the centre of the pileus, less than 0.5 mm over the limb, hygrophanous,
drying whitish and rather spongy, pale dingy yellowish fawn in the stem. Smell rather
strong and peculiar, of radish and fenugreek.

In forest humus, gregarious or subcaespitose. Malay Peninsula.

Spores 9.5-12 x 6.5-8 Um (overall), fuscous purple in the mass, amygdaliform,
verrucose with conico-truncate coloured warts within the thin mucilaginous exospore
0.2-0.3 um thick, without adaxial patch. Basidia dimorphic; long basidia 32-38 x 9-10
um, short basidia 23-29 x 7-9 um; sterigmata 4, 4 um long. Paraphyses none.
Cheilocystidia 20-35 x 8-14 um, clavate or ovoid, or ventricose and prolonged -60 um
with subacute apex 3-4 um wide, thin-walled, colourless, as a sterile gill-edge.
Pleurocystidia 38-78 x 13-17 um, ventricose, thin-walled, colourless, smooth, some
lanceolate with prolonged narrow apex 50-100 x 9-12 um with apex 1-2.5 um wide.
Hyphae of pileus 3-15 um wide, loosely interwoven but short-celled -35 um wide and
pseudopamenchymatous in the subhymenium. Hyphae of the stem 10-20 um wide, 3-
5 um at the surface, longitudinal, without distinct caulocystidia. Surface of pileus with
a palisade of irregularly clavate cells 30-70 x 20-60 um with smooth yellowish brown
walls, very compact and almost pseudoparenchymatous as if cemented together.

Collections - Singapore, Gardens Jungle, Corner s.n. July and September 1929, 10 Sept.
1940, 28 March 1943; Reservoir Jungle, Corner s.n. Oct. 1929; Mandai Road, Corner
s.n. Aug. 1929.

var. minima vy. nov.

Differt receptaculis minimis, pileo 4-8 mm lato, stipite 15-20 x 1 mm, lamellis primariis 15-20, -2.5 mm
latis, ordinibus 2-3. Ad terram, solitaria, Singapore. Typus, Corner s.n. 3 Sept. 1934.

Pileus smooth, persistently convex, pale fawn tan, disc subrufous, whitish towards
the margin. Cheilocystidia 15-40 x 8-17 um, mostly clavate or subcylindric, some
ventricose-lanceolate. Pleurocystidia 40-80 x 12-20 Um, ventricose-lanceolate with
prolonged subacute to obtuse process, thin-walled smooth, colourless.

Note. Superficially this species is so like P. malayana and P. retispora that one must

346

look at the wide gills and test the smell. Microscopically the spores and pleurocystidia
are distinctive. At one time I thought this species might be Hypholoma elatum Mass.
(Kew Bull. 1908, 5), described from Singapore with Ridley n. 83E as the type. The
painting of this collection shows a strongly and acutely umbonate pileus with
extensively and closely cutifract squamulose limb and dark fuliginous grey to blackish
gills. Though the gills are broad, the painting cannot represent the fungus which I
describe; it does not fit any fungus know to me.

Var. minima, with typical spores of V. verrucispora, shows the diminution of
fruit-body which occurs in some agarics, perhaps related to the circumstances of
mycelial growth.

The Basidium-unnit in Psathyrella with Ornamented Spores

This investigation was undertaken in 1944 at the Singapore Botanic Gardens when
Kwan Koriba was the director. It was one of the many ways by which we passed the
time during the anxious years of the Occupation. The results confirm the general theory
of basidium-geometry (Corner 1972, Wasser and Berger 1980, 1983). There are some
discrepancies but it must be remembered that any close agreement between observed
and theoretical results is remarkable because there 1s no explanation why this should be
except that of the geometry of the unit based on spore-spacing, the sporograph, the
basidiograph and the ampoule effect. These matters are eschewed by textbooks. The
main points for the four Malayan species which I studied in detail are the following.

The basidia are dimorphic. The difference in length between long and short basidia
is, roughly, that of spore-length. Thus, taking the averages that I obtained (not the mean

values):—
Difference in
a basidium length | >Pore length

i debe ai ee

[rime fe

347

Concerning differences in the width (w) of long and short basidia, I am doubtful if
such as I found have any significance. Thus :-

long basidia short basidia
(lum) (um)

ee

P. splendens

The point is that the values for this comparison cannot be made on the same
undisturbed fruit-body. The long basidia mostly shed their spores and begin to
collapse before the short basidia are fully grown, and there are commonly slight
differences in the size of the basidia and the spores in different fruit-bodies
of the same species. The best way of measuring basidium-width is by means of
the mature basidium-circles as seen in apical view of the basidia. Lateral
compression may render the basidium-circle into an ellipse with long and short
diameters which cannot de detected in lengthwise view, though the mean of the
two diameters gives generally much the same result.

In P. splendens and P. verrucispora, both with thin exospore and without adaxial
patch, there is no compression of the spore-circles. The ratio of spore-width (d) to
basidium-width (w) is, respectively, d=0.63w and d=0.70w; that of the typical
uncompressed basidium-unit is d=0.65w.

By contrast, in P. malayana and P. retispore, both without exospore but with an
adaxial patch, there is compression as shown by their ratios, respectively, d=0.55w and
d=0.51w.

I take this to imply, as with the Boletus-spore, that compression leads to loss or
complete mucification of the exospore. The compression in this case would arise from
interference of crowded basidium-units, not from incurvature of the hymenium as in
Boletus. As proof, the spores are distinctly dilated tangentially in P. retispora with
radial diameter 5.60um and tangential 6.25 um on average. I did not observe spore-
compression in P. malayana and P. verrucispora but it occurs P. splendens with
diameters 5.09 um and 5.74 um respectively. In P. verrucispora it seems that the
short basidia produce narrower spores (? more compressed) than the long basidia.

348

In the following notes the intention has been to test the geometrical theory of the
basidium-unit by comparison of actual measures with theoretical prediction. I
have used the same symbols as in my account of the Boletus-spore. Thus :- D
is spore-length, d is spore-width with dr and dt for radial and tangential
diameters, w is basidium-width. S’, S’’ and S’’’ are the diameters of the outer,
the middle and the inner spore-circles. M is the diameter of the sterigmatic
circle. 8 is the angle made by the long axis of the spore with that of the sterigma.
All the measures are in microns.

Table 1. Psathyrellya malayana

Observations in microns

1.0

21 ~=short basidia 25.18
average

22. spore-circles
average exosp.

22. spore-circles
average endosp.

20 __ sterigmatic
circles, av.

Taking = = 35’ , then for the exospore w=8.08 Um; for the endospore w=9.16 Um
Both these figures are too low for the observed averages of 11.01 um to 11.76 um.
Taking M = S’”’ - 0.7d, then for the exospore M=7.07 tum; for the endospore M=7.84 um.
While M for the endospore agrees moderately well with the observed value 8.25 1m, that for the exospore is too low.

For the exospore d=0.55w, for the endospore d=0.42w. These ratios indicate considerable compression of the

spore-circles.

349

Table 2. Psathyrella retispora.

Observations in microns

aa
Spore-print 975 | 5.50
mean ;
Teme | |e
20 spore-circles 5.72
average

N

oa

10 spore-circles 10.46
average
11 sterigmatic
circles, av.
10 basidia average wae
5 long basidia
average

5 short basidia
average

4 —
—
Nn
—"
oo
=)
oS)

Long basidia average 38.44um long, short basidia 31.4444m

Taking the same equations as for P. malayana, then w=8.16 um, which is clearly too small compared with the
observed average values 10.46-11.62 um. Then with S’’=11.11 um and d=5.72 tm, M=7.1 14m which is also small
compared with the observed average 8.03 Um.

Taking d=5.72 um and w=11.2 um (as the average of 5 values), then d=0.51w, which shows considerable
compression of the spore-circles as well as the spore.

If the usual relation for uncompressed values is taken then d=7.28um, which is clearly too high. If this
value is taken for d, then S’’’ should be about 7.5 um to satisfy w=11.3um, and this shows the compression
of the spore-circles.

350

Table 3. Psathyrella splendens.

Observations in microns

RL
123) GAG
Spore-print mean 700! 5.50
12 long basidia
19 short basidia
average
22 sterigmatic

dt is 5.74 um on average.

Taking the same equations as for P. malayana, then w=9.03 Um and M=7.79 um. These values are slightly
higher than observed. If M=7.41 tm, as observed, then d=5.86 um, which is again but slightly higher than observed.
S"-M

sin
45° and d is 5.33 um. Alternatively with d=5.31 um, then 6 is 44° 28’.

Taking the theoretical equation d = and with S”’ as 11.51 um and M as 7.41 [m, the spore-angle 8 is

I conclude that all these results are close enough to confirm the general theory of basidium-geometry.

354

Table 4. Psathyrella verrucispora.

Observations in microns

w S'

cae LE:
RE
oof en] | ||
10 spore-circles average * 10.65] 4.20

16 sterigmatic circles, long
basidia, average

12 sterigmatic circles, long
basidia, average

28 sterigmatic circles, mixed
average

Sterigmatic circle direct
measure average
staid | ose foal | | |

13 basidia, apical view, average

Long basidia, mean
Short basidia, mean

* including both long and short basidia.

Taking the same equations as with P. malayana, then
w=9.48 um for long basidia : average observed value 9.5 um.
w=8.23 um for short basidia : average observed value 8.0 um.
M=8.33 um for long basidia : average observed value 9.23 um.
M=7.20 um for short basidia : average observed value 6.8 um.
w=8.84 um as the observed average for both kinds of basidium.

Taking the equation for 6 (as with P. splendens), then with 6 as 45°, d=7.13 Um for long basidia and 6.43 um
for short basidia, and this compares favourably with the average value 6.77 tm for all the spore-measurements.

These results from living basidia agree closely with the theoretical. The slight discrepancy with M may be the
effect of incipient collapse of the basidium with incurvature of the sterigmata.

352

Sporograph of Psathyrella

In comparing spores I find it desirable to present the issue graphically by means of
the sporograph. The data for the species with ornamented spores have been taken from
Tables 1-4. The resulting sporograph is shown in Figure 3. It does not include the two
species described by Pegler and Young because they excluded the myxosporium
(exospore) in their measurements. The resulting figure was so uncertsain that I decided
to test it with a sporograph based on the European species with smooth spores described
by Kits van Waveren (1985). I took the mean size of the overall spore-measures of the
96 species. The resulting sporograph is given with black circles in Figure 4. There is
a remarkable scatter which shows, if vaguely, the usual tendency of the long spores to
become relatively narrower. The scatter might become more orderly if this generic
sporograph were itemised into the sectional categories used by Kits van Waveren. It
is possible, also, that some species may have dimorphic basidia with slightly different
spores, as I found in P. verrucispora. However, when the points for the species with
ornamented spores are superimposed (as open circles) on this generic sporograph, it
becomes clear that P. malayana, P. splendens and P. verrucispora have relatively
wider spores on account of the presence of the exospore or ornamentation. Thus, the
point for the endospore of P. malayana fits with the sporograph of the smooth spores.
Then, if the points for P. nigeriensis and P. trechispora are added, they also fit with the
smooth spores, being endospore measures. It is probable that my data for P. retispora
were based on endospores. I take this generic sporograph as confirmation that the
smooth spore, found generally in Psathyrella, is an endospore.

7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0

Figure 3. Sporograph for the Malayan species of Psathyrella with ornamented spores. P. malayana(m) _
with endospore at x, P. retispora (r), P. splendens (s) and P. verrucispora (Vv).

353

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Figure 4. Sporograph for the 96 species of Psathyrella with smooth spores, descibed by Kits van
Waveren (1985) with species-points as black circles. Open circles for the species with
ornamented spores as P. malayana (m), P. nigeriensis (n), P. retispora (r), P. splendens (s),
P. trechispora (t) and P. verrucispora (v).

Basidiograph

As the sporograph illuminates the nature of spores in an alliance, so the basidiograph
displays that of the basidia. The basidiograph for the Malayan species with ornamented
spores is shown in Figure 5. It indicates the same trend for both long and short basidia,
but the data are too few to draw any definite conclusion. | refrain from comparing my
results with the data of Kits van Waveren and Pegler and Young because their measures
were taken from dried specimens and such, in my experience, are never sufficiently
exact for the basidiograph. The pleurocystidium of P. verrucispora seems to fit its
basidial locus rather than the steeper locus that one might derive for all four species.
Again, there enters the problem of sectional distinction with separation of the species
and their alignment, possibly, with smooth-spored species. It will be ahuge undertaking
but necessary for the understanding of Psathyrella.

354 ‘Te

10 20 30 40

Figure 5. Basidiograph of the Malayan species of Psathyrella with ornamented
spores. P. malayana (m), P. retispora (r), P. splendens (s) and
P. verrucispora (Vv).

References
Chipp, T.F (1921). A list of the fungi of the Malay Peninsula. Gard. Bull.,
Straits Settlements IT, n. 9-11: 311-418.

Corner, E.J.H. (1972). Studies in the basidium. Spore-spacing and the Boletus-spore.
Gard. Bull. , Sing. XXVI-: 159-194.

— (1983). Ad Polyporaceas I. Amauroderma and Ganoderma. Beih. Nova
Hedwigia 75.

— (1989). Ad Polyporaceas V. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 96: 11.
Pegler, D.N. (1986). Agaric Flora of Sri Lanka. Kew Bull. Add. Ser. XII: 338.

Pegler, D.N. and T.W.K. Young (1971). Basidiospore morphology in the Agaricales.
Beih. Nova Hedwigia 35.

— (1992). Tropical species of Psathyrella with ornamented spores. Myc. Res. 96: 503-506.

Kits van Waveren, E. (1985). The Dutch, French and British species of Psathyrella.
Persoonia Suppl. vol. 2.

Singer, R. (1975). The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. J. Cramer: Vaduz.

Smith, A.H. (1972). The North American species of Psathyrella. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gdn 24:
1-633.

Wasser, S.P. and E.G.Berger (1980). Analysis of the basidium of higher Basidiomycetes
on the basis of geometrical dependencies. Mycotaxon 10: 351-364.

— (1983). Geometrical dependencies of Agaricaceae (Fr.) Cohn. Basidia as an additional
taxonomic criterion. Sydowia, Annls Mycol. ser. IT, 36: 293-307.

Watling, R. (1979). Studies in the genera Lacrymaria and Panaeolus. Notes Bot. Gdn
Edin. 37: 369-380.

Plate 1. Psathyrella malayana, from Bukit Timah, Singapore, 7 April 1941.

Plate 2. Psathyrella retispora, from Sungei Pendas, Johore, 3 April 1941.

oe)

Nn

356

Plate 3. Psathyrella splendens, from Reservoir Jungle, Singapore 25 Aug. 1940.

357

‘owe

(,
{

Minin nnd cca

cicadas rami Occ eretirnonc nn terarns cea anno aNRRRIRIS

Plate 4. Psathyrella verrucispora, from Gardens Jungle, Singapore 28 March 1943.

Plate 5. Psathyrella verrucispora, from Gardens Jungle, Singapore 10 Sept. 1940.

Observations on Malaysian Bolbitiaceae with Records from
Solomon Islands

Roy WATLING

Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh EH 3 SLR
Scotland, UK

EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE : 31 MARCH 1994

Abstract

Fifteen taxa of Bolbitiaceae, belonging to the three main genera and sections thereof, are described from
Malaysia including four new taxa viz. Agrocybe malesiana, Bolbitius malesianus, Conocybe mitrispora & C.
huijsmanii var. conica. Some interesting records from the Solomon Islands are also included.

Introduction

Through the kindness of Professor E. John H. Corner it has been possible to
examine collections of Bolbitiaceae he made over the years in S.E. Asia, particularly
the results of his expeditions to Mt Kinabalu, Borneo (= Sabah) and the Solomon
Islands. To these have been added collections made by the author whilst staying at
the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong (Watling, 1992a) and miscellaneous
material from other workers.

Methods and Materials

Fresh collections were described by both E.J.H Corner and the author following
long traditions summarized in Henderson, Orton & Watling (1969). Microscopic
characters in Corner’s notes and in the present contribution follow this same
publication in addition to Josserand (1952). Whenever possible, water-colour
paintings were made of the fresh material to later accompany the dried specimens.

Herbarium material was prepared by drying specimens at a relatively low
temperature (40-45°C) in a well ventilated drier. The dried material was sectioned
by hand using a single edged razor blade or saturated in a 10% aqueous solution of
glycerol before being sectioned on a freezing microtome (Reichert OmP 399) with
a thermocouple cooling attachment stage.

All material was mounted in water or in 10% aqueous solutions of ammonium
hydroxide. Microscopic examinations were carried out using a Leitz Diaplan
microscope with drawing tube (Camera lucida) and phase contrast facilities.

360

Taxonomic Account

This listing has been arranged as outlined by Watling & Gregory (1981) and
Watling (1982).

Abbreviations used in references to some collections are:
RSNB
RSS = Royal Society Expedition to the Solomon Islands in 1965.

Royal Society Expedition to Borneo in 1961.

The author’s collections and those from Professor E.J.H. Corner and G. Hadley have
been deposited in the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (E).

Agrocybe Fayod

Ann. Sci. nat. (Bot.) VII 9: 358, 1889

Subgenus Agrocybe
Section Pediadeae (Fr.) Singer in Beih. Bot. Centralblatt. 56B : 167, 1936

1. A. arenicola (Berk.) Singer Fig. 1, J & N.

Beih. Bot. Centralblatt, 56B: 167, 1936.
Syn.: Naucoria arenicola (Berk.) Sacc. in Sylloge Fungorum 5: 845 1887.

Pileus 23-55 m wide, convex then plane or concave, dry, smooth, more or less
irregularly rugulose when young, then radially rimose on drying in the sun, pale
cream-tan with the disc or slight umbo pale brownish tan; margin slightly incurved
at first, without veil. Stipe 30-60 x 3-5 mm, gradually attenuate from subbulbous,
white, villous base 5-8 mm wide, fibrous, firm, hollow, pallid then pale cream-
ochraceous downwards, white pruinose upwards, appressedly fibrillose-floccose
downwards. Gills rounded-adnexed, rather crowded, 40-46 primaries 4-7 mm
wide, 3(-4) ranks, pallid then greyed fuscous brown. Flesh 2-3 mm thick in centre
of pileus, rather soft but tough at maturity, whitish, unchanging. Odour slightly
earthy. Spore-mass fuscous brown.

Basidia 4-spored, 8-10 x 24-25 um. Basidiospores 13-14 x 8.5-9.5 um,
ellipsoid, slightly flattened in side-view, mid-ochraceous in water, darker in
alkaline solutions, thick-walled, smooth with central germ-pore. Cheilocystida
scattered, 12-24 x 28-38 um, clavate, hyaline; Pleurocystidia not abundant,
scattered, only towards margin, 12.5-15 x 30-36 um, clavate, hyaline. Clamp-
connections present.

Habitat: in grass by sandy seashore.

Material examined: Sarawak, Bako National Park, 25 viii 1972, Corner P-140.
Also holotype in K:South Africa, Uitenhage, Zeyher 110.

362

Agrocybe arenicola was originally described from sandy ground at Uitenhage,
S. Africa (Berkeley, 1843 as Agaricus). Its relationship with Agrocybe arvalis (Fr.)
Singer and A. vervacti (Fr.) Singer was recognised at that stage and Saccardo
(1887) made the necessary transfer to Naucoria when the genus Agaricus was
dissected and where A. vervacti was ultimately placed. Singer (1936) when
surverying the taxa of Naucoria with cellular pileipelles and brown basidiospores
with a central germ-pore recognised the close relationship of A. arenicola with A.
semiorbicularis (Bull.: St. Amans) Fayod, a view which Reid (1975) took even
further after examining the type of A. arenicola by synonimizing Berkeley’s fungus
with A. semiorbicularis. Reid says ‘The figure quoted by Fries from Paulet,
under A. vervacti gives a tolerable notion of its general appearance’.

However, Singer (1968 &1978) maintained the autonomy of A. arenicola based
on the presence of 4-spored basidia and basidiospores measuring (1 1-) 12-15 (-18) x
7.5-9.5(-10.8) um; type material in K has spores 12-14.75 x 6.5-9 um.

Singer (1968) records the fungus from not only South Africa and Russia (N.
Caucasus) but also from Uruguay & Argentina. He cites a single record from the
Netherlands. From personal observations made in the Netherlands Singer (in L)
had previously incorrectly considered this species to be A. arvalis (see Singer
1968 & 1969; Watling & Gregory, 1981).

Corner (pers. comm.) indicates that this agaric ‘is a common species in
grassy, sandy soils, especially by the sea’. He records it from the east coast
of Johore at Jason Bay ‘on bare sand in front of Casuarina trees accompanying
Inocybe sp. just above the high-tide mark, in the full open, growing on runners
of grasses and sedges (Remirea)’; Corner J-36, 17 vi 1972 - one packet with
this same accession number only includes an /nocybe (Mallocybe) sp. with
brownish, encrusted suprapellis elements and rather mummy-shaped
basidiospores. Several species within the A. semiorbicularis group actively
decompose straw, grass tillers etc.

2. A. broadwayii (Murr.) Dennis Fig. 1, | Kel:
Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 69: 179, 1953.

Pileus 20--40 mm wide, convex then plane, subumbonate slightly depressed at
centre, glabrous, smooth, smeary viscid, soon drying atomate, pale straw-yellow
with disc pallid ochraceous tan, or wholly pallid ochraceous with darker disc,
margin slightly incurved at first with very thin, fugaceous, arachnoid veil.
Stipe 2.5-5.5 x 2.5-5.5 (3-6.5 mm at base) slightly swollen downwards, pale
straw-yellow, fibrous to subsquamulose, white villose at base, hollow. Gills
adnexed, sometimes nearly free, fairly crowded, subventricose, 2-3 ranks, 28-47
primaries, pallid then pale dirty fawn or subcinnamon. Flesh 20-45 mm thick

363

under pileus-disc, 0.5-1.5 mm towards margin, rather soft, pale straw-white,
unchanging. Odour strong mealy. Spore-mass fuscous ferrugineous or dingy
fuscous fawn.

Basidia 4-spored, 10-12.5 1 x 25-35 um. Basidiospores, (10.5-)11-14(-15) x
6.8-8.3(-9.5) uum, ellipsoid, slightly flattened in side-view, dull golden yellow in
water, darker in aqueous alkaline solutions, thick-walled, smooth with central
germ-pore. Cheilocystidia variable, globose to vesiculose or clavate, hyaline,
30-45 x 10-30 um; pleurocystidia collapsed, apparently similar to cheilocystidia.

Habitat: on bare soil.

Material examined: Pahang, Tembeling, amongst young maize plants in village
holding, 15 xi 1930, legit Corner as Naucoria 5.

Agrocybe broadwayii is acommon pantropical member of the genus occuring
on soil along roadsides, in gardens, in grassland etc. It is known from the New
World, Africa as well as S. E. Asia. It was originally described from the Caribbean
as Hebeloma broadwayii Murr.: Grenada, St Georges along roadside, NY!. A.
broadwayii differs from A. manihotis Pegler in the paler and viscid pileus and lack
of pleurocystidia. A full description is given as the Malaysian collection shows
evidence of an arachnoid veil a character not always recorded for A. broadwayii.
The occurrence of this structure parallels the presence of faint velar remains in other
members of the Pediadae, eg. A. pediades (Fries) Fayod (Watling, 1982).

3. Agrocybe malesiana Watling nov. sp. Fig. 1, A-G.

Pileus 15-50 mm conico-campanulatus dein planus interdum subumbonatus siccus glaber livido-
fulvus vel ochraceus ad discum obscuriore coloratus. marginem versus pallido appendiculato-albus.
Stipes 25-120 x 2.5-6 mm (ad basim 9 mm) cylindricus ad basim leviter incrassatus albus vel pallido
ochraceus vel pallido-luteus apicem albo-pruinosum, substriatum sed basim minute floccoso. Lamellae
adnexae dein liberae subdistantes albido vel pallide fuliginosae dein pallido-fuscae vel fuligineo-
brunneae. Caro alba vel pallido-luteola. Basidia 4-sporigera, 32-40 x 11-15 um. Sporae ellipsideo-
ovoideae, poro germinative (10-)11-16 x (6.5-)7-9 um. Cystidia aciei lamellarum ventricosa vel clavata;
pleurocystidia praesentia. Ad terram. Holotypus: Singapore Bot. Gardens, vii 1929, Corner as
Naucoria 3 (Malaya) - E.

Pileus 15-50 mm wide, conico-campanulate then plane, subumbonate, over the
limb at first livid clay-colour then ochraceous, often tan or fawn ochraceous over the
disc, drying pale and atomate, smooth not viscid, non-striate; margin thin, at first
slightly appendiculate with a thin, white, evanescent cortinoid veil, often becoming
subsulcate or rimose in old basidiomes. Stipe 25-120 x 2.5-6 mm, cylindric or
slightly thickened at base (-9) fibrous, often becoming hollow, white to pale
ochraceous or pale yellowish, the apex white pruinose and substriate, generally
slightly floccoso-peronate with a few drying ochraceous peronate zones near the
white, villous base. Gills adnexed becoming free, scarcely crowded, 2-3(-4) ranks,
30-46 primaries 3-9 mm wide, white then pale fuliginous or earth-colour finally

364

pallid fuscous to pale fuliginous brown. Flesh 1.5-3 mm thick over disc, firm,
not hygrophanous, white or pale yellowish. Odour faint, rather unpleasant,
slightly mealy.

Basidia 4-spored, 32-40 x 11-15 um; sterigmata 4-6 um long. Basidiospores
pale fuscous ferrugineus or dingy fuscous fawn in mass, (10-)11-16 x (6.5-)7-9 um,
ellipsoid-ovoid, flattened in side-view, thick-walled, smooth with central germ-
pore, strongly pigmented in water and alkali solutions. Cheilocystidia 30-55 x
13-25 um, abundant, hyaline, clavate to ventricose; p/eurocystidia scattered to
abundant, 35-95 x 15-35 um, clavate, subcylindric 0. subventricose, obtuse or
subcapitate, thin-walled, hyaline, granular at apex within and often slightly encrusted
with amorphous material over apex. Pileipellis a hymeniderm 60-70 Um deep of
clavate cells 20-90 x 7-50 um with pale yellowish, firm but scarcely thickened walls
seated on interwoven hyphae, 3-30 um broad below. Stipitipellis of filamentous,
thin-walled hyphae, 3-5 um broad overlying hyphae 3-30 um wide; caulocystidia
grouped, scattered, 25-27 x 7-20 um resembling cheilocystidia but narrower and
more frequently subcapitate, apex 3-14 um broad. Pileus trama of interwoven,
hyaline hyphae 3-25 um broad.

Habitat: on soil and amongst grass.

Material examined: Singapore, Botanic Gardens, viii 1929, legit Corner as Naucoria
3 (Malaya) (Holotype in E); Malaysia, Bantong, Oil Palm Research Station, 22 v
1967, legit G. Hadley.

The macroscopic details are taken from the field notes of two additional
collections also numbered Naucoria 3 (Malaya) and considered to be the same taxon
by Corner (9 iii 1941 & 30 x 1941). Microscopic examination of the material
available confirms their conspecificity. It is also noted (as Naucoria 3a; Malaya,
23 ix 1942 (with coloured illustration)) by Corner from burnt padi husk also at the
Botanic Gardens, where it seems to be well established.

Although very closely related to several species already recognized the author
believes it is autonomous based on the following combination of characters: well-
pigmented, scrobiculate-reticulate pileus; dark, fairly distant gills; velar remnants
at margin of pileus giving in some old dried collections a frosted appearance; the
presence of pleurocystidia; and broad basidiospores.

The reticulate pileus resembles that of A. retifera (Speg.) Singer, the frosted
appearance approaches that of A. viscosa Sing. a South American species with
much larger basidiospores. The morphology of the pleurocystidia approaches A.
manihotis Pegler from East Africa, but the last species is in Sect. Microsporae. A.
earlei (Murrill) Watl. to which A. retigera is undoubtedly closely related has
significantly smaller basidiospores. A. broadwayii (Murr.) Dennis and A. arenaria

365

(Peck) Sing. have similarly coloured and arranged gills but in common with
members of sect. Pediadeae pleurocystidia are lacking.

4. A. semiorbicularis (Bull.: St Amans) Fayod Fig. 1, H & M

Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.), Series 5, 9: 358 (1889).
Syn.: Naucoria semiorbicularis (Bull. per St Amans) Gillet.

For other synonyms and genera to which A. semiorbicularis has previously been
assigned see Watling & Gregory (1981).

Pileus 18 mm wide, convex then plane, pale livid, striate with disc watery
yellowish when moist, drying atomate, opaque and very pale tan with the disc
slightly darker, with a few brownish scurfy flecks in the centre. Stipe 25 mm x
1.5 mm, cylindric, slender, white, sparsely cottony puberulous to pruinose, white
villous at base. Gills ascending adnate, rather crowded, thin, 3-4 ranks, 22 primaries
3 mm wide, pale brown. Flesh thin, concolorous. Odour none.

Basidia 2-spored, 30-46 x 1 1-13 um with sterigmata 3-5 um long. Basidiospores
15-18 x 8.5-10 um, pale cinnamon-brown, ellipsoid, thick-walled, smooth, with
germ-pore, aguttate. Cheilocystidia forming distinct sterile edge to gill, 35-60
x 13-20 um tapering to obtuse apex 7-13 Um broad, more or less ventricose, often
slightly curved, thin-walled, hyaline; Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a
palisadoderm of subglobose to clavate cells 20-60 x 10-40 Um.

Habitat: on decayed banana stump.

Material examined: Singapore, Botanic Gardens, 20 ix 1939, legit Corner as
Naucoria 7.

Agrocybe semiorbicularis has been found only once in Corner’s collections
and, as he rightly notes, it is close but not conspecific with his Naucoria 3 viz.
A. malesiana (see above). Naucoria 7 of Corner has been interpreted in the
sense of the British Fungus Flora (Watling, 1982) viz. with 2-spored basidia,
large basidiospores (15-18 x 8.5-10 um) and lack of veil (see Singer, 1978).
the Singapore collection is rather unusual in its habitat. Usually this species
is found in grass but the present collection, which is undoubtedly identical,
was growing on a decayed banana stump.

366

BoOLBITIUS Fries

Epicrisis Systematicus Mycologici 253, 1838

Subgenus Pluteolus (Fries) Watling
Notes Roy. Bot. Gdn., Edinb. 26: 296, 1965.

1. Bolbitius malesianus Watling nov. sp. Fig. 2: A & B.

Pileus 25-37 mm planus viscido-glutinosus non-reticulatus purpureo lilaceus ad discum obscuriore
coloratus dein purpureo lividus vel pallido brunneus. Stipes 25-40 x 2-3 mm (3-5 mm a basim) albus,
pruinosus, fragilis, subaequales ad basim leviter incrassatus. Lamellae liberae confertae testaceo-
fulvae. Basidia 4-sporigera. Basidiosporae ellipsoideo-fusoideae, 8.7-9.6(-11) x 3.9-4.8(9-5.2) um.
Cystidia aciei lamellarum lageniformia vel clavata 17-27.5 x 7.5-10.5 um; pleurocystidiata absentia.
Ad lignum putridum in silva. Holotypus: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, RSNB 5456 (-E.)

Pileus 25-37 mm wide, plane wholly viscid-glutinous non-reticulate or disc
rugulose under the gluten, limb rivulose, purplish mauve darker at disc, to purplish
umber, pale brownish towards the margin finally losing purple tinge and becoming
merely umber with colour less gluten. Stipe 25-40 x 2-3 mm (base 3-5 mm)
attenuated upwards, white, pruinose, fragile. Gills 2-3.5 mm wide, free, crowded,
thin, light cinnamon-fawn, 3-4 ranks (48 primaries). Flesh 1.5 mm thick under
pileus-disc, white then purple near surface of pileus. Sme// none.

Basidia 4-spored. Basidiospores 8.7-9.6(-11) x 3.9-4.8(-5.2) um, elongate
fusoid, slightly boletoid to amygdaliform in side-view, relatively thick-walled,
golden yellow in water, darker in aqueous alkaline solutions, smooth with central
or slightly oblique germ-pore. Cheilocystidia irregularly shaped, lageniform with
cylindric neck or with subcapitate head, 17-27.5 x 7.5-10.5 um, hyaline, thin-
walled. Intermixed with some vesiculose cells 15-25 um broad.

Habitat: on rotten wood or sawdust at base of dead trunk.

Material examined: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Bembangan River, 1700 m, 25 11 1964,
Corner RSNB 5456 (Holotype in E); Mesilau, 1700 m, 19 iv 1964, Corner RSNB
5350; 28 iv 1964, Corner RSNB 8350A.

This species is close to the temperate B. reticulatus (Pers.: Fr.) Ricken which is
widespread on old deciduous logs, often amongst moss etc. It differs in the less
reticulate pileus-disc and particularly the rather narrow amygdaliform almost
boletoid basidiospores. The colour of the pileus is close to that of B.
glaucopurpureus (Berk.) & Br.) Kiihner ex Watling & Gregory which differs
markedly in the much larger basidiospores (11.5-15 x 4.5-6.2 um). The type of
B.glaucopurpureus is fragmentary consisting of two longitudinal sections and
a small fragment of pileus but sufficient tissure is available to indicate it is very
different to the present fungus although close, judging from the spore-shape.
Spores distinctly flattened in side-view are not seen in the dung-inhabiting

368

species of Bolbitius, eg. B. vitellinus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. and the phenomenon is only
slightly developed in B. reticulatus.

Bolbitius mexicanus (Murr.) Murr. might be considered as conspecific but the
pileus is avellanceous, lacks the purple-mauve colours, does not darken to umber
and is reported to have a yellow stipe (Dennis, 1953); the basidiospores are
indicated as being broader but there is some discrepancy between those given by
Murrill (1912 as Mycena) and those found by the author in the single type specimen
deposited in NY and examined by Dennis (1953).

The reticulate pileus is not considered significant by some authors but if parallels
can be made in members of a single population of B. variicolor Atk., a full range
from smooth to reticulate-venose has been found. In parallel B. reticulatus is often
considered to be purely a larger more reticulate form of B. aleuriatus (Fr.: Fr.)
Singer; the violaceus colour in B. reticulatus as in the present taxon may vary in
intensity and fades at maturity.

Subgenus Bolbitius

2. B. coprophilus (Peck) Hongo Fig. 2: C-D.
Mem. Fac. Lib. Arts Educ. Shiga Univ. Nat. Sci. 9:82 (1959).

Pileus 30-70 mm wide, at first conical then plane or concave, subumbonate
and rugulose below the superficial gluten. Finely rimosely striate towards
margin, pale grey darker towards brownish or fuscous disc, or pale livid
ochraceous with fuscous disc and pale brown straight margin. Stipe 50-100
x 2.0-3.5 mm (5-10.5 mm at base) rather stout, fibrous, attenuate upwards,
hollow, wholly scurfy pruinose or scurfy floccose downwards with upward
pointing flocci, white then pale yellowish, easily separable from pileus.
Gills free 2-3 ranks, 50-98 primaries, 2-9 mm wide, very thin, crowded,
white then light fawn and finally ferruginous cinnamon with whitish edge.
Flesh \-1.5 mm thick under pileus-disc, very thin over limb, white or pale
yellowish with age.

Basidia 4-spored, 20-35 x 13.5-16 um, swollen-clavate; sterigmata 3.5 um
long. Basidiospores 11.5-14.5 x 7.5-9.5 um, light ferruginous in mass, smooth,
ellipsoid, aguttate, with germ-pore. Brachycystidia abundant, 20-35 x 15-30
um, swollen-clavate. Cheilocystidia 20-55 x 8-20 um, clavate to ventricose
with obtuse apex, very variable in shape, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth. Pileipellis
a hymeniderm 70-100 um deep of clavate cells 40-75 x 9-25 um, thin-walled,
colourless, immersed in mucilage or separated by it. Caulocystidia cylindric or
subventricose often lobed one or twice, not gelatinized and seated on hyphae
3-6 um broad, scattered in tufts in upper stipe and as flocci below. Stipe-trama

369

of longitudinal hyphae with long inflated cells 300-2000 x 15-40 um. Pileus
trama similar to that of stipe but cells not as long, 20-50 um broad; hypoderm
50-70 um thick in pileus, of radiating, fairly compact hyphae 3-9 um broad,
gelatinized in the outer layer, non-gelatinized within. Hymenophoral trama of
inflated cells as in pileus; subhymenium of hyphae 5-12 um broad, slightly
inflated towards margin.

Material examined: Singapore, Botanic Gardens, scattered on old cow-dung
compost, or subgregarious on old rotting rice straw. 26 iii 1940 and 6 xii 1944.

B. coprophilus was described from dung heaps at West Albany, New York by Peck
(1893) but it is widespread from Canada to the Mid-States of the United States. It
is also known from Europe and from Japan. Hongo (1959) has noted it from
Australia. Itis probably widespread and might be expected elsewhere, but it is less
common than B. vitellinus. B. variicolor Atk. might be considered conspecific
because of its olivaceous fuscous pileus with age but it differs markedly in the
yellow stipe and more strongly pigmented pileus. B. varicolor is however, judging
from examination of the type, very close and has similar habitat requirements. B
variicolor also has a much wider distribution than first thought, viz. Australia,
Europe, and probably also India.

Unfortunately no material has been retained, or it was lost during World War II.
A water-colour and notes accompanying the record agree in essential details, viz.
pileus size and shape and floccose white stipe, with the descriptions of B. coprophilus.
Microscopic details given by Corner (pers. comm.) also agree with the results for
the author’s examination of the typein NY. Although the coloured illustration lacks
any hint of pink B. coprophilus is recorded in the literature as sometimes lacking
the pink hues (Morgan, 1895). This is in keeping with other species in the genus
where the pigment may vary in intensity depending on the size of the cells in the
hymenodermal pileipellis or the age of the basidiome. Further material agreeing
with this same taxon is reported by Corner to have been found in the same locality
in March four years previously (pers. comm.)

Basidiome ontogeny: Corner had studied his collections in great detail and
developmental data accompanies his water-colours. His notes are reproduced
herein as little appears in the literature on the development of members of the
genus Bolbitius.

‘Gymnocarpic but the pileus-margin pressed closely against the stem from the
earliest stage and some superficial stem-hyphae growing up against this margin,
anastomosing with its tissue, and making a very slight marginal veil. Stem soon
becoming swollen and beginning to inflate before the formation of the pileus, the
cells of the stem-hyphae at first c. 15 x 3 um, inflating and lobing to produce lateral
hyphae often only a few cells long. Palisade of the pileus becoming delimited in
primordia 0.8-1mm high.’

370

‘The hymeniderm arises from the outer part of the hypoderm which is about
50-70 um thick in the pileus-centre and is composed of radiating and fairly compact
hyphae 3-9 um broad, with gelatinized walls in the outer layers. Many new cells are
incorporated into the hymeniderm as the pileus develops.’

‘Stem-elongation mainly in the morning before expansion of the pileus during
the ensuing night; collapse of the basidiome was by noon on the next day.’

Conocybe Fayod

Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.) series 7, 9: 357, 1889.

Subgenus Conocybe
Section Singerella Watling

Sydowia 8: 408, 1979
1. C. corneri Watling
Beih. Sydowia 8.: 401, 1979

Pileus 20-60 mm, at first conic and 15-25 mm high, then umbonate, finally more
or less plane, smooth, finely puberulous with whitish hairs, hygrophanous, finely
striate at first, intensely dark rich purple then on expansion livid vinaceous to
vinaceous drab or dingy pinkish grey with centre fuscous, or becoming ligh fulvous
fawn and drying fulvous melleous. Stipe 100-160 mm/2-3 mm (5-7 mm atthe base),
attenuate upwards, long, cartilaginous, wholly puberulous, finely spirally striate
more or less concolorous, white towards the apex and base, with irregularly split or
bifid, free, smooth, floccose-membranous, white volva, 8-12 x 7-9 mm. Gills free
or very slightly adnexed, very crowded, thin, narrow, 3-4 ranks, 27-48 primaries
1.5-2 mm wide, the secondaries nearly as long as the primaries, white turning pale
ochraceous cinnamon from distal edge near the margin of pileus towards stem.
Flesh \-1.5 mm thick in the centre of the pileus, brittle, concolorous. Odour none.
Spore-mass brown (from deposit on stipes in pickled specimens).

Basidia 4-spored, 26-30 x 11-12 tm, clavate-cylindric, hyaline in water and
alkali mounts. Basidiospores 8.5-11 x 6--6.5 um, smooth, broadly ellipsoid to
distinctly angular in face-view, slightly flattened on one side in side-view, very
distinct apiculus and very prominent germ-pore. Brachycystidia abundant, 25-30
um broad; pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 20-35 x 10-20 um, lecythiform
with neck 1-3 um long and head 4-6 um broad, hyaline in water and alkali mounts,
thin-walled, smooth. Pileipellis a compact palisadoderm of smooth, broadly
clavate to vesiculose, thin-walled cells 25-55 x 12-30 um, hyaline with pedicel
darkened; pileocystidia replaced by thin-walled, filiform pilocystidia < 300 Um
long and 3-5 um wide. Caulocystidia numerous in bunches in rows on the the stipe,
mixture of vesiculose, clavate and lecythiform elements, the last commoner

371

towards the apical and basal zones. Pileus trama of only slightly inflated cells,
Hymenophoral trama with distinct filamentous, little inflated hyphal strands
forming central strand and more inflated subhymenial zone.

Habitat: On elephant dung from the forest.
Material examined: Johore, near Jemaluang Road, v 1940, legit Corner - Locellina 1.

This taxon was introduced with a second collection also from S.E. Asia made by
Egon Horak in New Guinea. Subgenus Singerella of which C. corneri is the type is
characterised by the presence of a volvate base to the stipe and Watling (1979) has
discussed the origin of this. Since Singerella was erected Singer & Hausknecht
(1989) have demonstrated the presence of member of the subgenus in Europe, viz.
C. hornana Sing. & Hausk. Subsequently Bon (1991) elevated the section to
subgeneric rank.

Locellina Gillet, and Acetabularia (Berk.) Mass. in early texts, were considered
to be brown-spored equivalents of Volvaria DC. (= Volvariella Speg.: pink-
spored), Amanitosis Roze (= Amanita Pers.: white-spored), and Chitonia
Clements s. Massee (= Macrometrula Donk & Singer: purplish brown-spored). As
descriptions and illustrations of members of these two genera superficially resembled
C. corneri Watling (1979) had occasion to discuss both genera especially as in
Corner’s notes there exists a painting by Ridley (No. 83) of a Malaysian agaric
labelled Locellina. Corner (pers. comm.) also provisionally labelled C. corneri
‘Locellina sp.’ The painting was dated 2 November 1907 and depicts a volvate-
stemmed agaric with brown gills. Unfortunately no material has been located in K
to accord with the illustration. The gills of many species of Volvariella take on a
cinnamon brown colouration on drying and so exsiccata can resemble members of
the Bolbitiaceae or even Cortinariaceae. Many collectors, some quite experienced,
have learnt this to their embarrassment, and it would appear that from the volva’s
appearance Ridley’s painting in fact depicts a species of Volvariella.

Section Nodulososporae Watling
Rey. Mycol. Paris NS 40: 33, 1976.

2. C. nodulosospora (Hongo) Watl. Fig. 3: E, F & H.

Rey. Mycol. Paris, NS 40: 33, 1976
Basionym. Pseudoconocybe nodulosospora Hongo in J. Jap. Bot. 42: 25, 1967.

Pileus 20-30 mm wide, 40 mm high, conical, faintly striate, dull ferruginous
ochraceous with white pilosity. Stipe 60-70 x 4 mm, slightly swollen below ( x
6mm), dull ferruginous ochraceous, white-pilose, solid or slightly hollow, base
abrupt. Gills ascending adnexed, narrow, very crowded, 3 ranks with about 48
primaries, pallid at first then dull ferruginous ochraceous. F lesh about 3 mm thick

372

at centre of pileus, soft, hygrophanous. Odour not recorded.

Basidia 4-spored, 22-26 x 6-8 um. Basidiospores 7-8.7 x 5.2-6.1(-6.5) um,
5-6-nodulose, fairly thick-walled, orange-brown in alkaline solutions, smooth.
Cheilocystidia 25-30 x 7.5-10 um, lecythiform, with apex 2.5-3.5 um diameter,
hyaline; pleurocystidia absent. Caulocystidia 15-35 x 7-8.5 um, cylindric to
elongate-clavate, hyaline, intermixed with ellipsoid to subglobose cells 26-40
x 10-20 um. Pileipellis a palisadoderm of pyriform to pedicellate cells, 25-45
x 12.5-17.5 um

Habital: on rotten wood in forest.

Material examined. Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Bembangan River, 1700m, 25 11 1964,
Corner RSNB 5453.

The nodulose basidiospores characterise the Section Nodulososporae and as yet
there is only one known member. There is little doubt that a relationship should be
sought with the strongly mitriform spored members of the genus (see below).
Reference should be made to details published on the type material (Watling, 1976)
with which the present collection agrees. The distribution of C. nodulosospora is
extended considerably by the present collection but this follows a pattern seen in
other groups of agarics (Watling, 1992a).

Section Pilosellae Kiihner
ex Singer in Sydowia 15: 69, 1962.

3. C. fragilis (Peck) Singer Fig. 2, I:. Fig, 3, bees

Acta Bot. Inst. Komarov Acad. Sci. URSS, Series 2 6: 438 (1950)
Basionym: Galera fragilis Peck in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 144 (1897).

Pileus 5-10 mm, conical to convex, scarcely umbonate, striate, pale fawn drab.
Stipe 20-40 x 1-1.5 mm, concolorous with pileus, pallid and striate upwards. Gills
ascending adnate, 3 ranks, 13-16 primaries 1-1.5 mm wide, pale cinnamon-fawn.
Flesh characters and odour not recorded.

Basidia 4-spored, 17.5-25 x 7.5-10 um. Basidiospores (7.9-) 8.3-9.2(-9.6) x
(4.8-)5.2-6.1 um, ellipsoid or very slightly amygdaliform in side-view, yellow-
brown in alkaline solutions, thick-walled, smooth, with large, central germ-pore.
Cheilocystidia 17.5-25 x 5.5-8 um, lecythiform, with apex 3.5-4.5 um, hyaline;
pleurocystidia absent. Caulocystidia 15-35 x 6-8.5 um cylindric to elongate-
clavate, hyaline, intermixed with ellipsoid cells 25-40 x 10-20 um. Pileipellis a
palisadoderm of pyriform to sphaeropedunculate cells 25-40 x 12.5-17.5 1m.

Habitat: on moss on rotten wood in forest.

Figure 3.

374

Material examined: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Bembangan River, 1700m, 27 ii 1964,
Corner RSNB 5512.

Although the fresh pileus is described as ‘pale fawn drab’ the dried material
exhibits a distinct purplish tinge in accordance with Peck’s type material in NY,
and later descriptions (Murrill, 1917; Kiihner, 1935). Several collections from
cucumber beds collected by Daams are deposited in the Leiden Herbarium (L)
agree in all major details with Corner RSNB 5512. Unfortunately the production
of cucumbers by using nutrient enriched straw-bales has changed (Daams 1972;
pers. comm.) and the fungus has not been seen in the Netherlands as frequently
(Daams, 1972).

The colour of the pileus is very distinctive and undoubtedly influenced J.
Schaeffer (1930) to describe his Galera incarnata J. Schaeff. which is considered
a synonym of the N. American agaric (Kiihner, 1935). The habitat (grassland) and
colours are slightly different to that described in the British Fungus Flora Vol. 3
(Watling, 1982) although the microscopic characters are the same. This calls for
cultural studies in the future.

4. Conocybe sp. / Fig. 3, A-C.

Pileus 25 mm wide, 20 mm high, conical rather vinaceous fawn, disc browner,
wholly minutely pubescent, striate. Stipe 100 x 1.5 mm (5 mm at base) pale
brownish, tinged vinaceous, finely white fibrillose-pruinose, subvillous, sub-
bulbous base, thinly felted as if with an adnate volva. Gills ascending adnate, thin,
crowded 3-4 ranks, c. 24 primaries, -4 mm wide, concolorous. Flesh thin, almost
white in stipe. Smell none.

Basidia 2-spored, 10-12 um broad, clavate, hyaline. Basidiospores (12.2-)
12.7-14x 10.5-12.2 um, lenticular, flattened in side-view, almost rounded rhomboid,
with central or slightly obique germ-pore, very thick-walled, deeply pigmented in
both water and aqueous alkaline solutions, smooth, a high percentage of spores
drawn out into a snout and then more ellipsoid in overall shape. Cheilocystidia
10-12.5 x 15-17.5 um, lecythiform, hyaline with capitulum 2-3.3 um diam.;
pleurocystidia absent. Caulocystidia hyaline, a mixture of filamentous cells with
globose, ellipsoid or vesiculose cells forming discrete patches, a few with a capitate
apex. Ammonia reaction negative

Habitat: on the ground in forest.

Material examined: Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal, Tsuva, 9 ii 1965, Corner
RSS 1784.

The reference to the subvillous base which is thinly felted and so resembling an
adnate volva emphasises the closeness of several Conocybe spp. of both Sect.

375

Pilosellae and Sect. Conocybe with those in Sect. Singerella. This is why the volva
itself in Conocybe is not considered sufficient for generic separation.

The basidiospores of this collection are extremely striking in their honeydew
melon-shape in face-view and the colour, viz. rich tawny even in water is probably
a result of the very thick-walls. In addition a fairly significant proportion of the
spores of the present collection do not have the rounded shape but are elongate
elliptic with a drawn-out end (Fig. 3, A’). Before formal description can be
conducted this feature must be examined in greater detail, and further collections
will assist in understanding whether it is constant feature or merely an aberration.

5. Conocybe sp. 2. Pig, 3.1).

Pileus 5-20 mm high, 7-28 mm wide, conical then plano-convex slightly
umbonate, finely striate, hygrophanous, dark ferruginous cinnamon becoming
fulvous honey-colour, wholly pilose with minute white hairs when fresh. Stipe 40-
100 x 0.7-2 mm (1.5-5 mm at base) dense, straight, wholly finely white pruinose-
pilose, rather striate, pale tawny to pale cinnamon ochre, white at apex and base.
Gills adnate, thin, crowded, narrow, 3-4 ranks, 20--30 primaries, 1.5-2 mm wide,
pale watery cinnamon, pallid brownish white at first. Flesh very thin,
hygrophanous. Smell none.

Basidia 4-spored, 20-30 x 10-12.5 um; sterigmata 2.5-3 um long. Basidiospores
(8-) 8.7-10.5(-11) x (5-)5.2-6.1(-7) um, broadly ellipsoid slightly broader above /,-
way in face-view, amygdaliform in side-view relatively thick-walled with central
germ-pore, smooth. Cheilocystidia lecythiform, 14-25(-26) x 6-10(-11) um, with
neck 2-3 um long surmounted by capitulum 2.5-5 um, thin-walled, hyaline.
Caulocystidia grouped in bunches, filamentous hair-like 52-105 x 2.2-3.5 um,
hyaline or honey-coloured, intermixed with some ellipsoid or ovoid cells. Ammonia
reaction negative.

Habitat: on elephant dung in forest.
Material examined: Johore, Mawi, v 1940, Corner — Galera-3

In his notes Corner compares this collection with C. huijsmanii Watl. (as
Galera -2) but the basidiomes are more strongly coloured with purple tinge
around the pileus-margin; the basidiospores are also smaller. It is described
by the collector as nocturnal. Many species of Conocybe and Bolbitius, and
Coprinus develop overnight even in Europe; in the tropics this is accentuated
and occurs in several additional genera eg. Russula sect. ‘Pelliculariae in W.
Africa; Leucocoprinus.

The basidiospores under the microscope are rather dull coloured for a member
of the genus Conocybe, but the structure of the pileipellis, presence of lecythiform

376

cheilocystidia and general facies do not place this in Agrocybe. There are several
genera which are now known to contain a few species in which the spore-print
colour diverges from the ‘norm’ or the classically accepted, eg. Bolbitius aff.
nobilis Peck from N. America (Singer 1986) with dull brown spores, Psathyrella
sarcocephala (Fr.: Fr.) Sing. with pink spores. It should be noted that
Psathyrella michiganense Smith even with its dull spore-print is closer to
Conocybe spp. than it is to members of the genus Psathyrella, where a special
section had to be erected for it (Singer, 1951).

Section Conocybe
(= Farinosae p.p. Kuhner, 1935)

6. Conocybe mitrispora Watling nov. sp. Fig. 2. Goma

Pileus 20mm conico-campanulatus obscureo-umbrinus siccate pallidoferrugineus. Stipes
< 80 x 2.5 mm pruinoso-striatus concolores radicatus. Lamellae adnexae confertae
subferrugineae. Basidia 4-sporigera. Sporae mitriformes (7.4-)7.9-8.7 x (6.1-)6.5-7.4 (-
7.9) um. Poro germinativo. Cystidia aciei lamellarum lecythiformia 22.5-25 x 10-12 um
capitula 4-5 um lata.

Ad humum in silva. Holotypus: Sabah, Corner - ‘Galera - Borneo’ in Herb E

Pileus 20mm wide, 15 mm high, conico-campanulate, dingy umber ferruginous,
drying light fawn ferruginous. Stipe - 80 x 2.5 mm, wholly finely pruinose and
striate, concolorous to pileus but paler slightly rooting at base. Gills - 3 mm wide
ascending, adnexed 3-4 ranks, 30 primaries, crowded, thin, light fawn cinnamon or
subferruginous.

Basidia 4-spored. Basidiospores mitriform with distinct truncate germ-pore,
(7.4-)7.9-8.7 x (6.1-)6.5-7.4(-7.9) uum, thick-walled, rich golden yellow in water,
darker in aqueous alkaline solutions, smooth. Cheilocystidia numerous,
lecythiform, thin-walled, hyaline, 22.5-25 x 10-12.0 um, with distinct neck - 6.5
um long, surmounted by capitulum 4-5 um diam. enveloped by a mucilaginous,
drop-5.5 um broad. Caulocystidia in groups, lecythiform, thin-walled, hyaline,
< 15 x 6-7.5 um, with tapered neck and capitulum 3-3.5 um diam. Ammoniacal
reaction negative.

Habitat: in humus in forest.

Material examined: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, 1200m. | viii 1961, solitary, legit Corner
as ‘Galera - Borneo’

The collector indicated that this collection agreed with G. tenera (ie Conocybe
tenera (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fayod) a group with which he would have been familiar
in Europe.

The mitriform basidiospores have apparently evolved in Conocybe in unrelated
groups. The present fungus in virtue of its lecythiform caulocystidia and negative

a7

reaction with ammoniacal solutions is related to the C. rickeniana Sing. ex Orton
group. However, in Queensland the author has found a species of Conocybe with
a similar spore-shape but it is a member of Section Pilosellae. Similar spore-shape
is found in C. /entispora Singer (Section Pilosellae) and C. lenticulospora Watling
(Section Pilosellae).

Section Candidae Kiihner ex Singer
Sydowia 15: 69, 1962

7. Conocybe huijsmanii Watl. Fig. 2, M.
Norw. J. Bot. 3 262, 1993.

var. conica Watling var. nov. Fig. 2, K, N--P.
A typo differt pileo ad conicum. Holotypus: Kepong, Malaysia, Watling 24446 in E.

Pileus 10-25 mm wide/10-15 mm high, conical retaining acute apex even when
collapsing, minutely pubescent at first then smooth, minutely atomate, faintly
sulcato-striate on outer limb, fawn ochraceous with persistent darker ochraceous or
ochre centre, paler towards margin to become pale ochraceous clay-colour, drying
pale ochraceous tan with darker centre and slightly rugulose towards margin. Stipe
40-100 x 1-2 mm, cylindric with slightly thickened or bulbillose base (2-4 mm
diam.), straight, hollow, very fragile wholly finely cottony pubescent, becoming
smooth, white, at most pallid. Gi//s 1-2 mm wide slightly adnexed, narrow, linear,
crowded, thin, 3-4 ranks, 16-36 primaries, pale cinnamon fawn; edge white. Flesh
0.5-0.8 mm thick in the centre of pileus, very thin over limb, hygrophanous, very
fragile, white in stipe, pallid in pileus. Odour none.

Basidia 4-spored, 17-24.5 x 8-10.5 um. Basidiospores (8.5-) 11-13 x (6.7-)7.5
(-9) um; broadly ellipsoid to slightly lenticular, often slightly broader in lower
half, deep golden yellow in water, with rust tawny tinge in aqueous alkaline
solutions, thick-walled with prominent central germ-pore, smooth.
Cheilocystidia lecythiform, 20-30 x 7-15 um, with capitulum 5-7 um diam.,
hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent replaced by abundant
brachycystidia 17.5-22 x 8-11 um. Pileipellis a hymeniderm of clavate-
pedicellate cells, 15-40 um diam., with scattered, thin-walled, hyaline, flexuous,
filamentous pileocystidia. Caulocystidia similar to pileocystidia, flexuous,
filamentous but at stipe-apex mixed with some thin-walled, hyaline, lecythiform
cells similar to cheilocystidia, 21-32 x 8-13.5 um.

Habitat : in grass of lawns; sometimes amongst /schaemum.

Material examined: Singapore, Botanic Gardens, 27 ix 1934, legit Corner as
Galera 2 (supported by coloured illustration from 30 Cluny Road 2 vii 1940);
Nelgeri Selangor, Kepong, Library lawns, 10 iii 1992, Watling 24446 (Holotype
in E); Kepong, 12 iii 1992, Watling 24448; Kepong, playing fields, 11 iii 1992;

378

Kuala Lumpur, Tourist Centre lawn, 25 i11 1992, Watling 24447.

This agaric grows immediately following rain showers especially after dry
periods, and might be expected throughout the region. It grows scattered on lawns.
Although C. huijsmanii was described from Europe this variety is widespread in
other tropical areas (see Watling 1992); the coloured illustrations in Dennis (1953
as C. crispa) agree with the author’s collections and with the painting accompanying
Corner’s material. It is neither C. crispa (Longyear) Singer which differs in its
crisped gills, 2-spored basidia, nor C. lactea which has a non-expanding (Fig. 3, L.)
cylindrical pileus. The later also grows in Australasia in grass on lawns; a collection
by the author is available in E from the Governor’s House lawn, Adelaide, south
Australia. It retains all the characters typical of European material.

Corner in his field notes drew attention to the similarity to Bo/bitius in the rapidly
collapsing, thin-fleshed pileus. Indeed in the author’s collections the pileus has
collapsed on pieces of paper to give what looks now only like an outline. The
presence of brachycystidia in the hymenium supports a placement in Bo/bitius and
indeed Bon (1992) transferred this group from Conocybe to Bolbitius. Since the
cheilocystidia and some caulocystidia are lecythiform (symmetric) and not simply
capitate as one sees in Bolbitius, and since the pileus pigment is membranal not
vacuolar, a placement in Conocybe 1s preferred. As the present fungus is so comon,
itis likely that it has been described before and two possible candidates are Galera
grisea Earle and G. simulansEarle (see Murrill, 1917) which have been synonymised
with G. crispa. The problems of typification of G. crispa have been discussed
earlier (Watling, 1992b).

Subgenus Pholiotina (Fayod) Kiihner
Le Genre Galera, 139, 1935

8. Conocybe sp. 3 Fig. 3, E-H.

Pileus -25mm, convex, subviscid, smooth, striate at the margin, umber brown,
then fawn ferruginous in centre, pallid fawn ochraceous towards margin with
whitish fibrillose-membranous, evanescent, appendiculate veil. Stipe 30-35 x 2mm,
cylindric, slightly fibrillose white and satiny fibrillose then pale dingy sub-
ochraceous. Gills sinuate-adnate or adnate-decurrent rather crowded, thin, 3-4
ranks, 18-36 primaries, -3mm wide pallid whitish then fawn drab to pale fuscous
umber. Flesh hygrophanous, concolorous with pileus. Smell slight.

Basidia 4-spored, 56-65 x 7-8 um, hyaline or slightly honey-coloured.
Basidiospores 7-9.6 x 4.4-6.1 um, elliptic in face-view, slightly amygdaliform in
side-view, fairly thick-walled, smooth with central germ-pore. Cheilocystidia
elongate fusiform to utriform, 24-33 x 8.6-9.6 um venter hyaline to pale honey-
coloured often with amorphous material within, 9-11.5 um broad. Caulocystidia,

Sy be

long, filamentous, hair-like, 79-122 x 3.5-3.9 um. Pileipellisacollapsed hymeniderm
with rounded cells, 8.5-26.5 um diameter (x 32.5 um) intermixed and seated on
filamentous units and with a few superficial, clamped, red-brown hyphae scattered
on surface.

Habitat: in small groups in river gravel and on humus and on sticks.

Material examined: Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Mahamed River, 1300m, 3 viii 1961,
Corner as Naucoria RSNB 1604.

This species is distinctive in the elongate fusiform to elongate citriform
cheilocystidia which are often filled with honey-yellow amorphous material; some
may even be slightly encrusted. In this character the species resembles the Agrocybe
putaminum group but because of the delicate nature of the pileus and stipe a
placement in Conocybe is at present preferred. Unfortunately the pileipellis is
collapsed but there is ample evidence of some former velar development. Hyphal
fragments, some clamp-connected, have been seen on the surface of the pileipellis
in a similar fashion to those in C. brunnea (J. Lge. & Kiihner) ex Watling which is
a member of subgenus Pholiotina (Watling, 1971). The cheilocystidia except for
the inclusions parallel the equivalent structures in several members of this subgenus.

Subgenus Piliferae (Kiihner ex Singer) Watling
Notes Roy, Bot. Gdn., Edinb. 26: 289-323, 1965

9. Conocybe sp. 4 Fig.3,1&T.

Pileus 7-12 mm wide, convex then plane, strongly umbonate, smooth, dry, bay
brown when moist with blackish umbo, becoming cinnamon honey-colour with
brown umbo on drying; margin slightly incurved at first, becoming straight and
splitting radially. Stipe 16-24 x 1-1.5 mm at apex, 2-2.5 mm at base, cartilaginous,
solid or with loose pith, rather tough, smooth, dark fuscous bay; base abrupt. Gil/s
adnexed, scarcely crowded, thin, dry, firm, 3-4 ranks, 18-20 primaries, 1-1.5 mm
wide, cinnamon honey-colour or tawny ochraceous. Flesh c. | mm thick beneath
disc, rather tough, hard, concolorous when moist, drying pale yellowish in pileus;
smell radishy and earthy not strong.

Basidiospores (5.2-)5.5-6(-6.5) x 3.5-4 um, ellipsoid-amygdaliform in side-
view, elongate ovoid in face-view, smooth with relatively thick wall and central
germ-pore slightly truncate at base, yellow tawny in water, rich orange tawny in
aqueous alkaline solutions. Basidia 4-spored, clavate, hyaline 18-23 x 5-6 um;
sterigmata < 3 um long. Cheilocystidia 20-30 x 3-5 um, subcylindric-clavate to
elongate, sometimes flexuous, not capitate, thin-walled, hyaline; pleurocystidia
absent. Pileipellis collapsed; some sphaeropedunculate cells 8.7-12.5 um.
Stipitipellis of parallel, compact hyphae 7-15 1m broad with yellowish walls,

380

darker towards the cortex. Gill trama of very compact, pale yellowish hyphae
4-8 um broad. Clamp-connections present.

Habitat: on mouldy earth and woody remains around very rotten stump in
secondary forest.

Material examined: Singapore, Reservoir Jungle, 28 iv 1931, legit Corner as
Naucoria 2b.

This collection, typified by a rather tough consistency and tiny amygdaliform
basidiospores, belongs in this subgenus because of the subcylindric-clavate to
elongate somtimes flexuous, non-capitate, thin-walled, hyaline cheilocystidia.
This combination of characters is unknown in subgenus Piliferae and must be
recorded; the specimens unfortunately are not suitable to designate as type-material.

References

Berkeley, M.J. (1843). Enumeration of Fungi collected by Herr Zeyher in Uitenhage.
Hooker's London J. Bot. 2: 507-527.

Bon, M. (1991). Novitates - 1 (Cortinariaceae et. aff.) Especes “galero-naucorioides”
stat. et comb. nov. Documents Mycologiques 21(83) 37-39.

— (1992). Cle monographique des speces Galero-Naucoroides. Documents
Mycologiques 21(84) 1-89.

Daams, J. (1972). De Mycoflora in Komkommerkassen. Coolia 15: 145-155.

Dennis, R.W.G (1953). Les Agaricales de Tile de la Trinité. Rhodosporae-
Ochrosporae. Bulletin Societé Mycologique de France 69; 145-198.

Henderson, D.M., Orton, P.D. & Watling, R. (1969). British Fungus Flora.
Agarics and Boleti: Introduction HMSO, Edinburgh 58 pp.

Hong, T.(1959). Agaricales of Japan (1)1. Memoirs Faculty Liberty Arts Education,
Shiga University Nat. Sci. 9: 47-94.

Josserand, M. (1952). La description des champginons supérieurs: technique
descriptive, vocabulaire raisonnée du descripteur. Paris, Lechevalier: 338 p.

Kiihner, R. (1931). Le Genre Galera, Paris.
Morgan, A.P. (1895). New North American fungi. J. Cincinnati Soc. for Nat. Hist. 18: 36-45.

Murrill, W.A. (1912). The Agaricaceae of Tropical North America - V. Mycologia
4: 72-83.

381

— (1917). North American Flora - Agaricales - Agariceae subtribe Pholiotinae.
10(3) 145-226.

Peck, C.H. (1893). Report of the State Botanist. Ann. Rep. New York State Mus. Nat.
Hist. 46: 1-69.

Reid, D.A. (1975). Type Studies of the larger Basidiomycetes described from
Southern Africa. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium 7: 1-225.

Saccardo, P.A. (1887). Sylloge Fungorum 5: 1-1146, Patavii.

Schaeffer, J. (1930). Die Sammethaubchen (Galera). Zeitschrift fiir Pilzkunde
14(9): 163-174.

Singer, R. (1936). Studien ziir Systematik der Basidiomycetes I & II. Beihefte zum
Botanischen Centralblatt 56. Abt B. 137-174.

— (1951). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. Lilloa 22 (1949): 1-832.

— (1968). Sand-dune inhabiting fungi of the south Atlantic coast from Uruguay
to Bahia, Brazil. Mycopathologia et Mycoapplicata 34: 129-143.

— (1969). Mycoflora Australis. Beih. Nova Hedw. 29: 1-405.

— (1978). Keys to identification of the species of Agaricales I: Agrocybe
Sydowia 30 (1977): 194-200.

— (1986). Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, Ed. 4, 1-981, Koeltz Koningstein.

— & Hausknecht, A. (1989). Conocybe horana - eine neue Art mit Volbv aus
Osterreich. Beitrage ziir Kenntnis der Pilze Mitteleuropas 5: 87-91.

Watling, R. (1971). The genus Conocybe subgenus Pholiotina II. Persoonia
6: 313-339.

— (1979). Observations on the Bolbitiaceae XV. The taxonomic position of
those species of Conocybe subgenus Pholiotina Il. Persoonia 6: 313-339.

— (1982). British Fungus Flora: Agarics & Boleti. Vol. 3. Bolbitiaceae 1-139,
Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Edinburgh.

— (1992a). Report to Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammemarbeit
(GTZ) GmbH. Edinburgh 11 pp.

— (1992b). Observations on the Bolbitiaceae 30. Some Brazilian taxa. Boletin.
Societ argentina Botanica 20: 77-103.

— & Gregory, N.M. (1981). Census Catalogue of World Members of the
Bolbitiaceae. Bibliotheca Mycologica 82: 1-224.

ve.

9 Ge oa
Gn eee

4

“oa

383

Book Review

Flora of Australia Volume 50 : Oceanic Islands 2.

Pp xxvi + 606, | black-and-white and 17 colour plates (56 colour photographs), 7 maps and 34 line drawings.
Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1993. ISBN 0 644 25875 6 (pbk). Price $A 44.95
(paperback), $A 59.95 (hardcover). Available from AGPS Mail Order Sales, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT
2601, Australia.

This is one of a series of 50 or so volumes of Flora of Australia that is currently being
undertaken under the Australian Biological Resources Study. So far, thirteen volumes
have been published, including one volume on lichens. Their publication dates are
given in this volume on page 579. Volume 50 is one the two volumes that cover the
vascular flora of Australia’s offshore islands. Vascular plants of Christmas Island,
Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Ashmore Reef, Cartier Island, the Coral Sea Islands Territory
and Subantarctic Islands (Macquire Island, Heard Island, McDonald Islands) are
included here while those of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands will be dealt with in a
separate volume to be published at a later date. The combination of floras of tropical/
subtropical islands and subantarctic islands in one volume is due to economical rather
than phytogeographical reasons. Nonetheless, this is certainly the most up-to-date flora
for anyone interested in oceanic islands.

Arrangement of contents in this volume is well-planned. The combination of the
taxonomic treatments of floras of the various islands into a single text avoids duplication
of text where a particular taxon occurs in more than one island. Under the heading of
each island or island groups, besides general information on geographical location,
physical features, climate, vegetation, floristics and history of human usage, a species
listandakey tothe plant families encountered are given. Inthe main text, the description
of various genera and species comes under the respective families arranged according
to the Cronquist System. A glossary on botanical terms and a list of abbreviations and
contractions provided towards the end of the volume are particularly useful in
explaining some of the unfamiliar terms found in the text. Unlike some classical floras,
this volume provides additional information on plant geography such as vegetation
zonation. Accounts on animal-plant relationships such as the dispersal of plants by
animal agents and the use of forest by sea birds provide the users with further insight
to island ecology.

Considerable efforts have gone into the description of plants, based on material from
the islands. Synonyms of each species, published illustrations, important references
and meaning of epithets are well covered. The adoption of revised names of certain
‘problematic’ species with explanation in some instances such as Moringa oleifera
Lam. [instead of M. pterygosperma Gaertn.] on p. 176, Hippobroma longiflora (L.)
G.Don [instead of Jsotoma longiflora(L.) C.Presl or Laurentia longiflora(L.) E.Wimm. ]
on p. 390 and Melanthera biflora (L.)Wild [in place of Wedelia biflora (L.)DC.] on p.
419 helps to clarify the long-standing confusion of these names.

384 :

Except for minor errors such as the spelling of sub-heading USEAGE on p. 50,
the use of Swietenia mahogani L. instead of S. mahagoni (L.)Jacq. on p. 253, the
omission of the explanation of epithet of Citrus maxima on p. 300, the authors and
editors should be congratulated for the excellent work and effort they put in to bring
this volume to fruition. I would certainly recommend this volume to all libraries
and herbaria and to anyone with an interest in floristics and plant geography of
oceanic islands.

Tay Eng Pin

Senior Research Officer/Taxonomy
Singapore Botanic Gardens,
National Parks Board,

Singapore

THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
SINGAPORE

Index
to
Vol. 45 (Part 2) Dec 1993

Published by
National Parks Board
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Cluny Road
Singapore 1025

CONTENTS

Volume 45

PART 2 — Ist Dec 1993

GAY, H., HENNIPMAN, E., HUXLEY, C.R. & PARROTT, FJ.E.
The Taxonomy, Distribution and Ecology of the Epiphytic Malesian
Ant-Fern Lecanopteris Reinw. (polypodiaceae) ..............:cccceeseeeeeeeeee 293-335

CORNER, E.J.H.
Psathyrella (Agaricales) with Ornamented Spores in the
INR Tis RN RMMNNNIRN oe sera Eas seating od vw wa pended a CoceasOvaee Midev ddan vevecgntns 337-357

WATLING, R.

Observations on Malaysian Bolbitaceae with Records from

SE TE AE TERE NL A EL RED 359-381
TAY, E:P

Book Review :

Peeemrrasiraia Vol. 50: Oceanic Islamtts:2 gucincc. 6 fakes Moan sn sss. 383-384

: 4) | . ey
ori oat ey

385

INDEX

Volume 45 (Part 2)

Basionyms and synonyms appear in italics. Page numbers in italics indicate the presencve of illustrations.

Acetabularia 371

Actinidiaceae 335

Adenanthera sp. 335

Adinandra acuminata 319

Adinandra sp. 334

Agaricales 337

Agaricus 340,362

Agathis borneensis 334

Agathis dammara 317

Agavaceae 333

Agrocybe 360,376

Agrocybe arenaria 364

Agrocybe arenicola 360,362

Agrocybe arvalis 362

Agrocybe broadwayii 362,363,364

Agrocybe earlei 364

Agrocybe malesiana 359,363,365

Agrocybe manihotis 363,364
Agrocybe pediades 363

_ Agrocybe putaminum 379

Agrocybe retifera 364

Agrocybe retigera 364

Agrocybe semiorbicularis 362,365

Agrocybe vervacti 362

Agrocybe viscosa 364

Amanita 371

Amanitosis 371

Amauroderma 337

Antidesma sp. 333

Aphanamixis myrmecophila 316

Apocynaceae 333

Araucariaceae 334

Ardisia sp. 334,335

Artocarpus spp. 321,333

Asclepiadaceae 326

Baeckia frutescens 318,326,334
Banksia dentata 318,333
Barteria fistulosa 316
Bolbitiaceae 359,371

Bolbitius 366,368,369,375,378
Bolbitius aff. nobilis 376
Bolbitius aleuriatus 368
Bolbitius coprophilus 368,369

Bolbitius glaucopurpureus 366
Bolbitius malesianus 359,366
Bolbitius mexicanus 368
Bolbitius reticulatus 366,368
Bolbitius variicolor 368,369
Boibitius vitellinus 368,369
Boletus 337,347,348
Bulbophyllum sp. 326

Calophyllum austrocoriaceum 334
Campnosperma brevipetiolatum 316
Candidae 377

Castanopsis 298

Castanopsis acuminatissima 317,322,335
Casuarina 362

Casuarina nobilis 334

Casuarina sp. 333,334
Casuarinaceae 333,334

Chitonia 371

Chrysobalanaceae 333,334
Cinnamomum scortechinu 334
Citrus maxima 384

Cocos nucifera 321,333

Conocybe 370,375,376,377,378,379
Conocybe brunnea 379

Conocybe corneri 370,371
Conocybe crispa 378

Conocybe fragilis 372

Conocybe hornana 371

Conocybe huijsmanii 375,377,378
Conocybe huijsmanii var. conica 359,377
Conocybe lactea 378

Conocybe lenticulospora 377
Conocybe lentispora 377
Conocybe mitrispora 359,376
Conocybe nodulosospora 371,372
Conocybe rickeniana 377
Conocybe sp.1 374

Conocybe sp.2 375

Conocybe sp.3 378

Conocybe sp.4 379

Conocybe spp. 374,376

Conocybe tenera 376

Coprinus 337,375

A
-

386 Gard. Bull. Sing. 45 (1993) ’

Cortinariaceae 371
Cratoxylum sp. 334
Crematogaster 295
Crematogaster treubi 321
Cunoniaceae 334,335
Cyathea sp. 333
Cyatheaceae 333

Glochidion sp. 333
Guttiferae 334,335

Hamamelidaceae 334

Hebeloma 339

Hebeloma broadwayii 363

Hevea brasiliensis 333
Himantandraceae 335
Hippobroma longiflora 383

Hopea polyalthioides 333
Hydnophytum 317,319,320,325,326
Hydnophytum formicarum 318,320
Hydnophytum mosleyanum 318,320
Hypholoma elatum 346

Dacrydium becarrii 317,318,334
Davallia deparioides 301
Dillenia sp. 333

Dilleniaceae 333

Dipteris conjugata 317
Dipterocarpaceae 316,333,335
Dischidia 319,320,322,325
Dischidia astephana 318,321
Dischidia nummularia 318,326
Dischidia rafflesiana 318
Dracaena sp. 333

Drynaria lomarioides 298
Dysoxylon sp. 333

Imperata cylindrica 318

Inocybe sp. 362

Iridomyrmex 295

Iridomyrmex cordatus 293,319,320
Ischaemum 377

Isotoma longiflora 383
Ixonanthaceae 334
Elaeocarpaceae 335 Ixonanthes becarrii 334
Elaeocarpus culminicola 335
Engelhardtia rigida 335
Ericaceae 317,334,335
Eucalyptopsis sp. 333
Eucalyptus 322

Eucalyptus spp. 318
Eugenia attenuata 334

Knema sp. 334

Lacrymaria 337
Lauraceae 316,334
Laurentia longiflora 383
Lecanopteris

Eugenia multibracteosa 318,334
Eugenia spicata 319

Eugenia syzygioides 333
Euphorbiaceae 333

Fagaceae 334,335
Farinosae 376

Ficus chartacea 334
Ficus sp. 322,333,335

Gaertnera sp. 334
Galbulimima belgaveana 335
Galera “Borneo” 376
Galera 2 375,377
Galera 3 375

Galera crispa 378
Galera fragilis 372
Galera incarnata 374
Galera simulans 378
Galera tenera 376
Ganoderma 337
Garcinia rostrata 334
Garcinia sp. 335

293,295 ,296,301,307,312,313,314,
320,321 ,322,323,324,325,326,333

Lecanopteris balgooyi 293,296,
297 304,307,316, 324,325
Lecanopteris carnosa
293,296,297 304,305,307,
316,317,324,325
Lecanopteris celebica
293,295 296,297 305,307,
316,317,319,322, 324,325
Lecanopteris crustacea
293,295,296,297,300,307,

313,314,316,319,323,325,326,335

Lecanopteris curtisii
293,295,296,297 301,303,307,
309,313,314,316,317,318,319,
324,325,326

Lecanopteris darnaedii
293,295 ,296,298,306,311,313,
314,315,316,317,324

Lecanopteris deparioides 301

Lecanopteris holttumii
296,298,307 ,316,317,321,325

Index to Volume 45 (2)

Lecanopteris incurvata 301
Lecanopteris incurvatum 301
Lecanopteris luzonensis
293,296,297 305,307,313
Lecanopteris macleayi 301
Lecanopteris mirabilis
293,295,296,297,298,299 307,313,
914.516,31 7,319 322,923 ,5295926,335
Lecanopteris nieuwenhuisenii 305
Lecanopteris philippinensis
301,307,313,324
Lecanopteris pumila
293,295 ,296,298,305,307,310,313,
314,316,317,319,321 322,324,
325,326,334
Lecanopteris saccata 301
Lecanopteris sarcopus
293,295 296,297 ,298,307,313,314,
315,319,323,324,325,326
Lecanopteris sinuosa
293,295 296,297 ,301,302,307,313,
314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,
922 323, 324325 326,553
Lecanopteris spinosa
296,298,306,316,317,325
Lecythidaceae 333
Leguminosae 316,335
Leonardoxa africana 316
Leptospermum 322
Leptospermum flavescens 333
Leucocoprinus 375
Linociera sp. 335
Lithocarpus rassa 334
Lithocarpus sp. 334,335
Locellina 371
Locellina 1 371
Locellina sp. 371

Macrometrula 371
Mallocybe sp. 362
Matonia pectinata 317
Matoniaceae 317
Melaleuca 322
Melaleuca spp. 318
Melanthera biflora 383
Meliaceae 316,333
Microsorium 321
Moraceae 333,334,335
Moringa oleifera 383
Moringa pterygosperma 383
Mycena 368
Myristicaceae 334
Myrmecodia 319,320,325

387

Myrmecodia lamii 317
Myrmecodia sp. 326
Myrmecodia tuberosa 318,320
Myrmecophila 296
Myrmecophila sarcopus 300
Myrmecophila sinuosa 301
Myrmecophila ulotheca 298
Myrmecopteris
293,296,298,307 308,323 ,324,325
Myrmecopteris lomarioides 300
Myrmecopteris mirabilis 298
Myrmecopteris sarcopus 300
Myrmecopteris sinuosa 301
Myrmecopteris ulotheca 298
Myrsinaceae 334,335
Myrtaceae 318,319,326,333,334,335

Nauclea orientalis 333
Naucoria 362,379
Naucoria 2b 380
Naucoria 3 363,364,365
Naucoria 3a 364
Naucoria5 363
Naucoria 7 365
Naucoria arenicola 360
Naucoria semiorbicularis 365
Nodulososporae 371,372
Nothofagus 318
Nothofagus grandis 335

Oleaceae 335
Onychium carnosum 295,304
Orchidaceae 326

Palmae 333

Pandanaceae 333
Pandanus sp. 333
Parastemon spicatum 334
Parinari sp. 333
Passifloraceae 316
Pediadeae 360,365
Pelliculariae 375
Pholiotina 378,379
Phymatodes 321
Phymatodes crustacea 300
Phymatodes sinuosa 301
Piliferae 379

Pilosellae 372,375
Planchonella sp. 318,321,333,335
Planchonia sp. 333
Platycerium ridleyi 316
Pleopeltis carnosa 304
Pleopeltis imbricata 298

388

Pleopeltis lomarioides 298,300
Pleopeltis macleayi 301
Pleopeltis sarcopus 300
Pleopeltis sinuosa 301
Ploiarium alternifolium 318,334
Plumeria sp. 333
Pluteolus 366
Podocarpaceae 317,334
Polypodiaceae 293,316,317
Polypodium 296
Polypodium barisanicum 301
Polypodium carnosum 304
Polypodium curtisii 301
Polypodium deparioides 301
Polypodium imbricatum 298
Polypodium incurvatum 301
Polypodium lecanopteris 304
Polypodium lomarioides 298,300
Polypodium mirabile 298
Polypodium naviculare 301
Polypodium patelliferum 301
Polypodium sarcopus 300
Polypodium sauvinierei 300
Polypodium sinuosum 301
Polypodium ulotheca 298
Proteaceae 333
Prunus sp. 334
Psathyrella 337,338,346,352, 353,354,376
Psathyrella flavidifolia 337,338,339
Psathyrella malayana
337 ,338,339,340,341 342,345,346,
347 348,352,353
Psathyrella michiganense 376
Psathyrella nigeriensis 337,352,353
Psathyrella retispora
338,340,341 ,342,345,346,347
349,352,353 ,354,355
Psathyrella rugocephala 339
Psathyrella sarcocephala 376
Psathyrella splendens
337 338,339,341 342,344,346,
347 ,350,352,353,354,356
Psathyrella trechispora 340,352,353
Psathyrella verrucispora
337 ,338,342,344,346,347,351,
352353,354,357
Psathyrella verrucispora var. minima
345,346
Pseudoconocybe nodulosospora 371
Pternandra coerulescens 318

Quercus lineata 334

SAN ae |
Prt.

: es,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 45 (1993)

Rhododendron spp. 317
Rhododendron wrayii 335
Rhodoleia championii 334
Rosaceae 334

Rubiaceae 333,334,335
Russula 375

Sapotaceae 333,335
Saurauia sp. 335
Schefflera sp. 333,335
Shorea albida 316,319,335
Singerella 370,371,375
Sterculia sp. 333
Sterculiaceae 333
Stropharia 337,344
Stropharia umbonata 344
Swietenia mahagoni 384
Swietenia mahogani 384
Symingtonia populnea 334
Syzygium sp. 335

Theaceae 333,334
Theobroma cacao 321,333
Timonius flavescens 319,334
Timonius timon 318,333
Toona sp. 333

Tristania merguensis 319
Tristania obovata 319,334
Tristania spp. 318

Vaccinium bancanum 334
Vaccinium spp. 317,334,335
Volvaria 371

Volvariella 371

Wedelia biflora 383
Weinmannia blumei 334

Weinmannia ledermanni 335

Xylocarpus sp. 333

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